Labour and Socialist International
Encyclopedia
The Labour and Socialist International (LSI) was an international organization of socialist and labour parties, active between 1923 and 1940. The LSI was a forerunner of the present-day Socialist International
.
LSI had a history of rivalry with the Communist International (Comintern), with which it competed over the hegemony of the socialist and labour movement in Europe
. However, unlike the Comintern, the LSI had no control over its sections, as it was composed of autonomous national parties.
in May 1923 through the merger of the Berne International
and the Vienna International. The LSI functioned as a continuation of the Second International
. The Social Democratic Party of Germany
was the dominant party within the LSI.
against Adolf Hitler
's regime. The Comintern responded by stating that they were not convinced of the sincerity of the declaration. However, the Comintern did soon call of its national sections to form united front
s together with social democratic parties locally. The LSI, on its side, did not accept the notion of local social democrats forming united fronts with the communist parties. However, as the Comintern adopted a more conciliatory tone, the resistance of the LSI against forming such united fronts on the national level softened.
Within the LSI, a north-south cleavage emerged, as the Mediterrean LSI parties built fronts with the communists whilst the British and Scandinavian parties rejected the notion of cooperation with the communists. With the German party in disarray, the British and Scandinavians had become more influential within the LSI. Thus the space for socialist-communist cooperation decreased. On September 25, 1934, the Comintern Executive had issued a call for 'peace negotiations' between the two internationals, but the LSI rejected the offer.
After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
, the LSI and the International Federation of Trade Unions
launched an 'Aid for Spain' campaign. The LSI/IFTU relief efforts were channelled through the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
(PSOE) and Unión General de Trabajadores
(UGT).
in the communist-sponsored League against Imperialism
caused a controversy within LSI, and the ILP was asked to break its ties with the League. However, the support of the LSI for colonialism was not complete. Regarding the Rif War
the second LSI congress, held in Marseille
August 22–27, 1925, adopted a resolution calling for support to the independence of the Rif
and urging the League of Nations
to accept the Republic of the Rif
as a member.
b = Bureau member
Other Executive members: International Women's Commission: Adelheid Popp
(February 1924-September 1935), Alice Pels (September 1935-1940)
Socialist Youth International: Karl Heinz (February 1924-October 1932), Erich Ollenhauer
(October 1932-1940)
Source:
Socialist International
The Socialist International is a worldwide organization of democratic socialist, social democratic and labour political parties. It was formed in 1951.- History :...
.
LSI had a history of rivalry with the Communist International (Comintern), with which it competed over the hegemony of the socialist and labour movement in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
. However, unlike the Comintern, the LSI had no control over its sections, as it was composed of autonomous national parties.
Founding
The LSI was founded at a congress in HamburgHamburg
-History:The first historic name for the city was, according to Claudius Ptolemy's reports, Treva.But the city takes its modern name, Hamburg, from the first permanent building on the site, a castle whose construction was ordered by the Emperor Charlemagne in AD 808...
in May 1923 through the merger of the Berne International
Berne International
The International Socialist Commission, also known as the International Socialist Committee or the Berne International was a coordinating committee of socialists parties that adhered to the idea of the Zimmerwald Conference of 1915....
and the Vienna International. The LSI functioned as a continuation of the Second International
Second International
The Second International , the original Socialist International, was an organization of socialist and labour parties formed in Paris on July 14, 1889. At the Paris meeting delegations from 20 countries participated...
. The Social Democratic Party of Germany
Social Democratic Party of Germany
The Social Democratic Party of Germany is a social-democratic political party in Germany...
was the dominant party within the LSI.
Rise of Nazism
With the rise of Nazism in Europe, there was increased pressure on the LSI and Comintern to cooperate. On February 19, 1933, the LSI Bureau issued a call for joint action of the SPD and the Communist Party of GermanyCommunist Party of Germany
The Communist Party of Germany was a major political party in Germany between 1918 and 1933, and a minor party in West Germany in the postwar period until it was banned in 1956...
against Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler
Adolf Hitler was an Austrian-born German politician and the leader of the National Socialist German Workers Party , commonly referred to as the Nazi Party). He was Chancellor of Germany from 1933 to 1945, and head of state from 1934 to 1945...
's regime. The Comintern responded by stating that they were not convinced of the sincerity of the declaration. However, the Comintern did soon call of its national sections to form united front
United front
The united front is a form of struggle that may be pursued by revolutionaries. The basic theory of the united front tactic was first developed by the Comintern, an international communist organisation created by revolutionaries in the wake of the 1917 Bolshevik Revolution.According to the theses of...
s together with social democratic parties locally. The LSI, on its side, did not accept the notion of local social democrats forming united fronts with the communist parties. However, as the Comintern adopted a more conciliatory tone, the resistance of the LSI against forming such united fronts on the national level softened.
Within the LSI, a north-south cleavage emerged, as the Mediterrean LSI parties built fronts with the communists whilst the British and Scandinavian parties rejected the notion of cooperation with the communists. With the German party in disarray, the British and Scandinavians had become more influential within the LSI. Thus the space for socialist-communist cooperation decreased. On September 25, 1934, the Comintern Executive had issued a call for 'peace negotiations' between the two internationals, but the LSI rejected the offer.
After the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War
Spanish Civil War
The Spanish Civil WarAlso known as The Crusade among Nationalists, the Fourth Carlist War among Carlists, and The Rebellion or Uprising among Republicans. was a major conflict fought in Spain from 17 July 1936 to 1 April 1939...
