Pannella List was a strongly libertarian

Libertarianism

Libertarianism, in the strictest sense, is the political philosophy that holds individual liberty as the basic moral principle of society. In the broadest sense, it is any political philosophy which approximates this view...

 Radical

Italian Radicals (disambiguation)

Italian Radicals is a political party of Italy.Italian Radicals may also refer to:* Radical Party , a far left/left-liberal parliamentary group, 1877–1922...

 electoral list active in the 1990s

1990s

File:1990s decade montage.png|From left, clockwise: The Hubble Space Telescope floats in space after it was taken up in 1990; American F-16s and F-15s fly over burning oil fields and the USA Lexie in Operation Desert Storm, also known as the 1991 Gulf War; The signing of the Oslo Accords on...

 in Italy

Italy

Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and...

. Its long-standing leader and standard-bearer was Marco Pannella

Marco Pannella

Giacinto Pannella, better known as Marco Pannella is an Italian politician.He is the historic leader of the Italian Radicals...

, who had been the historical leader of the Radical Party from 1963 to 1989.

When the Radical Party was transformed into Transnational Radical Party

Transnational Radical Party

The Transnational Radical Party is a political association of citizens, parliamentarians and members of government of various national and political backgrounds who intend to use nonviolent means to create an effective body of international law with respect for individuals and the...

, a NGO

Non-governmental organization

A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations , and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are...

 working at the UN

United Nations

The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...

 level and coordinating the efforts of several national parties and groupings mainly in support of human rights

Human rights

Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...

, in 1989, the Italian Radicals were free to join the party of their choice. Several party activists joined the Rainbow Greens

Rainbow Greens

Rainbow Greens was a green Italian political party.It was founded in 1989 by splinters of Proletarian Democracy and some leading Radicals .It took part in the 1989 European Parliament elections,...

 (Francesco Rutelli, Adelaide Aglietta

Adelaide Aglietta

Born Maria Adelaide Aglietta Turin 4 June 1940 - 20 May 2000 . She was an Italian politician, deputy for Radical party since 1979 to 1985 and 1987 to 1989...

, etc.), others launched the Yes Referendum List (Marcello Pera

Marcello Pera

Marcello Pera is an Italian philosopher and politician. He was the President of the Italian Senate from 2001 to 2006.-Career:...

, Massimo Teodori

Massimo Teodori

Massimo Teodori is an Italian author and politician; his books mainly focus on the differences between Europe and the United States....

, etc.), while the bulk of them joined Pannella and organized themselves into the Pannella Clubs' Movement. This group presented itself in Italian elections from 1992 to 1999 ilists including Pannella's name: Lista Pannella, Lista Pannella-Rifomatori, Lista Pannella-Sgarbi

Vittorio Sgarbi

Vittorio Umberto Antonio Maria Sgarbi is an Italian art critic, politician, cultural commentator and TV personality.He was appointed curator of the Italian Pavilion at the 2011 Venice Biennale...

, etc.

The list made its first appearance in the 1992 general election

Italian general election, 1992

The Italian general elections of 1992 were held on the 5 April 1992.The 1992 elections were the first without the traditionally second most important political force in Italy, the Italian Communist Party , which had been disbanded in 1991...

, winning 1.2% of the vote, while Yes Referendum stopped at 0.8%. The Radical Party had historically been considered as the strongest left-libertarian

Left-libertarianism

Left-libertarianism names several related but distinct approaches to politics, society, culture, and political and social theory, which stress equally both individual freedom and social justice.-Schools of thought:...

 political movement in Italy (often proposing itself as the most extreme opposition to the Italian political establishment), but, when Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi

Silvio Berlusconi , also known as Il Cavaliere – from knighthood to the Order of Merit for Labour which he received in 1977 – is an Italian politician and businessman who served three terms as Prime Minister of Italy, from 1994 to 1995, 2001 to 2006, and 2008 to 2011. Berlusconi is also the...

 entered the political arena in 1994, Pannella decided to support his policies (meant to introduce libertarian economical principles), albeit critically and without becoming directly involved in his centre-right governmental cabinets, in the hope of a "liberal revolution" as opposed to the conservative and statist

Statism

Statism is a term usually describing a political philosophy, whether of the right or the left, that emphasises the role of the state in politics or supports the use of the state to achieve economic, military or social goals...

 political establishment represented both by established centre-right and centre-left parties.

In the 1994 general election

Italian general election, 1994

An early national general election was held in Italy on March 27, 1994 to elect members of the Chamber of Deputies and the Senate. Silvio Berlusconi's centre-right alliance won handily the election for the Chamber and only narrowly lost that for the Senate....

 Pannella List won 3.5% of the vote (despite not being present in some key regions), 6 deputies and 2 senators in alliance with Berlusconi's Forza Italia

Forza Italia

Forza Italia was a liberal-conservative, Christian democratic, and liberal political party in Italy, with a large social democratic minority, that was led by Silvio Berlusconi, four times Prime Minister of Italy....

 party. The twisted relationship between Radicals and Berlusconi, whose allies included social-conservative groups opposed to the Radicals, soon ended up, although never stopping Radicals from being vocally critical of the policies supported by the left. As a result, since 1996 Radicals have not been part of any major coalition.

The Pannella List was replaced by the Bonino List

Bonino List

Bonino List was a strongly libertarian Radical electoral list active in the 1990s and the 2000s in Italy. Named for Emma Bonino, a leading Radical who had been member of the European Commission from 1995 to 1999 , after the unsuccessful "Emma for President" campaign, it was the successor of the...

 since the 1999 European Parliament election

European Parliament election, 1999 (Italy)

The European Parliament election of 1999 in Italy was the election of the delegation from Italy to the European Parliament in 1999.-References:...

. The new list was named for Emma Bonino

Emma Bonino

Emma Bonino is an Italian politician, former Member of the European Parliament and current Member of the Italian Senate. She is a leading member of the Italian Radicals, a political party that supports economic and social libertarianism, and human rights...

, a leading Radical who had been member of the European Commission

European Commission

The European Commission is the executive body of the European Union. The body is responsible for proposing legislation, implementing decisions, upholding the Union's treaties and the general day-to-day running of the Union....

from 1995 to 1999 (appointed by Berlusconi), after the unsuccessful "Emma for President" campaign.