Library of Congress Classification:Class P, subclass PJ -- Oriental philology and literature
Encyclopedia
Subclass PJ: Oriental philology and languages is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification
system under Class P -- Language and Literature
. This article describes subclass PJ, which covers the Afro-Asiatic languages
and their literatures, as well as certain non–Afro-Asiatic Jewish languages
like Yiddish
.
Library of Congress Classification
The Library of Congress Classification is a system of library classification developed by the Library of Congress. It is used by most research and academic libraries in the U.S. and several other countries; for example, Australia and Taiwan, R.O.C. It is not to be confused with the Library of...
system under Class P -- Language and Literature
Library of Congress Classification:Class P -- Language and Literature
Class P: Language and Literature is a classification used by the Library of Congress classification system. This article outlines the subclasses of Class PPPhilology; LinguisticsPAGreek language and literature; Latin language and literature...
. This article describes subclass PJ, which covers the Afro-Asiatic languages
Afro-Asiatic languages
The Afroasiatic languages , also known as Hamito-Semitic, constitute one of the world's largest language families, with about 375 living languages...
and their literatures, as well as certain non–Afro-Asiatic Jewish languages
Jewish languages
Jewish languages are the various languages and dialects that developed in Jewish communities around the world.Although Hebrew was the daily speech of the Jewish people for centuries, by the fifth century BCE, the closely related Aramaic joined Hebrew as the spoken language in Judea and by the third...
like Yiddish
Yiddish language
Yiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages...
.
Contents
- PJ
- 1-9500..........Oriental philology and literature
- 1-489..........General
- 1-195.........Languages
- 306-489.......Literature
- 601-995........Special groups
- 601-621.......Christian Oriental
- 701-989.......Mohammedan
- 991-995.......Hamito-SemiticAfro-Asiatic languagesThe Afroasiatic languages , also known as Hamito-Semitic, constitute one of the world's largest language families, with about 375 living languages...
- 1001-1989......EgyptologyEgyptologyEgyptology is the study of ancient Egyptian history, language, literature, religion, and art from the 5th millennium BC until the end of its native religious practices in the AD 4th century. A practitioner of the discipline is an “Egyptologist”...
- 1091-1109.....Egyptian writing and its decipherment
- 1111-1439.....LanguageEgyptian languageEgyptian is the oldest known indigenous language of Egypt and a branch of the Afroasiatic language family. Written records of the Egyptian language have been dated from about 3400 BC, making it one of the oldest recorded languages known. Egyptian was spoken until the late 17th century AD in the...
- 1481-1989.....Literature. Inscriptions
- 2001-2199......CopticCoptic languageCoptic or Coptic Egyptian is the current stage of the Egyptian language, a northern Afro-Asiatic language spoken in Egypt until at least the 17th century. Egyptian began to be written using the Greek alphabet in the 1st century...
- 2340-2399......Lybyco-Berber languages. Berber languages
- 2353-2367.....Libyan group
- 2369-2399.....Berber languagesBerber languagesThe Berber languages are a family of languages indigenous to North Africa, spoken from Siwa Oasis in Egypt to Morocco , and south to the countries of the Sahara Desert...
- 2401-2594......Cushitic languagesCushitic languagesThe Cushitic languages are a branch of the Afroasiatic language family spoken in the Horn of Africa, Tanzania, Kenya, Sudan and Egypt. They are named after the Biblical character Cush, who was identified as an ancestor of the speakers of these specific languages as early as AD 947...
- 3001-3097......Semitic philology and literature
- 3101-4091......East Semitic languagesSemitic languagesThe Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
- 3101-3971.....Assyriology. AkkadianAkkadian languageAkkadian is an extinct Semitic language that was spoken in ancient Mesopotamia. The earliest attested Semitic language, it used the cuneiform writing system derived ultimately from ancient Sumerian, an unrelated language isolate...
- 3231-3595....Language
- 3601-3971....Literature. Inscriptions
- 4001-4091.....SumerianSumerian languageSumerian is the language of ancient Sumer, which was spoken in southern Mesopotamia since at least the 4th millennium BC. During the 3rd millennium BC, there developed a very intimate cultural symbiosis between the Sumerians and the Akkadians, which included widespread bilingualism...
- 3101-3971.....Assyriology. Akkadian
- 4101-4197......West and North Semitic languagesSemitic languagesThe Semitic languages are a group of related languages whose living representatives are spoken by more than 270 million people across much of the Middle East, North Africa and the Horn of Africa...
- 4171-4197.....Phenician-PunicPhoenician languagesPhoenician was a language originally spoken in the coastal region then called "Canaan" in Phoenician, Arabic, Hebrew, and Aramaic, "Phoenicia" in Greek and Latin, and "Pūt" in Ancient Egyptian. Phoenician is a Semitic language of the Canaanite subgroup; its closest living relative is Hebrew, to...
- 4171-4197.....Phenician-Punic
- 4501-5192......Hebrew
- 4543-4937.....LanguageHebrew languageHebrew is a Semitic language of the Afroasiatic language family. Culturally, is it considered by Jews and other religious groups as the language of the Jewish people, though other Jewish languages had originated among diaspora Jews, and the Hebrew language is also used by non-Jewish groups, such...