, the LSI and the International Federation of Trade Unions
International Federation of Trade Unions
The International Federation of Trade Unions was an international organization of trade unions, existing between 1919 and 1945. IFTU had its roots in the pre-war IFTU....
launched an 'Aid for Spain' campaign. The LSI/IFTU relief efforts were channelled through the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
Spanish Socialist Workers' Party
The Spanish Socialist Workers' Party is a social-democratic political party in Spain. Its political position is Centre-left. The PSOE is the former ruling party of Spain, until beaten in the elections of November 2011 and the second oldest, exceeded only by the Partido Carlista, founded in...
(PSOE) and Unión General de Trabajadores
Unión General de Trabajadores
The Unión General de Trabajadores is a major Spanish trade union, historically affiliated with the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party .-History:...
(UGT).
Colonial question
LSI did not have the same anti-imperialist approach as the communists and were generally supportive of colonialism. For example, the participation of the British Independent Labour PartyIndependent Labour Party
The Independent Labour Party was a socialist political party in Britain established in 1893. The ILP was affiliated to the Labour Party from 1906 to 1932, when it voted to leave...
in the communist-sponsored League against Imperialism
League against Imperialism
The League against Imperialism was founded in the Egmont Palace in Brussels, Belgium, on February 10, 1927, in presence of 175 delegates, among which 107 came from 37 countries under colonial rule. The Congress aimed at creating a "mass anti-imperialist movement" at a world scale, and was...
caused a controversy within LSI, and the ILP was asked to break its ties with the League. However, the support of the LSI for colonialism was not complete. Regarding the Rif War
Rif War (1920)
The Rif War, also called the Second Moroccan War, was fought between Spain and the Moroccan Rif Berbers.-Rifian forces:...
the second LSI congress, held in Marseille
Marseille
Marseille , known in antiquity as Massalia , is the second largest city in France, after Paris, with a population of 852,395 within its administrative limits on a land area of . The urban area of Marseille extends beyond the city limits with a population of over 1,420,000 on an area of...
August 22–27, 1925, adopted a resolution calling for support to the independence of the Rif
Rif
The Rif or Riff is a mainly mountainous region of northern Morocco, with some fertile plains, stretching from Cape Spartel and Tangier in the west to Ras Kebdana and the Melwiyya River in the east, and from the Mediterranean Sea in the north to the river of Wergha in the south.It is part of the...
and urging the League of Nations
League of Nations
The League of Nations was an intergovernmental organization founded as a result of the Paris Peace Conference that ended the First World War. It was the first permanent international organization whose principal mission was to maintain world peace...
to accept the Republic of the Rif
Republic of the Rif
The Republic of the Rif , was created in September 1921, when the people of the Rif revolted and declared their independence from Spanish occupation as well as from the Moroccan sultan.Its capital city was Ajdir, its currency the Rif Republic Riffan, its national...
as a member.
LSI members
| Country | Party | LSI membership | LSI Executive representatives | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
 |
Argentina Argentina Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires... |
Socialist Party Socialist Party (Argentina) The Socialist Party is a social-democratic political party in Argentina. The history of socialism in Argentina began in the 1890s, when a group of people, notably Juan B. Justo, expressed the need for a greater social focus.... |
1924-1940 | Etchegoin (March 1925-August 1927), Bernardo B. Delom (August 1928-February 1934), Rondani Dino Rondani Dino Rondani was an Italian socialist politician, lawyer and parliamentarian. He was also the National Secretary of the Cooperative League. He was a member of parliament representing Cossato until 1914.... s (February 1934-1940) |
 |
Armenia Armenia Armenia , officially the Republic of Armenia , is a landlocked mountainous country in the Caucasus region of Eurasia... |
Armenian Revolutionary Federation Armenian Revolutionary Federation The Armenian Revolutionary Federation is an Armenian political party founded in Tiflis in 1890 by Christapor Mikaelian, Stepan Zorian, and Simon Zavarian... |
1923-1940 | Varandian Mikayel Varandian Mikayel Varandian was an Armenian historian.He studied at Geneva University, where he met Kristapor Mikaelian and Rostom, since 1898 he was one of the main contributors of Droshak Journal. Since 1907 he was the Representative of ARF at the Second International, contacted with the European socialists... (May 1923-March 1925, from 1924 shared seat with Kaplansky, Juli 1933-April 1934), Archak Izakchjan (March 1925-July 1933), Setrak Sassuni (April 1934-December 1936), Vahan Champarzumian s (December 1936-1939), Hrand Samuelian (1939/1940) |
 |
Austria Austria Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the... |
Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria | 1923-1940 | Bauer Otto Bauer Otto Bauer was an Austrian Social Democrat who is considered one of the leading thinkers of the left socialist Austro-Marxist tendency... b (May 1923-July 1938), Ferdinand Skaret (May 1923-October 1931), Danneberg Robert Danneberg Robert Danneberg was an Austrian Jewish politician, a member of the Social Democratic Workers Party of Austria and a prominent Austro-Marxist theoretician... (October 1931-December 1935), Seitz Karl Seitz Karl Seitz was an Austrian politician and the first President of Austria.Karl Seitz was born in Vienna, then capital of the Austro-Hungarian empire, as the son of a struggling small-time coal trader. Following the premature death of his father in 1875, the family was thrown into abject poverty,... (October 1931-December 1935), Franz Korac (December 1935-1938), Joseph Buttinger Joseph Buttinger Joseph Buttinger was an Austrian politician and, after his immigration to the United States, an expert on East Asia.... (1939/1940, under the pseudonym 'Gustav Richter') |
| Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party in the Republic of Austria Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party in the Republic of Austria The Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party in the Republic of Austria was a political party in Austria, working amongst the Czech minority... |
1923-1940 | Alois Wawrousek (August 1925-1937) | ||
 |
Belgium Belgium Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many... |
Belgian Labour Party Belgian Labour Party The Belgian Labour Party, called Belgische Werkliedenpartij in Dutch and Parti Ouvrier Belge in French, was the first socialist party in Belgium, founded in 1885.-History:... |
1923-1940 | Louis de Brouckère (May 1923-May 1939, b August 1935-), Vandervelde Emile Vandervelde thumb|upright|Emile VanderveldeEmile Vandervelde was a Belgian statesman, born at Ixelles. He studied law at the Free University of Brussels and became doctor of laws in 1885 and doctor of social science in 1888.-Activities:Vandervelde became a member of the Parti Ouvrier... b (May 1923-June 1925, November 1927-March 1935, February 1937-December 1938), Joseph van Roosbroeck (June 1927-1940, became the treasurer of LSI in November 1927), Huysmans (August 1931-1940), Désiré Bouchery (March 1935-June 1936), Arthur Wauters (August 1935-February 1937), Jean Delvigne (June 1936-1937, b September 1936-), Max Buset (1937-1940), Achille Delattre (1938-1940) |
 |
British Guiana British Guiana British Guiana was the name of the British colony on the northern coast of South America, now the independent nation of Guyana.The area was originally settled by the Dutch at the start of the 17th century as the colonies of Essequibo, Demerara, and Berbice... |
British Guiana Labour Union | 1924-1940 | |
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Bulgaria Bulgaria Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east... |
Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers Party (Broad Socialists) | 1923-1940 | Sakazov Yanko Sakazov Yanko Ivanov Sakazov was a Bulgarian socialist politician.A native of the northeastern city of Shumen, Sakazov went abroad for studies during his youth, studying in Western Europe and Russia. He was a student of natural sciences, philosophy and history in Germany, biology in England and literature... (May 1923-1940, until August 1925 seat shared with Topalović Živko Topalović Živko Topalović was a Yugoslav socialist politician. Topalović became a leading figure in the Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, founded in 1921.... ) |
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China China Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture... |
Social Democratic Party of China Social Democratic Party of China The Social Democratic Party of China was a political party, organized by Chinese immigrants in Europe. Wang Kien was elected secretary of the party at an extraordinary party congress November 14, 1926. Yang Kantao, resident of Paris, also served as secretary of the party for a period. In the... |
1920s | |
 |
Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia Czechoslovakia or Czecho-Slovakia was a sovereign state in Central Europe which existed from October 1918, when it declared its independence from the Austro-Hungarian Empire, until 1992... |
Czechoslovak Social Democratic Workers Party Czech Social Democratic Party The Czech Social Democratic Party is a social-democratic political party in the Czech Republic.-History:The Social Democratic Czechoslavonic party in Austria was founded on 7 April 1878 in Austria-Hungary representing the Kingdom of Bohemia in the Austrian parliament... |
1923-1938 | Antonín Němec (May 1924-August 1925), František Soukup (August 1925-September 1938, b 1932-), Leo Winter (August 1931-August 1935), Josef Stivín (August 1935-September 1938), Gustav Winter (1937/1938) |
| German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic | 1923-1938 | Czech Ludwig Czech Ludwig Czech was a Sudeten German politician of the Jewish background member of Deutsche sozialdemokratische Arbeitspartei who actively participated in the Czechoslovak politics of the so-called First Republic. He was a Minister of Social Care... (May 1923-February 1930), Taub Siegfried Taub Siegfried Taub was a Sudeten German Jewish politician from Czechoslovakia. Taub was the general secretary of German Social Democratic Workers Party in the Czechoslovak Republic from 1924. He belonged to the Moravian triumvirate, with party chairman Ludwig Czech and newspaper editor Wilhelm... (February 1930-1938), Jaksch Wenzel Jaksch Wenzel Jaksch was a Sudeten German Socialdemocrat politician and the President of the Federation of Expellees in 1964-66.-Biography:... (1939/1940) |
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| Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party The Hungarian-German Social Democratic Party was a social democratic political party in Slovakia . It was founded in 1919 by social democrats from ethnic minority communities. The party had a German and a Hungarian section... |
1923-1926 | |||
| Polish Socialist Workers Party Polish Socialist Workers Party Polish Socialist Workers Party was a political party in Czechoslovakia founded in February 1921, based amongst Polish workers. The party was active in trade union struggles, mainly mobilizing miners and workers in heavy industries. The chairman of the party was Emanuel Chobot. Other prominent... |
1923-1938 | Chobot Emanuel Chobot Emanuel Chobot was a Polish trade union activist and politician from the region of Zaolzie, Czechoslovakia. He was the chairman of the Polish Socialist Workers Party, the social democratic party active amongst the Polish minority in interbellum Czechoslovakia... (1931-, shared seat with Kowoll Johann Kowoll Johann Kowoll was a German socialist politician.In his young years, Kowoll had several jobs; as stenographer, office assistant, journalist, cottage worker and machine operator. In 1906 he joined the Free Trade Unions... ) |
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| Social Democratic Workers Party in Subcarpathian Rus | 1923-1930 | |||
| Socialist Association Socialist Association The Socialist Association was a union of two political parties in Czechoslovakia, the Independent Socialists of Bohuslav Vrbenský and the Independent Radical Social Democratic Party of Vilém Brodecký. The Socialist Association was founded on March 23, 1923 by the fusion of the parliamentary... |
1923-1925 | |||
 |
Denmark Denmark Denmark is a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe. The countries of Denmark and Greenland, as well as the Faroe Islands, constitute the Kingdom of Denmark . It is the southernmost of the Nordic countries, southwest of Sweden and south of Norway, and bordered to the south by Germany. Denmark... |
