Intellivoice
Encyclopedia
The Intellivoice Voice Synthesis Module was an adapter for the Intellivision
, Mattel
's home gaming console, that utilized a voice synthesizer to generate audible speech. The Intellivoice was a large, brown cartridge that plugged into the Intellivision's side-mounted cartridge slot; games specifically designed for the device could then be inserted into a slot provided on the right-hand side of the module.
An International version of the Intellivoice was planned, but never released. The Intellivoice was discontinued in 1983 due to poor sales, with only five titles released with support for the device.
chip
. Since the Intellivision was already based on General Instruments' CP1610 microprocessor and support chips, and talking electronic products (such as Texas Instruments
' Speak & Spell
) had already captured the public's fascination, it didn't take long for someone at Mattel Electronics to get the idea that a speech-synthesis module might be an interesting add-on for the console. Engineer Ron Carlson was put in charge of designing a device capable of utilizing the chip. Programmer Ron Surratt was hired to write the software for the module, and Patrick Jost would analyze the voice data for the device.
The Narrator had 2kB
of Read-Only Memory
(ROM), and this was utilized to store a database of generic words that could be combined to make phrases in Intellivision games. The words included numbers, "press," "enter," "and," "or," and "Mattel Electronics Presents" in a generic male voice. These phrases (as well as the speech for the first game, Space Spartans
), were recorded and digitized by Carlson and Jost at General Instruments' facility in New York, and the resulting data was turned into a mask so that a customized version of the SPO256 could be manufactured with the generic phrases permanently stored inside the chip. Since the Orator chip could also accept speech data from external memory, any additional words or phrases needed for specific games could be stored inside the game cartridge itself.
Development of the unit did not go flawlessly, however. According to Ron Surratt, when he first received Carlson & Jost's data from G.I.'s New York facility and loaded it into the prototype unit, all the device would do was repeat "Auk yooo! Auk yooo!" over and over, which didn't exactly impress the Mattel executives and marketing personnel who had come to see the demonstration. This led to several heated phone calls between Hawthorne and New York, and considerable finger-pointing between the hardware and software camps until the problem was found.
Once the bugs were ironed out, Mattel Electronics committed themselves to producing voice games and built a state-of-the-art voice lab at their Hawthorne, California facility to do the recording and digitization on site.
, Bomb Squad
, and B-17 Bomber
. However, despite critical acclaim, the Intellivoice did not sell nearly as well as Mattel had hoped; while initial orders were as high as 300,000 units for the module and its associated games, most of them just sat on retailers' shelves. Even a promotional giveaway of a free Intellivoice by mail with the purchase of an Intellivision Master Component failed to kick-start sales of the Intellivoice game titles; the fourth Intellivoice game release, Tron: Solar Sailer
, sold a mere 90,000 units.
In hindsight, there were several issues that contributed to the system's failure in the marketplace:
Together, these factors kept the Intellivoice from becoming a successful product. In August 1983 all personnel related to Intellivoice game and hardware development were laid off, and development on all further Intellivoice games was halted except for two: Space Shuttle, and World Series Major League Baseball. Space Shuttle, a NASA space mission simulator, continued development for a time, but was eventually cancelled for being "too much simulation and not enough game"http://www.intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/games/credits/voice2.shtml#space_shuttle. World Series Major League Baseball, however, was completed as part of the initial round of games produced for the Entertainment Computer System
add-on module, making it the final game produced with Intellivoice support. (Although unlike the other four Intellivoice games, WSMLB didn't actually require the use of the Intellivoice in order to play; the game was merely "voice enhanced" for those Intellivision owners who happened to have both the ECS and Intellivoice modules.)
Intellivision
The Intellivision is a video game console released by Mattel in 1979. Development of the console began in 1978, less than a year after the introduction of its main competitor, the Atari 2600. The word intellivision is a portmanteau of "intelligent television"...
, Mattel
Mattel
Mattel, Inc. is the world's largest toy company based on revenue. The products it produces include Fisher Price, Barbie dolls, Hot Wheels and Matchbox toys, Masters of the Universe, American Girl dolls, board games, and, in the early 1980s, video game consoles. The company's name is derived from...
's home gaming console, that utilized a voice synthesizer to generate audible speech. The Intellivoice was a large, brown cartridge that plugged into the Intellivision's side-mounted cartridge slot; games specifically designed for the device could then be inserted into a slot provided on the right-hand side of the module.
An International version of the Intellivoice was planned, but never released. The Intellivoice was discontinued in 1983 due to poor sales, with only five titles released with support for the device.
