Italian general election, 1994 - AbsoluteAstronomy.com

An early national general election was held in Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

on March 27, 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies

Italian Chamber of Deputies

The Italian Chamber of Deputies is the lower house of the Parliament of Italy. It has 630 seats, a plurality of which is controlled presently by liberal-conservative party People of Freedom. Twelve deputies represent Italian citizens outside of Italy. Deputies meet in the Palazzo Montecitorio. A...

and the Senate

Italian Senate

The Senate of the Republic is the upper house of the Italian Parliament. It was established in its current form on 8 May 1948, but previously existed during the Kingdom of Italy as Senato del Regno , itself a continuation of the Senato Subalpino of Sardinia-Piedmont established on 8 May 1848...

. Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi , also known as Il Cavaliere – from knighthood to the Order of Merit for Labour which he received in 1977 – is an Italian politician and businessman who served three terms as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006, and 2008 to 2011. Berlusconi is also the...

's centre-right

Centre-right

The centre-right or center-right is a political term commonly used to describe or denote individuals, political parties, or organizations whose views stretch from the centre to the right on the left-right spectrum, excluding far right stances. Centre-right can also describe a coalition of centrist...

alliance won handily the election for the Chamber and only narrowly lost that for the Senate.

The Berlusconi I Cabinet

Berlusconi I Cabinet

The Berlusconi I Cabinet was the cabinet of the government of Italy from 10 May 1994 to January 17, 1995.It was composed of 26 ministers and 38 under-secretaries, for a total of 64 members.Composition of the government:...

obtained a vote of confidence also in the Senate, thanks to the defection of four Senators of the Italian People's Party (Vittorio Cecchi Gori

Vittorio Cecchi Gori

Vittorio Cecchi Gori is an Italian film producer and politician.Born in Florence, he is the son of Mario Cecchi Gori. He has produced numerous films, most notably Il Postino , which received an Academy Award nomination for Best Picture.He was also senator from the Italian People's Party.He owned...

, Stefano Cusumano

Stefano Cusumano

Nuccio Cusumano, is an Italian politician whose most recent political appointment was to the Italian Senate on the roster of the UDEUR party as one of thirty representatives for the Campania constituency.Born in Sciacca , he holds a law degree and has worked as an entrepreneur and as a...

, Luigi Grillo and Tomaso Zanoletti), who decided not to participate in the vote.

The vote of the Senators for life was not decisive, as three (Gianni Agnelli

Gianni Agnelli

Giovanni Agnelli , better known as Gianni Agnelli , was an Italian industrialist and principal shareholder of Fiat. As the head of Fiat, he controlled 4.4% of Italy's GDP, 3.1% of its industrial workforce, and 16.5% of its industrial investment in research...

, Francesco Cossiga

Francesco Cossiga

Francesco Cossiga was an Italian politician, the 43rd Prime Minister and the eighth President of the Italian Republic. He was also a professor of constitutional law at the University of Sassari....

and Giovanni Leone

Giovanni Leone

Giovanni Leone was an Italian politician. He was the 38th Prime Minister of Italy from 21 June 1963 to 4 December 1963 and again from 24 June 1968 to 12 December 1968. He also served as the sixth President of the Republic from 1971 to 1978.-Biography:...

) voted in favour of the government, three were absent (Carlo Bo

Carlo Bo

Carlo Bo was a poet, literary critic, a professor and Life senator of Italy .Before World War II, in the year , he published an essay on the literary magazine Frontespizio, by the title "Letteratura come vita ", containing the theoretical-methodological fundamentals of hermetic poetry...

, Norberto Bobbio

Norberto Bobbio

Norberto Bobbio was an Italian philosopher of law and political sciences and a historian of political thought. He also wrote regularly for the Turin-based daily La Stampa....

and Amintore Fanfani

Amintore Fanfani

Amintore Fanfani was an Italian career politician and the 33rd man to serve the office of Prime Minister of the State. He was one of the well-known Italian politicians after the Second World War, and a historical figure of the Christian Democracy .Fanfani and Giovanni Giolitti are still actually...

) and five voted against (Giulio Andreotti

Giulio Andreotti

Giulio Andreotti is an Italian politician of the now dissolved centrist Christian Democracy party. He served as the 42nd Prime Minister of Italy from 1972 to 1973, from 1976 to 1979 and from 1989 to 1992. He also served as Minister of the Interior , Defense Minister and Foreign Minister and he...

, Francesco De Martino

Francesco De Martino

Francesco de Martino was an Italian jurist, politician, lifetime senator and former interim Vice President of the Italian Republic...