Social Democratic Federation Social Democrats (Denmark) The Social Democrats , is a Danish political party committed to the political ideology of social democracy. It is the major coalition partner in Denmark's government since the 2011 parliamentary election, and party leader Helle Thorning-Schmidt is the current Prime Minister of Denmark... |
1923-1940 | Stauning Thorvald Stauning Thorvald August Marinus Stauning was the first social democratic Prime Minister of Denmark. He served as Prime Minister from 1924 to 1926 and again from 1929 until his death in 1942.... (May 1923-April 1924, January 1927-May 1929), Carl F. Madsen (May 1923-October 1928), Andersen Alsing Andersen Alsing Emanuel Andersen was a Danish social democrat politician. Andersen served as the Minister of Defense for Denmark. From 8 July 1940 to 1945, he served as the vice chairman of the Danish Social Democratic Party, and as the acting chairman of the party from the death of Thorvald Stauning ... (April 1924-January 1927, May 1929-November 1935), Vilh. Nygaard (October 1928-December 1936), Hedtoft Hans Hedtoft Hans Hedtoft Hansen was Prime Minister of Denmark from 13 November 1947 to 30 October 1950 as the leader of the Cabinet of Hans Hedtoft I and again from 30 September 1953 to 29 January 1955 as the leader of the Cabinet of Hans Hedtoft II.Hedtoft was a Social Democrat, and had taken over the... (November 1935-1940, b May 1936-), Jensen (February 1938-1940) |
 |
Estonia Estonia Estonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies... |
Estonian Socialist Workers Party Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party The Estonian Social Democratic Workers' Party was a political party in Estonia. This party, founded on the platforms of patriotism, Estonian independence, and social justice, wrote the first Estonian constitution.... |
1923-1940 | Rei August Rei August Rei VR III/1 was an Estonian Social Democratic politician. He was born in Pilistvere, Kõo Parish, Viljandi County.- Education :... (February 1931-November 1932, December 1933-1937) |
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Finland Finland Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside... |
Social Democratic Party Social Democratic Party of Finland The Social Democratic Party of Finland is one of the three major political parties in Finland, along with the Centre Party and the National Coalition Party. Jutta Urpilainen is the current SDP leader. The party has been in the Finnish government cabinet for long periods and has set many... |
1923-1940 | Wiik Karl H. Wiik Karl Harald Wiik was a Swedish-speaking Finnish Social Democratic leader. He was a Member of the Finnish Parliament from 1911 to 1918, from 1922 to 1929, from 1933 to 1941 and from 1944 to his death. An influential member of the Party's left wing, he was imprisoned for a time after the Finnish... (May 1923-1938), Jaakko William Keto b (1939/1940) |
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France France The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France... |
French Section of the Workers International | 1923-1940 | Alexandre Bracke b (May 1923-May 1936), Longuet Jean Longuet Jean-Laurent-Frederick Longuet was a French socialist and Karl Marx's grandson.Son of Charles and Jenny Longuet. French lawyer and Socialist who in the First World War held a pacifist position but invariably voted for war credits. Founder and editor of the newspaper Le Populaire... (May 1923-1939), Pierre Renaudel (August 1925-June 1929, July 1930-November 1933), Blum Léon Blum André Léon Blum was a French politician, usually identified with the moderate left, and three times the Prime Minister of France.-First political experiences:... (June 1929-July 1930, May 1934-May 1936, b June 1939-1940), Jean-Baptiste Sévérac (November 1936-1940), Jean Zyromski (-November 1936), Marceau Pivert Marceau Pivert Marceau Pivert was a French schoolteacher, trade unionist, Socialist militant and journalist. He was an alumnus of the École normale supérieure de Saint-Cloud.-In the Socialist Party:... (1938), Salomon Grumbach (1939/1940) |
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Free City of Danzig Free City of Danzig The Free City of Danzig was a semi-autonomous city-state that existed between 1920 and 1939, consisting of the Baltic Sea port of Danzig and surrounding areas.... |
Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig The Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig was a political party in the Free City of Danzig. After the creation of the Free City of Danzig in 1919, the Danzig branch of the Social Democratic Party of Germany separated itself from the party, and created the Social Democratic Party of... |
1923-1936 | Brill Arthur Brill Arthur Brill was a politician in the Free City of Danzig. Brill was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party of the Free City of Danzig between 1920 and 1936. Brill represented Danzig in the executive of the Labour and Socialist International between January 1929 and 1936. Between July 1931 and... (January 1929-1936, July 1931- seat shared with Kowoll Johann Kowoll Johann Kowoll was a German socialist politician.In his young years, Kowoll had several jobs; as stenographer, office assistant, journalist, cottage worker and machine operator. In 1906 he joined the Free Trade Unions... ) |
 |
Germany Germany Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate... |
Social Democratic Party of Germany Social Democratic Party of Germany The Social Democratic Party of Germany is a social-democratic political party in Germany... |
1923-1940 | Artur Crispien (May 1923-May 1926), Müller Hermann Müller (politician) ' , born in Mannheim, was a German Social Democratic politician who served as Foreign Minister , and twice as Chancellor of Germany under the Weimar Republic... (May 1923-June 1928, February 1931-March 1931), Wels Otto Wels Otto Wels was the chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany from 1919 and a member of parliament from 1920 to 1933.... b (May 1923-Summer of 1938), Johannes Stelling (June 1928-February 1931, Summer of 1938), Vogel Hans Vogel Hans Vogel was a German politician and chairman of the Social Democratic Party of Germany along with Arthur Crispien and Otto Wels from 1931 to 1933... (1931-1938), Hilferding Rudolf Hilferding Rudolf Hilferding was an Austrian-born Marxist economist, leading socialist theorist, politician and chief theoretician for the Social Democratic Party of Germany during the Weimar Republic, almost universally recognized as the SPD's foremost theoretician of his century, and a... (May 1936-1937, 1939/1940), |
