Illiciales
Encyclopedia
Illiciales is the botanical name
of an order
of flowering plants. The order is not recognized by all plant taxonomists and is comprised differently in various systems of plant taxonomy, but is composed of 2-4 families of shrubs, trees, and lianas native to Australasia
, south eastern Asia
, and the southeastern United States
. The families all contain species with essential oils, and flowers with a perianth
with bracts (when present), sepals, and petals incompletely distinguished from each other and not arranged in definite whorls
.
The order has been recognised by relatively few taxonomists, with the plant families of the order being variably placed in other orders (Magnoliales
, Austrobaileyales
) in different taxonomies.
The Cronquist system
, of 1981, does recognize Illiciales as an order consisting of the Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae
and places it in subclass Magnoliidae
, in class Magnoliopsida
(or dicotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (or angiosperms).
The Dahlgren system
also recognises such an order and places it in superorder Magnolianae, in subclass Magnoliideae (Dahlgren's dicotyledons), in class Magnoliopsida with the same circumscription of families as the Chronquist system.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
(APG) does not recognize the order, initially leaving the family Illiciaceae
unplaced as to order. In its second higher level taxonomy of angiosperms (APG II), the APG recognized Illicium
and Schisandra
as closely related taxa in the family Illiciaceae, and created the order Austrobaileyales with the Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae
, and Austrobaileyaceae
.
Botanical name
A botanical name is a formal scientific name conforming to the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature and, if it concerns a plant cultigen, the additional cultivar and/or Group epithets must conform to the International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants...
of an order
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
of flowering plants. The order is not recognized by all plant taxonomists and is comprised differently in various systems of plant taxonomy, but is composed of 2-4 families of shrubs, trees, and lianas native to Australasia
Australasia
Australasia is a region of Oceania comprising Australia, New Zealand, the island of New Guinea, and neighbouring islands in the Pacific Ocean. The term was coined by Charles de Brosses in Histoire des navigations aux terres australes...
, south eastern Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, and the southeastern United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. The families all contain species with essential oils, and flowers with a perianth
Perianth
The term perianth has two similar but separate meanings in botany:* In flowering plants, the perianth are the outer, sterile whorls of a flower...
with bracts (when present), sepals, and petals incompletely distinguished from each other and not arranged in definite whorls
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
.
The order has been recognised by relatively few taxonomists, with the plant families of the order being variably placed in other orders (Magnoliales
Magnoliales
Magnoliales is an order of flowering plants.-Classification:The Magnoliales includes six families:* Annonaceae...
, Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales
Austrobaileyales is the botanical name for an order of flowering plants, consisting of about 100 species of woody plants, perhaps the most famous of which is the spice star anise.- In different classifications :...
) in different taxonomies.
The Cronquist system
Cronquist system
The Cronquist system is a taxonomic classification system of flowering plants. It was developed by Arthur Cronquist in his texts An Integrated System of Classification of Flowering Plants and The Evolution and Classification of Flowering Plants .Cronquist's system places flowering plants into two...
, of 1981, does recognize Illiciales as an order consisting of the Illiciaceae and Schisandraceae
Schisandraceae
Schisandraceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades. Before that, the plants concerned were assigned to family Magnoliaceae....
and places it in subclass Magnoliidae
Magnoliidae
Magnoliids are a group of about 9,000 species of flowering plants, including magnolias, nutmeg, bay laurel, cinnamon, avocado, black pepper, and many others. They are characterized by trimerous flowers, pollen with one pore, and usually branching-veined leaves.-Classification:Traditionally,...
, in class Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida
Magnoliopsida is a valid botanical name for a class of flowering plants. By definition the class will include the family Magnoliaceae, but its circumscription can otherwise vary, being more inclusive or less inclusive depending upon the classification system being discussed.-Cronquist and...
(or dicotyledons) of division Magnoliophyta (or angiosperms).
The Dahlgren system
Dahlgren system
One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was published by monocot specialist Rolf Dahlgren. His wife Gertrud Dahlgren carried on after his death.According to the extensive listing by Professor Reveal One of the modern systems of plant taxonomy, the Dahlgren system was...
also recognises such an order and places it in superorder Magnolianae, in subclass Magnoliideae (Dahlgren's dicotyledons), in class Magnoliopsida with the same circumscription of families as the Chronquist system.
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
Angiosperm Phylogeny Group
The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group, or APG, refers to an informal international group of systematic botanists who came together to try to establish a consensus on the taxonomy of flowering plants that would reflect new knowledge about plant relationships discovered through phylogenetic studies., three...
(APG) does not recognize the order, initially leaving the family Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae
Illiciaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. The family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades....
unplaced as to order. In its second higher level taxonomy of angiosperms (APG II), the APG recognized Illicium
Illicium
Illicium is a genus of flowering plants containing 42 species of evergreen shrubs and small trees, in family Schisandraceae. The species are native to the tropical and subtropical regions of eastern and southeastern Asia, southeastern North America, and the West Indies.Selected species*Illicium...
and Schisandra
Schisandra
Schisandra is a genus of shrub commonly grown in gardens. It is a hardy deciduous climber which thrives in virtually any soil; its preferred position is on a sheltered shady wall. It may be propagated by taking cuttings of half-matured shoots in August. Species include S. chinensis, S....
as closely related taxa in the family Illiciaceae, and created the order Austrobaileyales with the Illiciaceae, Trimeniaceae
Trimeniaceae
Trimeniaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. Such a family has been recognized by most taxonomists, at least for the past several decades....
, and Austrobaileyaceae
Austrobaileyaceae
Austrobaileyaceae is the botanical name of a family of flowering plants. This family is recognised by most plant taxonomists.The APG II system, of 2003 , does recognise such a family and places it in order Austrobaileyales. This order is accepted as being among the most basic lineages in the clade...
.