(BiblicalBiblical Hebrew languageBiblical Hebrew , also called Classical Hebrew , is the archaic form of the Hebrew language, a Canaanite Semitic language spoken in the area known as Canaan between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea. Biblical Hebrew is attested from about the 10th century BCE, and persisted through...
and modernModern HebrewModern Hebrew , also known as Israeli Hebrew or Modern Israeli Hebrew, is the language spoken in Israel and in some Jewish communities worldwide, from the early 20th century to the present....
) - 4951-5000.....Medieval HebrewMedieval HebrewMedieval Hebrew has many features that distinguish it from older forms of Hebrew. These affect grammar, syntax, sentence structure, and also include a wide variety of new lexical items, which are usually based on older forms....
- 5001-5060.....Literature
- 5050-5060....Individual authors and works
- 5061-5192.....Other languages used by the Jews
- 5111-5192....YiddishYiddish languageYiddish is a High German language of Ashkenazi Jewish origin, spoken throughout the world. It developed as a fusion of German dialects with Hebrew, Aramaic, Slavic languages and traces of Romance languages...
- 5111-5192....Yiddish
- 4543-4937.....Language
- 5201-5329......AramaicAramaic languageAramaic is a group of languages belonging to the Afroasiatic language phylum. The name of the language is based on the name of Aram, an ancient region in central Syria. Within this family, Aramaic belongs to the Semitic family, and more specifically, is a part of the Northwest Semitic subfamily,...
- 5211-5289.....West Aramaic
- 5211-5219....Biblical (Chaldaic)
- 5229.........PalmyrenePalmyraPalmyra was an ancient city in Syria. In the age of antiquity, it was an important city of central Syria, located in an oasis 215 km northeast of Damascus and 180 km southwest of the Euphrates at Deir ez-Zor. It had long been a vital caravan city for travellers crossing the Syrian desert...
inscriptions - 5239.........NabataeanNabataeansThamudi3.jpgThe Nabataeans, also Nabateans , were ancient peoples of southern Canaan and the northern part of Arabia, whose oasis settlements in the time of Josephus , gave the name of Nabatene to the borderland between Syria and Arabia, from the Euphrates to the Red Sea...
inscriptions - 5241-5249....Christian Palestinian
- 5251-5259....Jewish Palestinian
- 5271-5279....SamaritanSamaritanThe Samaritans are an ethnoreligious group of the Levant. Religiously, they are the adherents to Samaritanism, an Abrahamic religion closely related to Judaism...
- 5281-5289....Neo-Aramaic
- 5301-5329.....East Aramaic
- 5321-5329....Mandaean
- 5211-5289.....West Aramaic
- 5401-5909......Syriac
- 5414-5493.....LanguageSyriac languageSyriac is a dialect of Middle Aramaic that was once spoken across much of the Fertile Crescent. Having first appeared as a script in the 1st century AD after being spoken as an unwritten language for five centuries, Classical Syriac became a major literary language throughout the Middle East from...
- 5601-5695.....Literature
- 5701-5709.....East Syriac (NestorianNestorianismNestorianism is a Christological doctrine advanced by Nestorius, Patriarch of Constantinople from 428–431. The doctrine, which was informed by Nestorius's studies under Theodore of Mopsuestia at the School of Antioch, emphasizes the disunion between the human and divine natures of Jesus...
) - 5711-5719.....West Syriac (Jacobite)
- 5801-5809.....Neo-Syriac dialects (Modern Syriac)
- 5901-5909.....South Semitic languages
- 5414-5493.....Language
- 6001-8517......ArabArabArab people, also known as Arabs , are a panethnicity primarily living in the Arab world, which is located in Western Asia and North Africa. They are identified as such on one or more of genealogical, linguistic, or cultural grounds, with tribal affiliations, and intra-tribal relationships playing...
ic- 6073-7144.....LanguageArabic languageArabic is a name applied to the descendants of the Classical Arabic language of the 6th century AD, used most prominently in the Quran, the Islamic Holy Book...
- 6690-6697....Ancient Arabic
- 6701-6901....Modern Arabic dialectsVarieties of ArabicThe Arabic language is a Semitic language characterized by a wide number of linguistic varieties within its five regional forms. The largest divisions occur between the spoken languages of different regions. The Arabic of North Africa, for example, is often incomprehensible to an Arabic speaker...
- 6950-7144....South Arabian
- 6950-6981...Ancient
- 7051-7144...Modern
- 7501-8517.....LiteratureArabic literatureArabic literature is the writing produced, both prose and poetry, by writers in the Arabic language. The Arabic word used for literature is adab which is derived from a meaning of etiquette, and implies politeness, culture and enrichment....
- 7695.8-7876..Individual authors or works
- 6073-7144.....Language
- 8991-9293......Ethiopian languages
- 9001-9101.....Ethiopic (Geez)Ge'ez languageGe'ez is an ancient South Semitic language that developed in the northern region of Ethiopia and southern Eritrea in the Horn of Africa...
- 9201-9269.....AmharicAmharic languageAmharic is a Semitic language spoken in Ethiopia. It is the second most-spoken Semitic language in the world, after Arabic, and the official working language of the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia. Thus, it has official status and is used nationwide. Amharic is also the official or working...
- 9001-9101.....Ethiopic (Geez)
- 1-489..........General
- 1-9500..........Oriental philology and literature