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Georgia Georgia (country) Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of... |
Social Democratic Labour Party of Georgia | 1923-1940 | Tsereteli Irakli Tsereteli Irakli Tsereteli was a Georgian politician, one of the leaders of the Russian Social-Democratic Labour Party and later the Georgian Mensheviks.... (May 1923-July 1929), Constantin Gvardjaladze (July 1929-1940) |
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Great Britain Great Britain Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles... |
Labour Party | 1923-1940 | Henderson Arthur Henderson Arthur Henderson was a British iron moulder and Labour politician. He was the 1934 Nobel Peace Prize Laureate and he served three short terms as the Leader of the Labour Party from 1908–1910, 1914–1917 and 1931-1932.... (b May 1923-January 1924, February 1925-July 1929, b August 1925-), James Ramsey MacDonald (May 1923-January 1924), James Henry Thomas James Henry Thomas James Henry "Jimmy" Thomas was a British trade unionist and Labour politician. He was involved in a political scandal involving budget leaks.-Early career and Trade Union activities:... (May 1923-January 1924), Harry Gosling Harry Gosling Harry Gosling CH was a British Labour Party politician and trade union leader.-Early life:Gosling was born in 1861 at 57 York Street, Lambeth, London, on the southern bank of the River Thames. He was the second son of William Gosling, master lighterman, and his wife Sarah Louisa née Rowe, a... (May 1923-January 1924, Treasurer of LSI), Cameron Alexander Gordon Cameron Alexander Gordon Cameron was a British trades unionist and Labour Party politician.Cameron was born in Oban, Argyll, and served his apprenticeship as a joiner in Glasgow... (January 1924-February 1925), Cramp (January 1924-October 1925, b July 1925 -), William Gillies (July 1929-1940, b May 1930-), Joseph Compton Joseph Compton Joseph Compton was a British Labour Party politician.He was elected at the 1923 general election as Member of Parliament for Manchester Gorton... (October 1929-January 1937), George Dallas George Dallas (Labour politician) George Dallas was a British Labour Party politician.Born in Glasgow, Dallas worked as a coal miner in his youth. He joined the Socialist League in about 1894 before moving to London to work for a coal merchant... (October 1936-1940), Hugh Dalton Hugh Dalton Edward Hugh John Neale Dalton, Baron Dalton PC was a British Labour Party politician who served as Chancellor of the Exchequer from 1945 to 1947, when he was implicated in a political scandal involving budget leaks.... (October 1936-1940), Arthur Jenkins Arthur Jenkins (politician) Arthur Jenkins was a Welsh trade unionist and Labour Party politician.Jenkins was a coal miner's agent who studied at the Sorbonne in Paris and at Ruskin College, Oxford, before becoming Vice-President of the South Wales Miners Federation... (January 1937-late 1937?) |
| Independent Labour Party Independent Labour Party The Independent Labour Party was a socialist political party in Britain established in 1893. The ILP was affiliated to the Labour Party from 1906 to 1932, when it voted to leave... |
1923-1933 | Wallhead R. C. Wallhead Richard Collingham Wallhead , known as R. C. Wallhead, was a British Member of Parliament.Beginning his career as a decorator, Wallhead joined the Independent Labour Party and later became a journalist and lecturer... (February 1924-August 1925, Treasurer of LSI), Clifford Allen Clifford Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood Reginald Clifford Allen, 1st Baron Allen of Hurtwood , known as Clifford Allen, was a British politician and prominent pacifist.-Career:... (January 1924-November 1927), Fenner Brockway (November 1927-November 1932) |
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| Greece Greece Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe.... |
Socialist Party of Greece Socialist Party of Greece The Socialist Party of Greece was a political party in Greece. The party was formed in 1920, as an anti-Comintern minority split away at the second congress of the Socialist Labour Party of Greece. The group that founded the Greek Socialist Party was led by A. Sideris... |
1923-1931, 1933 | ||
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Hungary Hungary Hungary , officially the Republic of Hungary , is a landlocked country in Central Europe. It is situated in the Carpathian Basin and is bordered by Slovakia to the north, Ukraine and Romania to the east, Serbia and Croatia to the south, Slovenia to the southwest and Austria to the west. The... |
Hungarian Social Democratic Party Hungarian Social Democratic Party The Hungarian Social Democratic Party is a political party in Hungary. Both the MSZDP and SZDP lay claim to the same heritage: the Social Democratic Party which was part of a governing coalition in Hungary between 1945 and 1948, and a short period in 1956, which itself was renamed from the... |
1923-1940 | Gyula Peidl Gyula Peidl Gyula Peidl was a Hungarian trade union leader and socialist politician who served briefly as the last prime minister and acting head of state of the Hungarian Soviet Republic in 1919.... (February 1924-October 1928), Ernö Garami (May 1930-March 1931), Emanuel Buchinger (March 1931-1940) |
| Világosság Socialist Emigrant Group Világosság Socialist Emigrant Group The Világosság Socialist Emigrant Group was a Hungarian socialist organization, founded in 1920. The centre of the organization was based in Austria, its founders were mainly former members of the Hungarian Social Democratic Party who had been forced into exile after the crushing of the Hungarian... |
1923-1940 | Vilmos Böhm (August 1931-1940) | ||
| Iceland Iceland Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population... |
Social Democratic Party Social Democratic Party (Iceland) The Social Democratic Party was an Icelandic Political Party based on social-democratic ideas. It was founded in 1916 as the political representation of the trade unions of Iceland.... |
1926-1940 | ||
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Italy Italy Italy , officially the Italian Republic languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Italy's official name is as follows:;;;;;;;;), is a unitary parliamentary republic in South-Central Europe. To the north it borders France, Switzerland, Austria and... |
