Isotopes of bismuth
Encyclopedia
Bismuth
(Bi) has no stable
isotope
s, but does have one very long-lived isotope, thus the standard atomic mass
can be given. Although bismuth-209
is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a "stable" isotope because it has a half-life of over 1.9×1019 years, which is more than a billion (1000 million) times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes
are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic
210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days.
Commercially the radioactive isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium
with bremsstrahlung
photons from a linear particle accelerator
. In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45 minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, e.g. in the Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program. Bismuth-213 is also found on the decay chain of uranium-233
.
Bismuth
Bismuth is a chemical element with symbol Bi and atomic number 83. Bismuth, a trivalent poor metal, chemically resembles arsenic and antimony. Elemental bismuth may occur naturally uncombined, although its sulfide and oxide form important commercial ores. The free element is 86% as dense as lead...
(Bi) has no stable
Stable isotope
Stable isotopes are chemical isotopes that may or may not be radioactive, but if radioactive, have half-lives too long to be measured.Only 90 nuclides from the first 40 elements are energetically stable to any kind of decay save proton decay, in theory...
isotope
Isotope
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation...
s, but does have one very long-lived isotope, thus the standard atomic mass
Atomic mass
The atomic mass is the mass of a specific isotope, most often expressed in unified atomic mass units. The atomic mass is the total mass of protons, neutrons and electrons in a single atom....
can be given. Although bismuth-209
Bismuth-209
Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest half-life. It has 83 protons and 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 u. All primordial bismuth is of this isotope...
is now known to be unstable, it has classically been considered to be a "stable" isotope because it has a half-life of over 1.9×1019 years, which is more than a billion (1000 million) times the age of the universe. Besides 209Bi, the most stable bismuth radioisotopes
Radionuclide
A radionuclide is an atom with an unstable nucleus, which is a nucleus characterized by excess energy available to be imparted either to a newly created radiation particle within the nucleus or to an atomic electron. The radionuclide, in this process, undergoes radioactive decay, and emits gamma...
are 210mBi with a half-life of 3.04 million years, 208Bi with a half-life of 368,000 years and 207Bi, with a half-life of 32.9 years, none of which occur in nature. All other isotopes have half-lives under 1 year, most under a day. Of naturally occurring radioisotopes, the most stable is radiogenic
Radiogenic nuclide
A radiogenic nuclide is a nuclide that is produced by a process of radioactive decay. It may itself be radioactive, or stable.Radiogenic nuclides form some of the most important tools in geology...
210Bi with a half-life of 5.012 days.
Commercially the radioactive isotope bismuth-213 can be produced by bombarding radium
Radium
Radium is a chemical element with atomic number 88, represented by the symbol Ra. Radium is an almost pure-white alkaline earth metal, but it readily oxidizes on exposure to air, becoming black in color. All isotopes of radium are highly radioactive, with the most stable isotope being radium-226,...
with bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung
Bremsstrahlung is electromagnetic radiation produced by the deceleration of a charged particle when deflected by another charged particle, typically an electron by an atomic nucleus. The moving particle loses kinetic energy, which is converted into a photon because energy is conserved. The term is...
photons from a linear particle accelerator
Linear particle accelerator
A linear particle accelerator is a type of particle accelerator that greatly increases the velocity of charged subatomic particles or ions by subjecting the charged particles to a series of oscillating electric potentials along a linear beamline; this method of particle acceleration was invented...
. In 1997 an antibody conjugate with Bi-213, which has a 45 minute half-life, and decays with the emission of an alpha-particle, was used to treat patients with leukemia. This isotope has also been tried in cancer treatment, e.g. in the Targeted Alpha Therapy (TAT) program. Bismuth-213 is also found on the decay chain of uranium-233
Uranium-233
Uranium-233 is a fissile isotope of uranium, bred from Thorium as part of the thorium fuel cycle. It has been used in a few nuclear reactors and has been proposed for much wider use as a nuclear fuel. It has a half-life of 160,000 years....
.