Development History
In the late 1970s and early 1980s General Instruments, like nearly every microelectronics manufacturer, was rolling out their own series of microprocessors and support chips in hopes of gaining a share of the then-new and rapidly exploding market for increasingly sophisticated consumer and industrial electronics. One of the peripheral and support chips introduced for G.I.'s microprocessors was the SP0256 Narrator speech synthesizerSpeech synthesis
Speech synthesis is the artificial production of human speech. A computer system used for this purpose is called a speech synthesizer, and can be implemented in software or hardware...
chip
Integrated circuit
An integrated circuit or monolithic integrated circuit is an electronic circuit manufactured by the patterned diffusion of trace elements into the surface of a thin substrate of semiconductor material...
. Since the Intellivision was already based on General Instruments' CP1610 microprocessor and support chips, and talking electronic products (such as Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments
Texas Instruments Inc. , widely known as TI, is an American company based in Dallas, Texas, United States, which develops and commercializes semiconductor and computer technology...
' Speak & Spell
Speak & Spell (toy)
The Speak & Spell line is a series of electronic handheld educational toys created by Texas Instruments that consist of a speech synthesizer, a keyboard, and a receptor slot to receive one of a collection of ROM game library modules...
) had already captured the public's fascination, it didn't take long for someone at Mattel Electronics to get the idea that a speech-synthesis module might be an interesting add-on for the console. Engineer Ron Carlson was put in charge of designing a device capable of utilizing the chip. Programmer Ron Surratt was hired to write the software for the module, and Patrick Jost would analyze the voice data for the device.
The Narrator had 2kB
Kilobyte
The kilobyte is a multiple of the unit byte for digital information. Although the prefix kilo- means 1000, the term kilobyte and symbol KB have historically been used to refer to either 1024 bytes or 1000 bytes, dependent upon context, in the fields of computer science and information...
of Read-Only Memory
Read-only memory
Read-only memory is a class of storage medium used in computers and other electronic devices. Data stored in ROM cannot be modified, or can be modified only slowly or with difficulty, so it is mainly used to distribute firmware .In its strictest sense, ROM refers only...
(ROM), and this was utilized to store a database of generic words that could be combined to make phrases in Intellivision games. The words included numbers, "press," "enter," "and," "or," and "Mattel Electronics Presents" in a generic male voice. These phrases (as well as the speech for the first game, Space Spartans
Space Spartans
Space Spartans was a game released for the Mattel Intellivision, initially programmed by Brian Dougherty, and later completed by William C. Fisher and Steve Roney. It is notable for being the first game released which supported the Intellivoice voice synthesis module.-Concept:The overall objective...
), were recorded and digitized by Carlson and Jost at General Instruments' facility in New York, and the resulting data was turned into a mask so that a customized version of the SPO256 could be manufactured with the generic phrases permanently stored inside the chip. Since the Orator chip could also accept speech data from external memory, any additional words or phrases needed for specific games could be stored inside the game cartridge itself.
Development of the unit did not go flawlessly, however. According to Ron Surratt, when he first received Carlson & Jost's data from G.I.'s New York facility and loaded it into the prototype unit, all the device would do was repeat "Auk yooo! Auk yooo!" over and over, which didn't exactly impress the Mattel executives and marketing personnel who had come to see the demonstration. This led to several heated phone calls between Hawthorne and New York, and considerable finger-pointing between the hardware and software camps until the problem was found.
Once the bugs were ironed out, Mattel Electronics committed themselves to producing voice games and built a state-of-the-art voice lab at their Hawthorne, California facility to do the recording and digitization on site.
International Intellivoice
This unit would have contained additional internal ROMs with the built-in "generic" library of words translated into French, German, and Italian, and would have been sold along with appropriately translated versions of the Intellivoice titles into those markets. While at least two prototypes were known to have been built, and translated versions of Space Spartans were programmed, neither they nor the International Intellivoice were ever released.Intellivoice II
A restyled version of the Intellivoice module, designed to match the "white brick" style of the redesigned Intellivision II Master Component, appeared in the 1983 Intellivision catalog. However, no such restyled module was ever actually produced, not even as a prototype; the module seen in the catalog is simply a carved and painted block of wood.Market Failure
The device was brought to the public in 1982 with an initital lineup of 3 games: Space SpartansSpace Spartans
Space Spartans was a game released for the Mattel Intellivision, initially programmed by Brian Dougherty, and later completed by William C. Fisher and Steve Roney. It is notable for being the first game released which supported the Intellivoice voice synthesis module.-Concept:The overall objective...
, Bomb Squad
Bomb Squad (game)
Bomb Squad was a single-player game released by Mattel for their Intellivision console in 1982. The game was one of five released for the console that required the Intellivoice module. -Gameplay:The object of the game is to defuse a bomb within a set period of time...
, and B-17 Bomber
B-17 Bomber (game)
B-17 Bomber was a single-player game released by Mattel for their Intellivision console in 1982. The game required the Intellivoice module.-Summary:...
