Isotopes of rhodium
Encyclopedia
Naturally occurring rhodium
(Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope
, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life
of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life
of 207 days, 102mRh with a half-life
of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weight
s ranging from 88.949 u
(89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lifes that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 207 days and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.
The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture
and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product
before 103Rh is ruthenium
and the primary product after is palladium
.
Standard atomic mass: 102.90550(2) u
Rhodium
Rhodium is a chemical element that is a rare, silvery-white, hard and chemically inert transition metal and a member of the platinum group. It has the chemical symbol Rh and atomic number 45. It is composed of only one isotope, 103Rh. Naturally occurring rhodium is found as the free metal, alloyed...
(Rh) is composed of only one stable isotope
Isotope
Isotopes are variants of atoms of a particular chemical element, which have differing numbers of neutrons. Atoms of a particular element by definition must contain the same number of protons but may have a distinct number of neutrons which differs from atom to atom, without changing the designation...
, 103Rh. The most stable radioisotopes are 101Rh with a half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of 3.3 years, 102Rh with a half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of 207 days, 102mRh with a half-life
Half-life
Half-life, abbreviated t½, is the period of time it takes for the amount of a substance undergoing decay to decrease by half. The name was originally used to describe a characteristic of unstable atoms , but it may apply to any quantity which follows a set-rate decay.The original term, dating to...
of 2.9 years, and 99Rh with a half-life of 16.1 days. Thirty other radioisotopes have been characterized with atomic weight
Atomic weight
Atomic weight is a dimensionless physical quantity, the ratio of the average mass of atoms of an element to 1/12 of the mass of an atom of carbon-12...
s ranging from 88.949 u
Atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of...
(89Rh) to 121.943 u (122Rh). Most of these have half-lifes that are less than an hour except 100Rh (half-life: 20.8 hours) and 105Rh (half-life: 35.36 hours). There are also numerous meta states with the most stable being 102mRh (0.141 MeV) with a half-life of about 207 days and 101mRh (0.157 MeV) with a half-life of 4.34 days.
The primary decay mode before the only stable isotope, 103Rh, is electron capture
Electron capture
Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino...
and the primary mode after is beta emission. The primary decay product
Decay product
In nuclear physics, a decay product is the remaining nuclide left over from radioactive decay. Radioactive decay often involves a sequence of steps...
before 103Rh is ruthenium
Ruthenium
Ruthenium is a chemical element with symbol Ru and atomic number 44. It is a rare transition metal belonging to the platinum group of the periodic table. Like the other metals of the platinum group, ruthenium is inert to most chemicals. The Russian scientist Karl Ernst Claus discovered the element...
and the primary product after is palladium
Palladium
Palladium is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pd and an atomic number of 46. It is a rare and lustrous silvery-white metal discovered in 1803 by William Hyde Wollaston. He named it after the asteroid Pallas, which was itself named after the epithet of the Greek goddess Athena, acquired...
