Latin

Latin

Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...

 was once the universal academic language in Europe. From the 18th century authors started using their mother tongue to write books, papers or proceedings. Even when Latin fell out of use, many Latin abbreviations continued to be used due to their precise simplicity and Latin's status as a learned language.

All abbreviations are given with full stops, although these are omitted or included as a personal preference in most situations.

Latin abbreviations

Abbreviation Abbreviation An abbreviation is a shortened form of a word or phrase. Usually, but not always, it consists of a letter or group of letters taken from the word or phrase...	Latin Latin Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...	Translation	Usage and notes
A.D.	anno Domini Anno Domini and Before Christ are designations used to label or number years used with the Julian and Gregorian calendars....	"in the year of the Lord"	Used to label or number years in the Julian Julian calendar The Julian calendar began in 45 BC as a reform of the Roman calendar by Julius Caesar. It was chosen after consultation with the astronomer Sosigenes of Alexandria and was probably designed to approximate the tropical year .The Julian calendar has a regular year of 365 days divided into 12 months...  and Gregorian calendar Gregorian calendar The Gregorian calendar, also known as the Western calendar, or Christian calendar, is the internationally accepted civil calendar. It was introduced by Pope Gregory XIII, after whom the calendar was named, by a decree signed on 24 February 1582, a papal bull known by its opening words Inter... s. The AD or the Christian calendar era Calendar era A calendar era is the year numbering system used by a calendar. For example, the Gregorian calendar numbers its years in the Western Christian era . The instant, date, or year from which time is marked is called the epoch of the era...  is based on the traditionally reckoned year of the conception Annunciation The Annunciation, also referred to as the Annunciation to the Blessed Virgin Mary or Annunciation of the Lord, is the Christian celebration of the announcement by the angel Gabriel to Virgin Mary, that she would conceive and become the mother of Jesus the Son of God. Gabriel told Mary to name her...  or birth Nativity of Jesus The Nativity of Jesus, or simply The Nativity, refers to the accounts of the birth of Jesus in two of the Canonical gospels and in various apocryphal texts....  of Jesus of Nazareth, with AD counting years after the start of this epoch Epoch (reference date) In the fields of chronology and periodization, an epoch is an instance in time chosen as the origin of a particular era. The "epoch" then serves as a reference point from which time is measured... , and BC denoting years before the start of the epoch. Example: The United States Civil War began in AD 1861
a.m.	Ante Meridiem 12-hour clock The 12-hour clock is a time conversion convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called ante meridiem and post meridiem...	"before midday"	Used on the twelve-hour clock to indicate times during the morning. Example: We will meet the mayor at 10 a.m.
c. Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date... , ca. Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date... , ca Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date...  or cca. Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date...	circa Circa Circa , usually abbreviated c. or ca. , means "approximately" in the English language, usually referring to a date...	"around", "about", "approximately"	Used in dates to indicate approximately. Example: The antique clock is from c.1900.
Cap.	capitulus	"chapter"	Used before a chapter number of laws of the United Kingdom United Kingdom The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...  and its (former) colonies Colony In politics and history, a colony is a territory under the immediate political control of a state. For colonies in antiquity, city-states would often found their own colonies. Some colonies were historically countries, while others were territories without definite statehood from their inception.... . Example: Electronic Transactions Ordinance (Cap. 553).'
cf. Cf. cf., an abbreviation for the Latin word confer , literally meaning "bring together", is used to refer to other material or ideas which may provide similar or different information or arguments. It is mainly used in scholarly contexts, such as in academic or legal texts...	confer	"bring together" and hence "compare"	Confer is the imperative of the Latin verb conferre. Used interchangeably with "cp." in citations indicating the reader should compare a statement with that from the cited source. Example: These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cf. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992).