, Giovanni Spadolini

Giovanni Spadolini

Giovanni Spadolini was a liberal Italian politician, the 45th Prime Minister of Italy, newspaper editor, journalist and a noted historian.-Biography:Spadolini was born in Florence....

and Paolo Emilio Taviani

Paolo Emilio Taviani

Paolo Emilio Taviani was an Italian political leader, economist and historian of the career of Christopher Columbus....

and Leo Valiani

Leo Valiani

Leo Valiani was an Italian politician and journalist.He was born in Rijeka , on the Adriatic, which is today in independent Croatia but was then a leading seaport for the largely landlocked Austro-Hungarian Empire...

).

The Senate finally gave Berlusconi 159 votes in favour and 153 against.

Electoral System

A new electoral system was introduced in these elections, after the abolition of the proportional representation

Proportional representation

Proportional representation is a concept in voting systems used to elect an assembly or council. PR means that the number of seats won by a party or group of candidates is proportionate to the number of votes received. For example, under a PR voting system if 30% of voters support a particular...

established after the end of World War II

World War II

World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

, by a referendum

Referendum

A referendum is a direct vote in which an entire electorate is asked to either accept or reject a particular proposal. This may result in the adoption of a new constitution, a constitutional amendment, a law, the recall of an elected official or simply a specific government policy. It is a form of...

in 1993.

The new intricate electoral system of Italy, nicknamed the Mattarellum (after Sergio Mattarella

Sergio Mattarella

Sergio Mattarella is an Italian politician.-Life:Mattarella was born in Palermo . He is son of Bernardo Mattarella and brother of Piersanti Mattarella, both politician into Democrazia Cristiana....

, who was the official proponent), provided 75% of the seats in the Chamber of Deputies (the Lower House) as elected by plurality voting system

Plurality voting system

The plurality voting system is a single-winner voting system often used to elect executive officers or to elect members of a legislative assembly which is based on single-member constituencies...

, whereas the remaining 25% was assigned by proportional representation

Proportional representation

, with a minimum threshold of 4%.
The method associated with the Senate was even more complicated: 75% of the seats by uninominal method, and 25% by a special proportional method that in practice assigned the remaining seats to minority parties.

Chamber of Deputies

Pole of Freedoms

The Pole of Freedoms was a centre-right electoral alliance in Italy, launched at the 1994 general election by Silvio Berlusconi.The alliance was composed primarily of Forza Italia and the Lega Nord, but also included Christian Democratic Centre and the Union of the Centre...

and Pole of Good Government

Pole of Good Government

The Pole of Good Government was a centre-right electoral alliance in Italy, launched at the 1994 general election by Silvio Berlusconi.The alliance was composed primarily of Forza Italia and the National Alliance, but also included Christian Democratic Centre , the Union of the Centre and Liberal...

Forza Italia

Forza Italia was a liberal-conservative, Christian democratic, and liberal political party in Italy, with a large social democratic minority, that was led by Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy....

-CCD
|align="right"|8,138,781
|align="right"|21.0
|align="right"|30

|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|64
|rowspan="4" align="right" valign=top|366

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|National Alliance

National Alliance (Italy)

National Alliance was a conservative political party in Italy.Gianfranco Fini was the leader of the party since its foundation in 1995, however he stepped down in 2008 after being elected to the nominally non-partisan post of President of the Italian Chamber of Deputies and was succeeded by...

|align="right"|5,214,133
|align="right"|13.5
|align="right"|23

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Lega Nord
|align="right"|3,235,248
|align="right"|8.4
|align="right"|11

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Pannella List

Pannella List

Pannella List was a strongly libertarian Radical electoral list active in the 1990s in Italy. Its long-standing leader and standard-bearer was Marco Pannella, who had been the historical leader of the Radical Party from 1963 to 1989....

Alliance of Progressives

The Alliance of Progressives was a left-wing electoral coalition in Italy in 1994.It was composed of:*the Democratic Party of the Left ;*the Communist Refoundation Party ;...

Democratic Party of the Left

The Democratic Party of the Left was a post-communist, democratic socialist political party in Italy.-History:...

|align="right"|7,881,646
|align="right"|20.4
|align="right"|38

|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|49
|rowspan="6" align="right" valign=top|213

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Communist Refoundation Party

Communist Refoundation Party

The Communist Refoundation Party is a communist Italian political party. Its current secretary is Paolo Ferrero....

|align="right"|2,343,946
|align="right"|6.1
|align="right"|11

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Federation of the Greens

Federation of the Greens

The Federation of the Greens is a green political party in Italy, which includes also a large eco-socialist faction. Since 2009 the party leader is Angelo Bonelli.-Early years:...

|align="right"|1,047,268
|align="right"|2.7
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian Socialist Party

Italian Socialist Party

The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II...

|align="right"|849,429
|align="right"|2.2
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|The Net
|align="right"|719,841
|align="right"|1.9
|align="right"|-

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Democratic Alliance

Democratic Alliance (Italy)

The Democratic Alliance was an Italian political party founded in 1993, with the intent of becoming the container of an alliance of centre-left forces. However, the project did not succeed, and it presented itself as a minor party, mainly composed of former Republicans and former Communists...