Table
| nuclide symbol |
historic name |
Z(p Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... ) |
N(n Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... ) |
isotopic mass (u) |
half-lifeBold for isotopes with half-lives longer than the age of the universe (nearly stable) | decay mode(s)Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... IT: Isomeric transition Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
daughter isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | ||||||||||
| 184Bi | 83 | 101 | 184.00112(14)# | 6.6(15) ms | 3+# | |||||
| 184mBi | 150(100)# keV | 13(2) ms | 10-# | |||||||
| 185Bi | 83 | 102 | 184.99763(6)# | 2# ms | p Proton emission Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very... |
184Pb | 9/2-# | |||
| α Alpha decay Alpha decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle and thereby transforms into an atom with a mass number 4 less and atomic number 2 less... (rare) |
181Tl | |||||||||
| 185mBi | 70(50)# keV | 49(7) µs | α | 181Tl | 1/2+ | |||||
| p | 184Pb | |||||||||
| 186Bi | 83 | 103 | 185.99660(8) | 14.8(7) ms | α | 182Tl | (3+) | |||
| β+ Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a... (rare) |
186Pb | |||||||||
| 186mBi | 270(140)# keV | 9.8(4) ms | α | 182Tl | (10-) | |||||
| β+ | 186Pb | |||||||||
| 187Bi | 83 | 104 | 186.993158(16) | 32(3) ms | α (50%) | 183Tl | 9/2-# | |||
| β+ (50%) | 187Pb | |||||||||
| 187m1Bi | 101(20) keV | 320(70) µs | 1/2+# | |||||||
| 187m2Bi | 252(1) keV | 7(5) µs | (13/2+) | |||||||
| 188Bi | 83 | 105 | 187.99227(5) | 44(3) ms | α | 184Tl | 3+# | |||
| β+ (rare) | 188Pb | |||||||||
| 188mBi | 210(140)# keV | 220(40) ms | α | 184Tl | (10-) | |||||
| β+ (rare) | 188Pb | |||||||||
| 189Bi | 83 | 106 | 188.98920(6) | 674(11) ms | α (51%) | 185Tl | (9/2-) | |||
| β+ (49%) | 189Pb | |||||||||
| 189m1Bi | 181(6) keV | 5.0(1) ms | (1/2+) | |||||||
| 189m2Bi | 357(1) keV | 880(50) ns | (13/2+) | |||||||
| 190Bi | 83 | 107 | 189.9883(2) | 6.3(1) s | α (77%) | 186Tl | (3+) | |||
| β+ (30%) | 190Pb | |||||||||
| 190m1Bi | 420(180) keV | 6.2(1) s | α (70%) | 186Tl | (10-) | |||||
| β+ (23%) | 190Pb | |||||||||
| 190m2Bi | 690(180) keV | >500(100) ns | 7+# | |||||||
| 191Bi | 83 | 108 | 190.985786(8) | 12.3(3) s | α (60%) | 187Tl | (9/2-) | |||
| β+ (40%) | 191Pb | |||||||||
| 191mBi | 240(4) keV | 124(5) ms | α (75%) | 187Tl | (1/2+) | |||||
| β+ (25%) | 191Pb | |||||||||
| 192Bi | 83 | 109 | 191.98546(4) | 34.6(9) s | β+ (82%) | 192Pb | (3+) | |||
| α (18%) | 188Tl | |||||||||
| 192mBi | 150(30) keV | 39.6(4) s | β+ (90.8%) | 192Pb | (10-) | |||||
| α (9.2%) | 188Tl | |||||||||
| 193Bi | 83 | 110 | 192.98296(1) | 67(3) s | β+ (95%) | 193Pb | (9/2-) | |||
| α (5%) | 189Tl | |||||||||
| 193mBi | 308(7) keV | 3.2(6) s | α (90%) | 189Tl | (1/2+) | |||||
| β+ (10%) | 193Pb | |||||||||
| 194Bi | 83 | 111 | 193.98283(5) | 95(3) s | β+ (99.54%) | 194Pb | (3+) | |||
| α (.46%) | 190Tl | |||||||||
| 194m1Bi | 110(70) keV | 125(2) s | β+ | 194Pb | (6+,7+) | |||||
| α (rare) | 190Tl | |||||||||
| 194m2Bi | 230(90)# keV | 115(4) s | (10-) | |||||||
| 195Bi | 83 | 112 | 194.980651(6) | 183(4) s | β+ (99.97%) | 195Pb | (9/2-) | |||
| α (.03%) | 191Tl | |||||||||
| 195m1Bi | 399(6) keV | 87(1) s | β+ (67%) | 195Pb | (1/2+) | |||||
| α (33%) | 191Tl | |||||||||