United Socialist Party of Italian Workers United Socialist Party (Italy, 1922–1930) The United Socialist Party was a social-democratic political party in Italy, active from 1922 to 1930.... |
1923-1930 | Giuseppe Emanuele Modigliani b (May 1923-1938), Treves Claudio Treves Claudio Treves was an Italian politician and journalist.-Youth:Claudio Treves was born in Turin into a well off assimilated Jewish family... (May 1923-July 1930, August 1931-June 1933), Nenni Pietro Nenni Pietro Sandro Nenni was an Italian socialist politician, the national secretary of the Italian Socialist Party and lifetime Senator since 1970. He was a recipient of the Stalin Peace Prize in 1951... (July 1930-1940), Franco Clerici (June 1933-March 1934) |
| Italian Socialist Party Italian Socialist Party The Italian Socialist Party was a socialist and later social-democratic political party in Italy founded in Genoa in 1892.Once the dominant leftist party in Italy, it was eclipsed in status by the Italian Communist Party following World War II... |
1930-1940 | |||
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Latvia Latvia Latvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden... |
Latvian Social Democratic Workers Party | 1923-1940 | Feliks Cielens (May 1923-April 1924, February 1928-April 1932, 1938-1940), Kalniņš Bruno Kalninš Brūno Haralds Kalniņš was a Latvian social democratic politician and historian... (April 1924-February 1928), Fritz Menders (April 1932-1938) |
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Lithuania Lithuania Lithuania , officially the Republic of Lithuania is a country in Northern Europe, the biggest of the three Baltic states. It is situated along the southeastern shore of the Baltic Sea, whereby to the west lie Sweden and Denmark... |
Lithuanian Social Democratic Party | 1923-1940 | Kairys Steponas Kairys Steponas Kairys was a Lithuanian engineer, nationalist, and social democrat. He was among the 20 men to sign the Act of Independence of Lithuania on February 16, 1918.-Engineering career:... (November 1931-November 1934) |
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Luxembourg Luxembourg Luxembourg , officially the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg , is a landlocked country in western Europe, bordered by Belgium, France, and Germany. It has two principal regions: the Oesling in the North as part of the Ardennes massif, and the Gutland in the south... |
Workers Party of Luxembourg | 1923-1940 | Jean Fohrman (February 1936-1939), Alphonse Hummer (1939/1940) |
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Netherlands Netherlands The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders... |
Social Democratic Workers Party Social Democratic Workers' Party (Netherlands) The Social Democratic Workers' Party was a Dutch socialist political party and a predecessor of the social-democratic PvdA.-1893-1904:... |
1923-1940 | Troelstra Pieter Jelles Troelstra Pieter Jelles Troelstra was a Dutch politician active in the socialist workers' movement. He is most remembered for his fight for universal suffrage and his failed call for revolution at the end of World War I... b (May 1923-May 1925), Willem Hubert Vliegen b (May 1925-1930), Florentinus Marinus Wibaut (August 1925-April 1935), Albarda b (April 1930-August 1939), Vorrink Koos Vorrink Jacobus Jan Vorrink, better known as Koos Vorrink , was a charismatic socialist leader in the Netherlands.- Early life :Koos Vorrink was born on June 7, 1891 in Vlaardingen, in the Dutch province of Zuid-Holland.... (April 1935-1940) |
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Norway Norway Norway , officially the Kingdom of Norway, is a Nordic unitary constitutional monarchy whose territory comprises the western portion of the Scandinavian Peninsula, Jan Mayen, and the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard and Bouvet Island. Norway has a total area of and a population of about 4.9 million... |
Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway The Social Democratic Labour Party of Norway was a Norwegian political party in the 1920s. Following the Labour Party's entry into the Comintern in 1919, its right wing left the party to form the Social Democratic Labour Party in 1921... |
1923-1927 | Nilssen Magnus Nilssen Magnus Nilssen was Norwegian politician for the Labour and Social Democratic Labour parties.He was born in Lillehammer as a son of shoemaker Mathias Nilssen and his wife Eline Pedersen . He was a first cousin of Marcus Halfdan Kastrud. He finished his appreniceship as a goldsmith in 1889, and... (May 1923-January 1927) |
| Norwegian Labour Party | 1938-1940 | Tranmæl Martin Tranmæl Martin Olsen Tranmæl was a radical Norwegian socialist leader.-Biography:Martin Tranmæl grew up in a middle-sized farm in Melhus, in Sør-Trøndelag county, Norway. He started working as a painter and construction worker. In the early 20th century, Tranmæl lived for a while in the USA where he came... (1939/1940), Gerhardsen Einar Gerhardsen was a Norwegian politician from the Labour Party of Norway. He was Prime Minister for three periods, 1945–1951, 1955–1963 and 1963–1965. With 17 years in office, he is the longest serving Prime Minister in Norway since the introduction of parliamentarism... (1939/1940) |
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Palestine Palestine Palestine is a conventional name, among others, used to describe the geographic region between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River, and various adjoining lands.... |
Poalei Zion | 1923-1930 | Kaplansky Shlomo Kaplansky Shlomo Kaplansky was a Labour Zionist politician, who served as the Secretary of the World Union of Poalei Zion. During the 1920's he was a leading advocate of a bi-national state in Palestine.... (shared seat with Varandian Mikayel Varandian Mikayel Varandian was an Armenian historian.He studied at Geneva University, where he met Kristapor Mikaelian and Rostom, since 1898 he was one of the main contributors of Droshak Journal. Since 1907 he was the Representative of ARF at the Second International, contacted with the European socialists... May 1923-June 1924, 1925-1940) |
| Mapai Mapai Mapai was a left-wing political party in Israel, and was the dominant force in Israeli politics until its merger into the Israeli Labor Party in 1968... |
1930-1940 | |||
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Poland Poland Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north... |
