Kumul Khanate
Encyclopedia
The Kumul Khanate was a semi-autonomous feudal khanate
within the Qing dynasty
and then the Republic of China
until it was abolished by Xinjiang
governor Jin Shuren
in 1930.
. It came under Qing rule in 1757 after the Ten Great Campaigns
and remained a Khanate as a part of the Qing empire.
Beiginning in 1647, the rulers of Hami submitted to the Qing dynasty and sent tribute. The title "Jasak Darhan", was granted to Abdullah Beg, ruler of Hami.
The khanate had fought against the Zunghars for the Qing. Kumul continued as a vassal khanate when Xinjiang was changed into a province in 1884 after the Dungan revolt.
The khans also were given the title of Qinwang (Prince of the First Rank ), by the Qing empire. The khans were allowed enormous power by the Qing court, with the exception of administering execution, which had to be allowed by a Chinese official posted in Kumul. The khans were officially vassals to the Emperor of China, and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor during a period of 40 days.
It was also known as the principality of Kumul, and the Chinese called it Hami. The khans were friendly to Chinese rule and authorities.
The Khan Muhammad and his son and successor Khan Maqsud Shah
heavily taxed his subjects and extorted forced labor, which resulted in two rebellions against his rule in 1907 and 1912.
The Kumul Khanate was the only part of Xinjiang which was not opened to settlement by Han Chinese. All other parts were subject to settlement encouraged by the government.
The khan was assisted by a chancellor/vizer/chief minister in his court. The last khan, Maqsud Shah, had Yulbars Khan, the tiger Prince of Hami as his chancellor.
The khan paid tribute to the Xinjiang government in Urumqi.
The Han Chinese Governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin
was a monarchist, and tolerated the khanate, and was friendly toward the khan Maqsud Shah.
Around the 1920s Japanese secret agents began exploring the Kumul area.
It was the fact that the khanate existed which prevented the Uyghurs from rebelling, since the khanate represented a government where a man of their ethnicity and religion was reigning. The abolition of the khanate led to a bloody rebellion.
Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 Jin Shuren replaced the khanate with three normal provincial administrative districits Hami, Yihe, Yiwu. This set off the Kumul Rebellion
, in which Yulbars Khan
attempted to restore the heir Nasir to the throne.
Khanate
Khanate, or Chanat, is a Turco-Mongol-originated word used to describe a political entity ruled by a Khan. In modern Turkish, the word used is kağanlık, and in modern Azeri of the republic of Azerbaijan, xanlıq. In Mongolian the word khanlig is used, as in "Khereidiin Khanlig" meaning the Khanate...
within the Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
and then the Republic of China
Republic of China
The Republic of China , commonly known as Taiwan , is a unitary sovereign state located in East Asia. Originally based in mainland China, the Republic of China currently governs the island of Taiwan , which forms over 99% of its current territory, as well as Penghu, Kinmen, Matsu and other minor...
until it was abolished by Xinjiang
Xinjiang
Xinjiang is an autonomous region of the People's Republic of China. It is the largest Chinese administrative division and spans over 1.6 million km2...
governor Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren
Jin Shuren , governor of Xinjiang, succeeded Yang Zengxin after Yang was assassinated in 1928. Jin ruled Xinjiang for about half a decade, and his reign was characterized by corruption and suppression. Under his rule, both ethnic and religion conflicts were greatly deepened, resulting in numerous...
in 1930.
History
The khans of Kumul were direct descendants of the khans of the Chagatai KhanateChagatai Khanate
The Chagatai Khanate was a Turko-Mongol khanate that comprised the lands ruled by Chagatai Khan , second son of the Great Khan Genghis Khan, and his descendents and successors...
. It came under Qing rule in 1757 after the Ten Great Campaigns
Ten Great Campaigns
The Ten Great Campaigns were a series of wars fought during the reign of the Qianlong Emperor, much celebrated in the official Qing Dynasty annals. They included three to enlarge the area of Qing control in Central Asia: two against the Dzungars and the pacification of Xinjiang...
and remained a Khanate as a part of the Qing empire.
Beiginning in 1647, the rulers of Hami submitted to the Qing dynasty and sent tribute. The title "Jasak Darhan", was granted to Abdullah Beg, ruler of Hami.
The khanate had fought against the Zunghars for the Qing. Kumul continued as a vassal khanate when Xinjiang was changed into a province in 1884 after the Dungan revolt.
The khans also were given the title of Qinwang (Prince of the First Rank ), by the Qing empire. The khans were allowed enormous power by the Qing court, with the exception of administering execution, which had to be allowed by a Chinese official posted in Kumul. The khans were officially vassals to the Emperor of China, and every six years were required to visit Beijing to be a servant to the Emperor during a period of 40 days.
It was also known as the principality of Kumul, and the Chinese called it Hami. The khans were friendly to Chinese rule and authorities.
The Khan Muhammad and his son and successor Khan Maqsud Shah
Maqsud Shah
Maqsud Shah , was the Uyghur Khan or Prince of the Kumul Khanate from 1908 to 1930. He also held the title Hami Wang, King/Prince of Hami.-Reign:He succeeded his father Muhammmad Shah in 1908 as Khan of Kumul...
heavily taxed his subjects and extorted forced labor, which resulted in two rebellions against his rule in 1907 and 1912.
The Kumul Khanate was the only part of Xinjiang which was not opened to settlement by Han Chinese. All other parts were subject to settlement encouraged by the government.
The khan was assisted by a chancellor/vizer/chief minister in his court. The last khan, Maqsud Shah, had Yulbars Khan, the tiger Prince of Hami as his chancellor.
The khan paid tribute to the Xinjiang government in Urumqi.
The Han Chinese Governor of Xinjiang, Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin
Yang Zengxin , born in Mengzi, Honghe, Yunnan in 1859, was the ruler of Xinjiang after the Xinhai Revolution in 1911 until his assassination in 1928.-Life:...
was a monarchist, and tolerated the khanate, and was friendly toward the khan Maqsud Shah.
Around the 1920s Japanese secret agents began exploring the Kumul area.
It was the fact that the khanate existed which prevented the Uyghurs from rebelling, since the khanate represented a government where a man of their ethnicity and religion was reigning. The abolition of the khanate led to a bloody rebellion.
Upon Maqsud Shah's death in 1930 Jin Shuren replaced the khanate with three normal provincial administrative districits Hami, Yihe, Yiwu. This set off the Kumul Rebellion
Kumul Rebellion
The Kumul Rebellion was a rebellion of Kumulik Uyghurs who conspired with the Chinese Muslim General Ma Zhongying to overthrow Jin Shuren, governor of Xinjiang. The Kuomintang wanted Jin removed because of his ties to the Soviet Union, so it approved of the operation while pretending to acknowledge...
, in which Yulbars Khan
Yulbars Khan
Yulbars Khan , courtesy name Jingfu , was a Uighur born in Yangi Hissar in 1888. He entered the service in the Kumul Khanate of Muhammad Khan of Kumul and later his son Maksud Shah. He served as an advisor at the court, until when Maksud died in March 1930, governor Jin Shuren abolished the khanate...
attempted to restore the heir Nasir to the throne.