| 195m2Bi | 2311.4+X keV | 750(50) ns | (29/2-) | |||||||
| 196Bi | 83 | 113 | 195.980667(26) | 5.1(2) min | β+ (99.99%) | 196Pb | (3+) | |||
| α (.00115%) | 192Tl | |||||||||
| 196m1Bi | 166.6(30) keV | 0.6(5) s | IT Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
196Bi | (7+) | |||||
| β+ | 196Pb | |||||||||
| 196m2Bi | 270(3) keV | 4.00(5) min | (10-) | |||||||
| 197Bi | 83 | 114 | 196.978864(9) | 9.33(50) min | β+ (99.99%) | 197Pb | (9/2-) | |||
| α (10−4%) | 193Tl | |||||||||
| 197m1Bi | 690(110) keV | 5.04(16) min | α (55%) | 193Tl | (1/2+) | |||||
| β+ (45%) | 197Pb | |||||||||
| IT (.3%) | 197Bi | |||||||||
| 197m2Bi | 2129.3(4) keV | 204(18) ns | (23/2-) | |||||||
| 197m3Bi | 2360.4(5)+X keV | 263(13) ns | (29/2-) | |||||||
| 197m4Bi | 2383.1(7)+X keV | 253(39) ns | (29/2-) | |||||||
| 197m5Bi | 2929.5(5) keV | 209(30) ns | (31/2-) | |||||||
| 198Bi | 83 | 115 | 197.97921(3) | 10.3(3) min | β+ | 198Pb | (2+,3+) | |||
| 198m1Bi | 280(40) keV | 11.6(3) min | β+ | 198Pb | (7+) | |||||
| 198m2Bi | 530(40) keV | 7.7(5) s | 10- | |||||||
| 199Bi | 83 | 116 | 198.977672(13) | 27(1) min | β+ | 199Pb | 9/2- | |||
| 199m1Bi | 667(4) keV | 24.70(15) min | β+ (98%) | 199Pb | (1/2+) | |||||
| IT (2%) | 199Bi | |||||||||
| α (.01%) | 195Tl | |||||||||
| 199m2Bi | 1947(25) keV | 0.10(3) µs | (25/2+) | |||||||
| 199m3Bi | ~2547.0 keV | 168(13) ns | 29/2- | |||||||
| 200Bi | 83 | 117 | 199.978132(26) | 36.4(5) min | β+ | 200Pb | 7+ | |||
| 200m1Bi | 100(70)# keV | 31(2) min | EC Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... (90%) |
200Pb | (2+) | |||||
| IT (10%) | 200Bi | |||||||||
| 200m2Bi | 428.20(10) keV | 400(50) ms | (10-) | |||||||
| 201Bi | 83 | 118 | 200.977009(16) | 108(3) min | β+ (99.99%) | 201Pb | 9/2- | |||
| α (10−4%) | 197Tl | |||||||||
| 201m1Bi | 846.34(21) keV | 59.1(6) min | EC (92.9%) | 201Pb | 1/2+ | |||||
| IT (6.8%) | 201Bi | |||||||||
| α (.3%) | 197Tl | |||||||||
| 201m2Bi | 1932.2+X keV | 118(28) ns | (25/2+) | |||||||
| 201m3Bi | 1971.2+X keV | 105(75) ns | (27/2+) | |||||||
| 201m4Bi | 2739.90(20)+X keV | 124(4) ns | (29/2-) | |||||||
| 202Bi | 83 | 119 | 201.977742(22) | 1.72(5) h | β+ | 202Pb | 5(+#) | |||
| α (10−5%) | 198Tl | |||||||||
| 202m1Bi | 615(7) keV | 3.04(6) µs | (10#)- | |||||||
| 202m2Bi | 2607.1(5) keV | 310(50) ns | (17+) | |||||||
| 203Bi | 83 | 120 | 202.976876(23) | 11.76(5) h | β+ | 203Pb | 9/2- | |||
| α (10−5%) | 199Tl | |||||||||
| 203m1Bi | 1098.14(7) keV | 303(5) ms | IT | 203Bi | 1/2+ | |||||
| 203m2Bi | 2041.5(6) keV | 194(30) ns | 25/2+ | |||||||
| 204Bi | 83 | 121 | 203.977813(28) | 11.22(10) h | β+ | 204Pb | 6+ | |||
| 204m1Bi | 805.5(3) keV | 13.0(1) ms | IT | 204Bi | 10- | |||||
| 204m2Bi | 2833.4(11) keV | 1.07(3) ms | (17+) | |||||||
| 205Bi | 83 | 122 | 204.977389(8) | 15.31(4) d | β+ | 205Pb | 9/2- | |||
| 206Bi | 83 | 123 | 205.978499(8) | 6.243(3) d | β+ | 206Pb | 6(+) | |||
| 206m1Bi | 59.897(17) keV | 7.7(2) µs | (4+) | |||||||
| 206m2Bi | 1044.8(5) keV | 890(10) µs | (10-) | |||||||
| 207Bi | 83 | 124 | 206.9784707(26) | 32.9(14) a | β+ | 207Pb | 9/2- | |||
| 207mBi | 2101.49(16) keV | 182(6) µs | 21/2+ | |||||||
| 208Bi | 83 | 125 | 207.9797422(25) | 3.68(4)×105 a | β+ | 208Pb | (5)+ | |||
| 208mBi | 1571.1(4) keV | 2.58(4) ms | IT | 208Bi | (10)- | |||||