.
Standard atomic mass: 102.90550(2) u
Table
| nuclide symbol |
Z(p Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... ) |
N(n Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... ) |
isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)Abbreviations: EC: Electron capture Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... IT: Isomeric transition Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... |
daughter isotope(s)Bold for stable isotopes |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic composition (mole fraction) |
range of natural variation (mole fraction) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| excitation energy | |||||||||
| 89Rh | 45 | 44 | 88.94884(48)# | 10# ms [>1.5 µs] |
β+ Beta decay In nuclear physics, beta decay is a type of radioactive decay in which a beta particle is emitted from an atom. There are two types of beta decay: beta minus and beta plus. In the case of beta decay that produces an electron emission, it is referred to as beta minus , while in the case of a... |
89Ru | 7/2+# | ||
| 90Rh | 45 | 45 | 89.94287(54)# | 15(7) ms [12(+9-4) ms] |
β+ | 90Ru | 0+# | ||
| 90mRh | 0(500)# keV | 1.1(3) s [1.0(+3-2) s |
9+# | ||||||
| 91Rh | 45 | 46 | 90.93655(43)# | 1.74(14) s | β+ | 91Ru | 7/2+# | ||
| 91mRh | 1.46(11) s | (1/2-) | |||||||
| 92Rh | 45 | 47 | 91.93198(43)# | 4.3(13) s | β+ | 92Ru | (6+) | ||
| 92mRh | 4.66(25) s [2.9(+15-8) s] |
(>=6+) | |||||||
| 93Rh | 45 | 48 | 92.92574(43)# | 11.9(7) s | β+ | 93Ru | 9/2+# | ||
| 94Rh | 45 | 49 | 93.92170(48)# | 70.6(6) s | β+ (98.2%) | 94Ru | (2+,4+) | ||
| β+, p Proton emission Proton emission is a type of radioactive decay in which a proton is ejected from a nucleus. Proton emission can occur from high-lying excited states in a nucleus following a beta decay, in which case the process is known as beta-delayed proton emission, or can occur from the ground state of very... (1.79%) |
93Tc | ||||||||
| 94mRh | 300(200)# keV | 25.8(2) s | β+ | 94Ru | (8+) | ||||
| 95Rh | 45 | 50 | 94.91590(16) | 5.02(10) min | β+ | 95Ru | (9/2)+ | ||
| 95mRh | 543.3(3) keV | 1.96(4) min | IT Isomeric transition An isomeric transition is a radioactive decay process that involves emission of a gamma ray from an atom where the nucleus is in an excited metastable state, referred to in its excited state, as a nuclear isomer.... (88%) |
95Rh | (1/2)- | ||||
| β+ (12%) | 95Ru | ||||||||
| 96Rh | 45 | 51 | 95.914461(14) | 9.90(10) min | β+ | 96Ru | (6+) | ||
| 96mRh | 52.0(1) keV | 1.51(2) min | IT (60%) | 96Rh | (3+) | ||||
| β+ (40%) | 96Ru | ||||||||
| 97Rh | 45 | 52 | 96.91134(4) | 30.7(6) min | β+ | 97Ru | 9/2+ | ||
| 97mRh | 258.85(17) keV | 46.2(16) min | β+ (94.4%) | 97Ru | 1/2- | ||||
| IT (5.6%) | 97Rh | ||||||||
| 98Rh | 45 | 53 | 97.910708(13) | 8.72(12) min | β+ | 98Ru | (2)+ | ||
| 98mRh | 60(50)# keV | 3.6(2) min | IT | 98Rh | (5+) | ||||
| β+ | 98Ru | ||||||||
| 99Rh | 45 | 54 | 98.908132(8) | 16.1(2) d | β+ | 99Ru | 1/2- | ||
| 99mRh | 64.3(4) keV | 4.7(1) h | β+ (99.83%) | 99Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
| IT (.16%) | 99Rh | ||||||||
| 100Rh | 45 | 55 | 99.908122(20) | 20.8(1) h | β+ | 100Ru | 1- | ||
| 100m1Rh | 107.6(2) keV | 4.6(2) min | IT (98.3%) | 100Rh | (5+) | ||||
| β+ (1.7%) | 100Ru | ||||||||
| 100m2Rh | 74.78(2) keV | 214.0(20) ns | (2)+ | ||||||
| 100m3Rh | 112.0+X keV | 130(10) ns | (7+) | ||||||
| 101Rh | 45 | 56 | 100.906164(18) | 3.3(3) a | EC Electron capture Electron capture is a process in which a proton-rich nuclide absorbs an inner atomic electron and simultaneously emits a neutrino... |