. However, despite critical acclaim, the Intellivoice did not sell nearly as well as Mattel had hoped; while initial orders were as high as 300,000 units for the module and its associated games, most of them just sat on retailers' shelves. Even a promotional giveaway of a free Intellivoice by mail with the purchase of an Intellivision Master Component failed to kick-start sales of the Intellivoice game titles; the fourth Intellivoice game release, Tron: Solar Sailer
Tron: Solar Sailer
Tron: Solar Sailer is a game that was released by Mattel for the Intellivision in 1982. The game is one of four released for the console that required the Intellivoice module...
, sold a mere 90,000 units.
In hindsight, there were several issues that contributed to the system's failure in the marketplace:
- The digitized voice data required a great deal of ROM space; as much as, or even more than, the game itself. At the time, these larger ROMs were much more expensive to produce, and so the Intellivoice-supporting titles ended up retailing for much more than a standard Intellivision game; while standard non-voice titles typically debuted at prices of $39.95, then quickly dropped to around $20 – $25 as new titles were released, Intellivoice titles retailed for as much as $45 apiece and were much slower to drop in price.
- The Intellivoice itself was a costly add-on, debuting at around $100, and rarely selling for less than $80 (at least not until the unit was discontinued and retailers began dumping the inventory at cost to get rid of it). Since the Intellivoice package didn't even include a game cartridge with it, this required Intellivision owners to make an initial investment of as much as $150 just to get one game that talked.
- Due to the limits on the amount of ROM space that could be put inside a cartridge, words had to be digitized at the lowest possible sampling rate at which they could still be understood, and it wasn't unusual for the sampling rate to be changed three or four times within the same word (lower rates for vowels, higher for consonants) to save space. This tended to give the voice a distinctly mechanical, unnatural sound.
- No 3rd-party games ever supported the Intellivoice. This was partly due to the difficulty of producing voice data for the Orator chip (since the data consisted of strings of analog-filter coefficients to modify the behavior of the chip's synthetic vocal-tract model, rather than simple digitized samples, the process was somewhat complex and required considerable support from G.I.), and partly due to the lack of information on how the Intellivoice module worked since Mattel, like most other game-console manufacturers of the day, did not want 3rd parties to be able to compete with them by producing games for their systems.
Together, these factors kept the Intellivoice from becoming a successful product. In August 1983 all personnel related to Intellivoice game and hardware development were laid off, and development on all further Intellivoice games was halted except for two: Space Shuttle, and World Series Major League Baseball. Space Shuttle, a NASA space mission simulator, continued development for a time, but was eventually cancelled for being "too much simulation and not enough game"http://www.intellivisionlives.com/bluesky/games/credits/voice2.shtml#space_shuttle. World Series Major League Baseball, however, was completed as part of the initial round of games produced for the Entertainment Computer System
Entertainment Computer System
The Entertainment Computer System was an add-on peripheral for the Intellivision. It was Mattel Electronics' second attempt at creating a peripheral to upgrade the Intellivision into a home computer, rushed into production to appease the Federal Trade Commission after they began fining Mattel for...
add-on module, making it the final game produced with Intellivoice support. (Although unlike the other four Intellivoice games, WSMLB didn't actually require the use of the Intellivoice in order to play; the game was merely "voice enhanced" for those Intellivision owners who happened to have both the ECS and Intellivoice modules.)
Games
A total of five games were produced and released for the Intellivoice:- Space SpartansSpace SpartansSpace Spartans was a game released for the Mattel Intellivision, initially programmed by Brian Dougherty, and later completed by William C. Fisher and Steve Roney. It is notable for being the first game released which supported the Intellivoice voice synthesis module.-Concept:The overall objective...
- Bomb SquadBomb Squad (game)Bomb Squad was a single-player game released by Mattel for their Intellivision console in 1982. The game was one of five released for the console that required the Intellivoice module. -Gameplay:The object of the game is to defuse a bomb within a set period of time...
- B-17 BomberB-17 Bomber (game)B-17 Bomber was a single-player game released by Mattel for their Intellivision console in 1982. The game required the Intellivoice module.-Summary:...
- Tron: Solar SailerTron: Solar SailerTron: Solar Sailer is a game that was released by Mattel for the Intellivision in 1982. The game is one of four released for the console that required the Intellivoice module...
- World Series Major League Baseball
External links
- Intellivison Lives Intellivoice Page, maintained by Keith Robinson and the Blue Sky Rangers (original programmers of the Intellivision)
- Mattel Electronics IntelliVoice Software, contains a listing of all titles released for the Intellivoice
- Intellivoice Catalog Description, from Mattel's 1982 Intellivision catalog
- Everything2 Intellivoice Article, an article about the Intellivoice hardware and games by Everything2