Polish Socialist Party Polish Socialist Party The Polish Socialist Party was one of the most important Polish left-wing political parties from its inception in 1892 until 1948... |
1923-1940 | Herman Diamand (May 1923-February 1931), Niedziałkowski (August 1925-1940), Lieberman Herman Lieberman Herman Lieberman was a Polish lawyer and socialist politician.-Life:Lieberman was born into a Jewish family in Galicia, then part of Austro-Hungary. In 1907–14 and 1917–18, he was a member of parliament in Vienna.He was a Legionnnaire in World War I, and a leader of the Polish Socialist Party... (1931-1940, b1932-) |
| German Socialist Labour Party in Poland | 1923-1940 | Johann Kowoll Johann Kowoll Johann Kowoll was a German socialist politician.In his young years, Kowoll had several jobs; as stenographer, office assistant, journalist, cottage worker and machine operator. In 1906 he joined the Free Trade Unions... (January 1929-June 1936, 1929-July 1931 seat shared with Brill, July 1931- seat shared with Chobot), Emil Zerbe (June 1936-1940) |
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| Independent Socialist Workers Party Independent Socialist Workers Party The Independent Socialist Party was a political party in Czechoslovakia. The party was founded in March 1923. The party included a number of former anarchists, who had joined the Czech Socialist Party in 1918. They had however been expelled from the Czechoslovak Socialist Party in 1923, as they... |
1923-1933 | Drobner Bolesław Drobner Bolesław Drobner was a Polish politician. Member of the Polish Socialist Party, he supported cooperation with the communists... (May 1923-June 1928), Kruk Joseph Kruk Joseph Kruk was a Polish Jewish socialist politician.Kruk took part in founding the first labour Zionist grouping in his hometown Częstochowa prior to the Russian Revolution of 1905. When the revolution broke out, he was a major leader of the territorialist Zionist Socialist Workers Party in the... (June 1928-October), both shared their seat with Topalović |
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| General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland The General Jewish Labour Bund in Poland was a Jewish socialist party in Poland which promoted the political, cultural and social autonomy of Jewish workers, sought to combat antisemitism and was generally opposed to Zionism.-Creation of the Polish Bund:... |
1930-1940 | Henryk Erlich (December 1930-1940) | ||
| Ukrainian Socialist-Radical Party Ukrainian Radical Party The Ukrainian Radical Party, , founded in October 1890 and based on the Radical movement in western Ukraine dating from the 1870s, was the first modern Ukrainian political party with a defined program, mass following, and registered membership... |
1931-1940 | Stachiw Matthew Stachiw Matthew Stachiw was a Ukrainian politician. He served in the Ukrainian Army between 1918 and 1920. Afterwards received a LL.D. from the University of Prague... (August 1931-1940) |
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Portugal Portugal Portugal , officially the Portuguese Republic is a country situated in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula. Portugal is the westernmost country of Europe, and is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and South and by Spain to the North and East. The Atlantic archipelagos of the... |
Portuguese Socialist Party Portuguese Socialist Party The Portuguese Socialist Party was a political party in Portugal.The party was founded in 1875. During its initial phase the party was heavily influenced by Proudhonism, and rejected revolutionary Marxism. The party suffered constant factional struggles... |
1925-1933 | |
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Romania Romania Romania is a country located at the crossroads of Central and Southeastern Europe, on the Lower Danube, within and outside the Carpathian arch, bordering on the Black Sea... |
Social Democratic Party of Romania Romanian Social Democratic Party (defunct) The Romanian Social Democratic Party was a social-democratic political party in Romania. It published the magazine România Muncitoare, and later Socialismul, Lumea Nouă, and Libertatea.-Early party:... |
1923-1940 | Şerban Voinea (May 1923-December 1923), Iacob Pistiner Iacob Pistiner Jacob Pistiner was a Romanian politician and lawyer.He was born in Chernivtsi, 1882, then part of Austro-Hungarian Empire, in a Jewish family.... (May 1923-August 1930), Gheorghe Grigorovici (January 1931-May 1933), Ilie Moscovici (May 1933-1940) |
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Russia Russia Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects... |
Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Mensheviks) | 1923-1940 | Raphael Abramovitch Raphael Abramovitch Raphael Rein Abramovich was a Russian socialist, a member of the General Jewish Workers' Union in Lithuania, Poland and Russia and a leader of the Menshevik wing of the Russian Social-Democratic Workers' Party .-Life:... b (May 1923-1940) |
| Socialist-Revolutionary Party Socialist-Revolutionary Party thumb|right|200px|Socialist-Revolutionary election poster, 1917. The caption in red reads "партия соц-рев" , short for Party of the Socialist Revolutionaries... |
1923-1940 | Vassilij V. Suchomlin (May 1923-May 1930), Chernov Viktor Chernov Viktor Mikhailovich Chernov was a Russian revolutionary and one of the founders of the Russian Socialist-Revolutionary Party. He was the primary party theoretician or the 'brain' of the party, and was more analyst than political leader.-Early years:... (May 1923-1940) |
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Spain Spain Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula... |
Spanish Socialist Workers Party | 1923-1940 | Besteiro Julián Besteiro Julián Besteiro Fernández was a Spanish socialist politician and university professor.-Early life:... (May 1924-October 1932), Largo Caballero Francisco Largo Caballero Francisco Largo Caballero was a Spanish politician and trade unionist. He was one of the historic leaders of the Spanish Socialist Workers' Party and of the Workers' General Union... (October 1932-November 1932, September 1933-September 1936), Remigio Cabello (November 1932-September 1933), Fernando de los Ríos (September 1933-1937), Manuel Cordero (September 1933-1938) |
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Sweden Sweden Sweden , officially the Kingdom of Sweden , is a Nordic country on the Scandinavian Peninsula in Northern Europe. Sweden borders with Norway and Finland and is connected to Denmark by a bridge-tunnel across the Öresund.... |