Pact for Italy

The Pact of Italy was a centrist electoral coalition in Italy, launched by Mario Segni and Mino Martinazzoli in 1994....

|rowspan="2" align="right"|6,019,038
|rowspan="2" align="right"|15.6
|rowspan="2" align="right"|4

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Italian People’s Party
|align="right"|4,287,172
|align="right"|11.1
|align="right"|29

|rowspan="2" align="right"|42
|rowspan="2" align="right"|46

|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|Patto Segni

Patto Segni

Patto Segni was a Christian-democratic and liberal political party in Italy, named after Mario Segni.-History:The party was founded in 1993 as a split from Democratic Alliance and as the continuation of the Populars for the Reform, a split from Christian Democracy in 1992, whose principal aim was...

Italian Democratic Socialist Party

The Italian Democratic Socialist Party is a minor social-democratic political party in Italy. Mimmo Magistro is the party leader. The PSDI, before the 1990s decline in votes and members, had been an important force in Italian politics, being the longest serving partner in government for Christian...

|rowspan="1" align="right"|219,819
|rowspan="1" align="right"|0.6
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="left"|
|align="right"|179,495
|align="right"|0.5
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|-

|-

|-
!rowspan="1" bgcolor="tan"|
|rowspan="1" align="left"|South Tyrolean People's Party

South Tyrolean People's Party

The South Tyrolean People's Party is a regionalist Christian democratic political party active in the Italian province of South Tyrol.Founded in 1945, the SVP represents the German-speaking population of the province, as well as Ladin speakers. Since the first election of the Provincial Council in...

|rowspan="1" align="right"|187,997
|rowspan="1" align="right"|0.5
|rowspan="1" align="right"|3

|rowspan="1" align="left"|
|align="right"|231,842
|align="right"|0.6
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|3

|-

|-
!rowspan="1" bgcolor="lightcyan"|
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Southern Action League

Southern Action League

The Southern Action League is a regionalist national-conservative Italian political party active in Apulia and especially in the Province of Taranto....

|rowspan="1" align="right"|53,131
|rowspan="1" align="right"|0.1
|rowspan="1" align="right"|1

|rowspan="1" align="left"|
|align="right"|59,873
|align="right"|0.2
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|1

|-

|-
!rowspan="1" bgcolor="brown"|
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Valdotanian Union

Valdotanian Union

The Valdotanian Union is a regionalist-centrist Italian political party active in Aosta Valley. Its leaders are Ego Perron, party president, and Augusto Rollandin, President of the Region....

|rowspan="1" align="right"|43,700
|rowspan="1" align="right"|0.1
|rowspan="1" align="right"|1

|rowspan="1" align="left"|
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-
|align="right"|-

|rowspan="1" align="right"|-
|rowspan="1" align="right"|1

|}

Senate

Pole of Freedoms

|align="center"|14,110,705
|align="center"|42.5%
|align="center"|128
|align="center"|28
|align="center"|156
|-
|bgcolor="red"|
|align="left"|Alliance of Progressives

Alliance of Progressives

The Alliance of Progressives was a left-wing electoral coalition in Italy in 1994.It was composed of:*the Democratic Party of the Left ;*the Communist Refoundation Party ;...

|align="center"|11,058,770
|align="center"|33.4%
|align="center"|97
|align="center"|26
|align="center"|123
|-
|bgcolor="yellow"|
|align="left"|Pact for Italy

Pact for Italy

The Pact of Italy was a centrist electoral coalition in Italy, launched by Mario Segni and Mino Martinazzoli in 1994....

|align="center"|5,519,090
|align="center"|16.7%
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|28
|align="center"|31
|-
|bgcolor="tan"|
|align="left"|South Tyrolean People's Party

South Tyrolean People's Party

|align="center"|217,137
|align="center"|0.7%
|align="center"|3
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|3
|-
|bgcolor="brown"|
|align="left"|Vallée d'Aoste

Valdotanian Union

The Valdotanian Union is a regionalist-centrist Italian political party active in Aosta Valley. Its leaders are Ego Perron, party president, and Augusto Rollandin, President of the Region....

|align="center"|27,493
|align="center"|0.1%
|align="center"|1
|align="center"|-
|align="center"|1
|-
!rowspan="1" bgcolor="white"|
|rowspan="1" align="left"|Others
|rowspan="1" align="center"|1,644,671
|rowspan="1" align="center"|5.0%
|rowspan="1" align="center"|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|-
|rowspan="1" align="center"|-

|}

External links

Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1994 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies - uninominal (compressed ZIP file) Ministry of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1994 Election Results, Chamber of Deputies - proportional Minister of Internal Affairs of Italy: 1994 Election Results, Senate of the Republic

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