Latrocinium
Encyclopedia
Latrocinium which meant primarily a mercenary, or hired soldier, had the same meaning as miles. Latrocinium applied to a war that was not preceded by a declaration of war under the Roman laws; it was also applied to the guerrilla warfare used by the enemies of Rome.
In the Middle Ages, latrocinium was a war without just cause, or piracy.
Plato and Aristotle considered that latrocinium was a way of life like fishing or hunting.
Latrocinium in ecclesiastical Latin
means 'rebel or hostile council
'. It literally means 'robber council' and was used as a term of abuse to suggest such a council was not canonical
.
The third Council of Sirmium
in 357, second Council of Ephesus
in 449, Council of Hieria
in 754 and Synod of Pistoia
in 1786 were each described by their opponents as a latrocinium. Some also regarded the fourth Council of Constantinople
, meeting in 879-880, in the same way.
Richard I of England
exempted the Knights Templar
from being charged with latrocinium and the secret killing known as murdrum
, amongst other privileges.
Some conservative Catholics, including sedevacantists
and conclavists, regard the Vatican II
as a Latrocinium, given its alleged role in a fundamental revision of Roman Catholic rituals and belief.
In the Middle Ages, latrocinium was a war without just cause, or piracy.
Plato and Aristotle considered that latrocinium was a way of life like fishing or hunting.
Latrocinium in ecclesiastical Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
means 'rebel or hostile council
Ecumenical council
An ecumenical council is a conference of ecclesiastical dignitaries and theological experts convened to discuss and settle matters of Church doctrine and practice....
'. It literally means 'robber council' and was used as a term of abuse to suggest such a council was not canonical
Canonical
Canonical is an adjective derived from canon. Canon comes from the greek word κανών kanon, "rule" or "measuring stick" , and is used in various meanings....
.
The third Council of Sirmium
Council of Sirmium
The Council of Sirmium generally refers to the third of the four episcopal councils held in Sirmium between 357 AD and 359 AD. Specifically one was held in 357, one in 358 and one in 359. The third council marked a temporary compromise between Arianism and the Western bishops of the Christian...
in 357, second Council of Ephesus
Second Council of Ephesus
The Second Council of Ephesus was a church synod in 449 AD. It was convoked by Emperor Theodosius II as an ecumenical council but because of the controversial proceedings it was not accepted as ecumenical, labelled a Robber Synod and later repudiated at the Council of Chalcedon.-The first...
in 449, Council of Hieria
Council of Hieria
The iconoclast Council of Hieria was a Christian council which viewed itself as ecumenical, but was later rejected by the Eastern Orthodox and Roman Catholic Churches. It was summoned by the Byzantine Emperor Constantine V in 754 in the palace of Hieria opposite Constantinople. The council...
in 754 and Synod of Pistoia
Synod of Pistoia
The Synod of Pistoia was a diocesan synod held in 1786 under the presidency of Scipione de' Ricci , bishop of Pistoia, and the patronage of Leopold, grand-duke of Tuscany, with a view to preparing the ground for a national council and a reform of the Tuscan Church.-Circular letter:On January 26 the...
in 1786 were each described by their opponents as a latrocinium. Some also regarded the fourth Council of Constantinople
Fourth Council of Constantinople
The Fourth Council of Constantinople of 879-880 is believed to have been the Eighth Ecumenical Council by some Eastern Orthodox. Photius had been appointed Patriarch of Constantinople but deposed by a Council of Constantinople called in 869 by Emperor Basil I the Macedonian and Pope Adrian II...
, meeting in 879-880, in the same way.
Richard I of England
Richard I of England
Richard I was King of England from 6 July 1189 until his death. He also ruled as Duke of Normandy, Duke of Aquitaine, Duke of Gascony, Lord of Cyprus, Count of Anjou, Count of Maine, Count of Nantes, and Overlord of Brittany at various times during the same period...
exempted the Knights Templar
Knights Templar
The Poor Fellow-Soldiers of Christ and of the Temple of Solomon , commonly known as the Knights Templar, the Order of the Temple or simply as Templars, were among the most famous of the Western Christian military orders...
from being charged with latrocinium and the secret killing known as murdrum
Murdrum
Murdrum was introduced into English law by the Danes. Being the killing of a man in a secret manner, it is distinguished from simple homicide. In the Laws of Canute an unknown man who was killed was presumed to be a Dane, and the vill was compelled to pay 40 marks for his death. After the Norman...
, amongst other privileges.
Some conservative Catholics, including sedevacantists
Sedevacantism
Sedevacantism is the position held by a minority of Traditionalist Catholics who hold that the present occupant of the papal see is not truly Pope and that, for lack of a valid Pope, the see has been vacant since the death of either Pope Pius XII in 1958 or Pope John XXIII in 1963.Sedevacantists...
and conclavists, regard the Vatican II
Second Vatican Council
The Second Vatican Council addressed relations between the Roman Catholic Church and the modern world. It was the twenty-first Ecumenical Council of the Catholic Church and the second to be held at St. Peter's Basilica in the Vatican. It opened under Pope John XXIII on 11 October 1962 and closed...
as a Latrocinium, given its alleged role in a fundamental revision of Roman Catholic rituals and belief.