| 209Bi Bismuth-209 Bismuth-209 is the isotope of bismuth with the longest half-life. It has 83 protons and 126 neutrons, and an atomic mass of 208.9803987 u. All primordial bismuth is of this isotope... Formerly believed to be final decay product Decay product In nuclear physics, a decay product is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps... of 4n+1 decay chain Decay chain In nuclear science, the decay chain refers to the radioactive decay of different discrete radioactive decay products as a chained series of transformations... Primordial Primordial nuclide In geochemistry and geonuclear physics, primordial nuclides or primordial isotopes are nuclides found on the earth that have existed in their current form since before Earth was formed. Only 288 such nuclides are known... radioisotope, also some is radiogenic from the extinct nuclide 237Np |
83 | 126 | 208.9803987(16) | 1.9(2)×1019 aFormerly believed to be the heaviest stable nuclide | α | 205Tl | 9/2- | 1.0000 | ||
| 210Bi | Radium E | 83 | 127 | 209.9841204(16) | 5.012(5) d | β- | 210Po | 1- | TraceIntermediate decay product of 238U Uranium-238 Uranium-238 is the most common isotope of uranium found in nature. It is not fissile, but is a fertile material: it can capture a slow neutron and after two beta decays become fissile plutonium-239... |
|
| α (1.32×10−4%) | 206Tl | |||||||||
| 210mBi | 271.31(11) keV | 3.04(6)×106 a | α | 206Tl | 9- | |||||
| 211Bi | Actinium C | 83 | 128 | 210.987269(6) | 2.14(2) min | α (99.72%) | 207Tl | 9/2- | TraceIntermediate decay product of 235U Uranium-235 - References :* .* DOE Fundamentals handbook: Nuclear Physics and Reactor theory , .* A piece of U-235 the size of a grain of rice can produce energy equal to that contained in three tons of coal or fourteen barrels of oil. -External links:* * * one of the earliest articles on U-235 for the... |
|
| β- (.276%) | 211Po | |||||||||
| 211mBi | 1257(10) keV | 1.4(3) µs | (25/2-) | |||||||
| 212Bi | Thorium C | 83 | 129 | 211.9912857(21) | 60.55(6) min | β- (64.05%) | 212Po | 1(-) | TraceIntermediate decay product of 232Th | |
| α (35.94%) | 208Tl | |||||||||
| β-, α (.014%) | 208Pb | |||||||||
| 212m1Bi | 250(30) keV | 25.0(2) min | α (67%) | 208Tl | (9-) | |||||
| β- (33%) | 212mPo | |||||||||
| β-, α (.3%) | 208Pb | |||||||||
| 212m2Bi | 2200(200)# keV | 7.0(3) min | >15 | |||||||
| 213BiUsed in medicine Nuclear medicine In nuclear medicine procedures, elemental radionuclides are combined with other elements to form chemical compounds, or else combined with existing pharmaceutical compounds, to form radiopharmaceuticals. These radiopharmaceuticals, once administered to the patient, can localize to specific organs... |
83 | 130 | 212.994385(5) | 45.59(6) min | β- (97.91%) | 213Po | 9/2- | |||
| α (2.09%) | 209Tl | |||||||||
| 214Bi | Radium C | 83 | 131 | 213.998712(12) | 19.9(4) min | β- (99.97%) | 214Po | 1- | Trace | |
| α (.021%) | 210Tl | |||||||||
| β-, α (.003%) | 210Pb | |||||||||
| 215Bi | 83 | 132 | 215.001770(16) | 7.6(2) min | β- | 215Po | (9/2-) | Trace | ||
| 215mBi | 1347.5(25) keV | 36.4(25) min | (25/2-) | |||||||
| 216Bi | 83 | 133 | 216.006306(12) | 2.17(5) min | β- | 216Po | 1-# | |||
| 217Bi | 83 | 134 | 217.00947(21)# | 98.5(8) s | 9/2-# | |||||
| 218Bi | 83 | 135 | 218.01432(39)# | 33(1) s | 1-# | |||||