101Ru | 1/2- | ||
| 101mRh | 157.32(4) keV | 4.34(1) d | EC (93.6%) | 101Ru | 9/2+ | ||||
| IT (6.4%) | Rh | ||||||||
| 102Rh | 45 | 57 | 101.906843(5) | 207.0(15) d | β+ (80%) | 102Ru | (1-,2-) | ||
| β- (20%) | 102Pd | ||||||||
| 102mRh | 140.75(8) keV | 3.742(10) a | β+ (99.77%) | 102Ru | 6+ | ||||
| IT (.23%) | 102Rh | ||||||||
| 103RhFission product Fission product Nuclear fission products are the atomic fragments left after a large atomic nucleus fissions. Typically, a large nucleus like that of uranium fissions by splitting into two smaller nuclei, along with a few neutrons and a large release of energy in the form of heat , gamma rays and neutrinos. The... |
45 | 58 | 102.905504(3) | Observationally StableTheoretically capable of spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission Spontaneous fission is a form of radioactive decay characteristic of very heavy isotopes. Because the nuclear binding energy reaches a maximum at a nuclear mass greater than about 60 atomic mass units , spontaneous breakdown into smaller nuclei and single particles becomes possible at heavier masses... |
1/2- | 1.0000 | |||
| 103mRh | 39.756(6) keV | 56.114(9) min | IT | 103Rh | 7/2+ | ||||
| 104Rh | 45 | 59 | 103.906656(3) | 42.3(4) s | β- (99.55%) | 104Pd | 1+ | ||
| β+ (.449%) | 104Ru | ||||||||
| 104mRh | 128.967(4) keV | 4.34(3) min | 5+ | ||||||
| 105Rh | 45 | 60 | 104.905694(4) | 35.36(6) h | β- | 105Pd | 7/2+ | ||
| 105mRh | 129.781(4) keV | 42.9(3) s | IT | 105Rh | 1/2- | ||||
| β- | 105Pd | ||||||||
| 106Rh | 45 | 61 | 105.907287(8) | 29.80(8) s | β- | 106Pd | 1+ | ||
| 106mRh | 136(12) keV | 131(2) min | β- | 106Pd | (6)+ | ||||
| 107Rh | 45 | 62 | 106.906748(13) | 21.7(4) min | β- | 107Pd | 7/2+ | ||
| 107mRh | 268.36(4) keV | >10 µs | 1/2- | ||||||
| 108Rh | 45 | 63 | 107.90873(11) | 16.8(5) s | β- | 108Pd | 1+ | ||
| 108mRh | -60(110) keV | 6.0(3) min | β- | 108Pd | (5)(+#) | ||||
| 109Rh | 45 | 64 | 108.908737(13) | 80(2) s | β- | 109Pd | 7/2+ | ||
| 110Rh | 45 | 65 | 109.91114(5) | 28.5(15) s | β- | 110Pd | (>3)(+#) | ||
| 110mRh | -60(50) keV | 3.2(2) s | β- | 110Pd | 1+ | ||||
| 111Rh | 45 | 66 | 110.91159(3) | 11(1) s | β- | 111Pd | (7/2+) | ||
| 112Rh | 45 | 67 | 111.91439(6) | 3.45(37) s | β- | 112Pd | 1+ | ||
| 112mRh | 330(70) keV | 6.73(15) s | β- | 112Pd | (4,5,6) | ||||
| 113Rh | 45 | 68 | 112.91553(5) | 2.80(12) s | β- | 113Pd | (7/2+) | ||
| 114Rh | 45 | 69 | 113.91881(12) | 1.85(5) s | β- (>99.9%) | 114Pd | 1+ | ||
| β-, n Neutron emission Neutron emission is a type of radioactive decay of atoms containing excess neutrons, in which a neutron is simply ejected from the nucleus. Two examples of isotopes which emit neutrons are helium-5 and beryllium-13... (<.1%) |
113Pd | ||||||||
| 114mRh | 200(150)# keV | 1.85(5) s | β- | 114Pd | (4,5) | ||||
| 115Rh | 45 | 70 | 114.92033(9) | 0.99(5) s | β- | 115Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
| 116Rh | 45 | 71 | 115.92406(15) | 0.68(6) s | β- (>99.9%) | 116Pd | 1+ | ||
| β-, n (<.1%) | 115Pd | ||||||||
| 116mRh | 200(150)# keV | 570(50) ms | β- | 116Pd | (6-) | ||||
| 117Rh | 45 | 72 | 116.92598(54)# | 0.44(4) s | β- | 117Pd | (7/2+)# | ||
| 118Rh | 45 | 73 | 117.93007(54)# | 310(30) ms | β- | 118Pd | (4-10)(+#) | ||
| 119Rh | 45 | 74 | 118.93211(64)# | 300# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 119Pd | 7/2+# | ||
| 120Rh | 45 | 75 | 119.93641(64)# | 200# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 120Pd | |||
| 121Rh | 45 | 76 | 120.93872(97)# | 100# ms [>300 ns] |
β- | 121Pd | 7/2+# | ||
| 122Rh | 45 | 77 | 121.94321(75)# | 50# ms [>300 ns] |
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