Social Democratic Labour Party of Sweden Swedish Social Democratic Party The Swedish Social Democratic Workers' Party, , contesting elections as 'the Workers' Party – the Social Democrats' , or sometimes referred to just as 'the Social Democrats' and most commonly as Sossarna ; is the oldest and largest political party in Sweden. The party was founded in 1889... |
1923-1940 | Branting Hjalmar Branting was a Swedish politician. He was the leader of the Swedish Social Democratic Party , and Prime Minister during three separate periods . When Branting came to power in 1920, he was the first Social Democratic Prime Minister of Sweden... b (May 1923-October 1924), Möller Gustav Möller Gustav Möller was a prominent Swedish Social democratic politician, credited as the father of the social security system and the Welfare state, called Folkhemmet... (May 1923-October 1924, b July 1929-September 1932), Arthur Engberg (October 1924-July 1926), Rickard Lindström (October 1924-July 1926, b September 1932-1940), Hansson (July 1926-September 1932), Höglund Zeth Höglund Carl Zeth "Zäta" Konstantin Höglund was a leading Swedish communist politician, anti-militarist, author, journalist and mayor of Stockholm .... (September 1932-1940) |
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Switzerland Switzerland Switzerland name of one of the Swiss cantons. ; ; ; or ), in its full name the Swiss Confederation , is a federal republic consisting of 26 cantons, with Bern as the seat of the federal authorities. The country is situated in Western Europe,Or Central Europe depending on the definition.... |
Social Democratic Party of Switzerland Social Democratic Party of Switzerland The Social Democratic Party of Switzerland is the largest centre-left political party in Switzerland.... |
1927-1940 | Grimm Robert Grimm Robert Grimm was the leading Swiss Socialist politician during the first half of the 20th century.As a leading member of the Social Democratic Party of Switzerland he opposed the First World War. Grimm was the main organiser of the Zimmerwald Movement and the chairman of the International... (January 1927-1940, b August 1935-) |
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Turkey Turkey Turkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe... |
Independent Socialist Party Independent Socialist Party (Turkey) The Independent Socialist Party was a political party in Turkey. The party was founded in the summer of 1922 by the trade unionist leader Rasim Sakir, as a continuation of the Socialist Party of Turkey.... |
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| Ukraine Ukraine Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia... |
Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party The Ukrainian Social Democratic Labour Party was the leading party of the Ukrainian People's Republic and was also known as SDPists or Esdeky. The party was reformed in 1905 at the Second Congress of the RUP and was pursuing the Marxist ideology... |
1923-1940 | Yosyp Bezpalko (June 1924-February 1929), Opanas Fedenko (February 1929-1938) | |
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Uruguay Uruguay Uruguay ,officially the Oriental Republic of Uruguay,sometimes the Eastern Republic of Uruguay; ) is a country in the southeastern part of South America. It is home to some 3.5 million people, of whom 1.8 million live in the capital Montevideo and its metropolitan area... |
Socialist Party of Uruguay Socialist Party of Uruguay The Socialist Party of Uruguay is an Uruguayan political party founded in 1910. Its main leader and spokesman was Dr Emilio Frugoni, the most prominent advocate of socialist ideas in Uruguay.... |
1932-1940 | |
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United States United States The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district... |
Socialist Party of America Socialist Party of America The Socialist Party of America was a multi-tendency democratic-socialist political party in the United States, formed in 1901 by a merger between the three-year-old Social Democratic Party of America and disaffected elements of the Socialist Labor Party which had split from the main organization... |
1923-1940 | Berger Victor L. Berger Victor Luitpold Berger was a founding member of the Socialist Party of America and an important and influential Socialist journalist who helped establish the so-called Sewer Socialist movement. The first Socialist elected to the U.S... (May 1923-August 1929), Hillquit Morris Hillquit Morris Hillquit was a founder and leader of the Socialist Party of America and prominent labor lawyer in New York City's Lower East Side during the early 20th century.-Early years:... (May 1923-October 1933), Thomas Norman Thomas Norman Mattoon Thomas was a leading American socialist, pacifist, and six-time presidential candidate for the Socialist Party of America.-Early years:... (December 1932-1940), Oneal James Oneal James "Jim" Oneal , a founding member of the Socialist Party of America , was a prominent socialist journalist, historian, and party activist who played a decisive role in the bitter party splits of 1919-21 and 1934-36.-Early years:... (November 1933-October 1935), Devere Allen (October 1935-1936) |
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Yugoslavia Yugoslavia Yugoslavia refers to three political entities that existed successively on the western part of the Balkans during most of the 20th century.... |
Socialist Party of Yugoslavia Socialist Party of Yugoslavia Socialist Party of Yugoslavia is a political party in Montenegro... |
1923-1929, 1934-1940 | Topalović Živko Topalović Živko Topalović was a Yugoslav socialist politician. Topalović became a leading figure in the Socialist Party of Yugoslavia, founded in 1921.... (May 1923-January 1929, until August 1925 seat shared with Sakazov, August 1925-June 1928 seat shared with Drobner, June 1928- seat shared with Kruk) |
b = Bureau member
Other Executive members: International Women's Commission: Adelheid Popp
Adelheid Popp
Adelheid Popp was an Austrian feminist and socialist who worked as a journalist and politician....
(February 1924-September 1935), Alice Pels (September 1935-1940)
Socialist Youth International: Karl Heinz (February 1924-October 1932), Erich Ollenhauer
Erich Ollenhauer
Erich Ollenhauer was the leader of the Social Democratic Party of Germany 1952-1963.- Early political career and exile :...
(October 1932-1940)
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