Javan Hawk-eagle
Encyclopedia
The Javan Hawk-Eagle, Nisaetus bartelsi (earlier placed in Spizaetus) is a medium-sized, approximately 61 cm long, dark brown raptor
in the family Accipitridae
. Its head and neck are rufous and it is heavily barred black below. It has a long black crest with a white tip. The sexes are similar. The young is duller and has unmarked underparts.
An Indonesian endemic
, the Javan Hawk-Eagle occurs in humid tropical forests of Java
. Its range in East Java
includes Sempu Island, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
, Meru Betiri National Park
and Alas Purwo National Park
. It can also be seen in captivity in zoos like Kebun Binatang Bandung
The Javan Hawk-Eagle is believed to be monogamous
. The female usually lays one egg in a nest high on top of a forest tree. The diet consists mainly of birds, lizards, fruit bat
s and mammals.
The Javan Hawk-Eagle is the national bird of Indonesia
, where it is commonly referred to as Garuda
, from the bird-like creatures in Hindu and Buddhist myths. The scientific name commemorates Hans Bartels
.
Because of the plumage variability of Spizaetus
eagles, the Javan Hawk-Eagle was not recognised as a full species until 1953.
It is one of the rarest raptors. Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size, limited range and hunting in some areas, it is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List
of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
In May 2011, there were only around 400 Javan Hawk-Eagles living in the wild.
Bird of prey
Birds of prey are birds that hunt for food primarily on the wing, using their keen senses, especially vision. They are defined as birds that primarily hunt vertebrates, including other birds. Their talons and beaks tend to be relatively large, powerful and adapted for tearing and/or piercing flesh....
in the family Accipitridae
Accipitridae
The Accipitridae, one of the two major families within the order Accipitriformes , are a family of small to large birds with strongly hooked bills and variable morphology based on diet. They feed on a range of prey items from insects to medium-sized mammals, with a number feeding on carrion and a...
. Its head and neck are rufous and it is heavily barred black below. It has a long black crest with a white tip. The sexes are similar. The young is duller and has unmarked underparts.
An Indonesian endemic
Endemism in birds
An endemic bird area is a region of the world that contains two or more restricted-range species, while a "secondary area" contains one or more restricted-range species. Both terms were devised by Birdlife International....
, the Javan Hawk-Eagle occurs in humid tropical forests of Java
Java
Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...
. Its range in East Java
East Java
East Java is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and includes neighboring Madura and islands to its east and to its north East Java is a province of Indonesia. It is located on the eastern part of the island of Java and includes neighboring Madura and...
includes Sempu Island, Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park
Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park is located in East Java, Indonesia, to the east of Malang and to the southeast of Surabaya, the capital of East Java. It is the only conservation area in Indonesia that has a sand sea, the Tengger Sand Sea , across which is the caldera of an ancient volcano from...
, Meru Betiri National Park
Meru Betiri National Park
Meru Betiri National Park is a national park in the province of East Java, Indonesia, extending over an area of 580 km² of which a small part is marine...
and Alas Purwo National Park
Alas Purwo National Park
Alas Purwo National Park is situated on Blambangan Peninsula in Banyuwangi regency, at the southeastern tip of East Java province. The park is famous for its wild Banteng and surfing location at Grajakan Bay....
. It can also be seen in captivity in zoos like Kebun Binatang Bandung
Bandung Zoo
Kebun Binatang Bandung is a botanic zoo located in the city of Bandung in West Java, Indonesia. It is one of the famous zoos in Southeast Asia and is one of the important destinations in Bandung....
The Javan Hawk-Eagle is believed to be monogamous
Monogamy
Monogamy /Gr. μονός+γάμος - one+marriage/ a form of marriage in which an individual has only one spouse at any one time. In current usage monogamy often refers to having one sexual partner irrespective of marriage or reproduction...
. The female usually lays one egg in a nest high on top of a forest tree. The diet consists mainly of birds, lizards, fruit bat
Fruit Bat
Fruit Bat can refer to:* Megabats, a species of bat which eats fruit* Les "Fruitbat" Carter, guitarist of Carter the Unstoppable Sex Machine* Fruit Bats , an American band...
s and mammals.
The Javan Hawk-Eagle is the national bird of Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...
, where it is commonly referred to as Garuda
Garuda
The Garuda is a large mythical bird or bird-like creature that appears in both Hindu and Buddhist mythology.From an Indian perspective, Garuda is the Hindu name for the constellation Aquila and...
, from the bird-like creatures in Hindu and Buddhist myths. The scientific name commemorates Hans Bartels
Hans Bartels
Hans Bartels was a Korvettenkapitän with the Kriegsmarine during World War II and recipient of the Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross...
.
Because of the plumage variability of Spizaetus
Spizaetus
Spizaetus is the typical hawk-eagle birds of prey genus found in the tropics of the Americas. It was however used to indicate a group of tropical eagles that included species occurring in southern and southeastern Asia and one representative of this genus in the rainforests of West Africa. The Old...
eagles, the Javan Hawk-Eagle was not recognised as a full species until 1953.
It is one of the rarest raptors. Due to ongoing habitat loss, small population size, limited range and hunting in some areas, it is evaluated as Endangered on the IUCN Red List
IUCN Red List
The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species , founded in 1963, is the world's most comprehensive inventory of the global conservation status of biological species. The International Union for Conservation of Nature is the world's main authority on the conservation status of species...
of Threatened Species. It is listed on Appendix II of CITES.
In May 2011, there were only around 400 Javan Hawk-Eagles living in the wild.