cp.		compare	Used interchangeably with "cf." in citations indicating the reader should compare a statement with that from the cited source. Example: These results were similar to those obtained using different techniques (cp. Wilson, 1999 and Ansmann, 1992).
Cp	ceteribus paribus	"all other things equal"
C.V. Résumé A résumé is a document used by individuals to present their background and skillsets. Résumés can be used for a variety of reasons but most often to secure new employment. A typical résumé contains a summary of relevant job experience and education...  or CV	curriculum vitae	"course of life"	A document containing a summary or listing of relevant job experience and education. The exact usage of the term varies between British English and American English.
cwt.	centum weight	"Hundredweight Hundredweight The hundredweight or centum weight is a unit of mass defined in terms of the pound . The definition used in Britain differs from that used in North America. The two are distinguished by the terms long hundredweight and short hundredweight:* The long hundredweight is defined as 112 lb, which... "	cwt. uses a mixture of Latin and English abbreviation.
D.V.	Deo volente	"God willing"
DG, D.G. or DEI GRA	Dei gratia	"by the grace of God".	A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins.
ead.	eadem	see id. below.
et al.	et alii	"and others", "and co-workers".	It can also stand for et alia, "and other things", or et alibi, "and other places". Example: These results agree with the ones published by Pelon et al. (2002).
etc.	et cetera Et cetera Et cetera is a Latin expression that means "and other things", or "and so forth". It is taken directly from the Latin expression which literally means "and the rest " and is a loan-translation of the Greek "καὶ τὰ ἕτερα"...	"and the others", "and other things", "and the rest".	Other archaic abbreviations include "&c.", "&/c.", "&e.", "&ct.", and "&ca." Example: I need to go to the store and buy some pie, milk, cheese, etc.
e.g.	exempli gratia	"for example", "for instance".	Example: The shipping company instituted a surcharge on any items weighing over a ton; e.g., a car or truck.
ff.	folio	"and following"	This abbreviation is used in citations to indicate an unspecified number of following pages following, Example: see page 258ff.
ibid.	ibidem	"in the same place (book, etc.)"	The abbreviation is used in citations. It should not be confused with the following abbreviation. It is better pronounced ibídem, with stress on the second -i- (as it was in Latin).
id. Id. Id. and Ead. are the terms used to denote the previously cited source . Id. is particularly used in legal citations. They are also used in academic citations where the term replaces the name of a repeated author...	idem	"the same (man)".	It is used to avoid repeating the name of a male author (in citations, footnotes, bibliographies, etc.) When quoting a female author, use the corresponding feminine form, ead. (eadem), "the same (woman)" (eadem is pronounced with stress on the first e-).
i.a.	inter alia Inter Alia -Track listing:# Inter Alia# Outfox'd # Righteous Badass # The Altogether feat. Bix, Apt, UNIVERSE ARM and Cal# The Day-to-Daily# Trouble Brewing # The Prestidigitator# The Force...	"among other things".	Example: Ernest Hemingway—author (i.a. 'The Sun Also Rises') and friend.
i.e.	id est	"that is", "in other words".	Example: For reasons not fully understood there is only a minor PSI contribution to the variable fluorescence emission of chloroplasts (Dau, 1994), i.e., the PSI fluorescence appears to be independent from the state of its reaction centre (Butler, 1978).
J.D.	Juris Doctor Juris Doctor Juris Doctor is a professional doctorate and first professional graduate degree in law.The degree was first awarded by Harvard University in the United States in the late 19th century and was created as a modern version of the old European doctor of law degree Juris Doctor (see etymology and...	"teacher of law/rights".
lb.	libra Ancient Roman units of measurement The ancient Roman units of measurement were built on the Hellenic system with Egyptian, Hebrew, and Mesopotamian influences. The Roman units were comparatively consistent and well documented.-Length:Notes...	"scales"	Used to indicate the pound (mass) Pound (mass) The pound or pound-mass is a unit of mass used in the Imperial, United States customary and other systems of measurement... .
LL.B.	Legum Baccalaureus	"bachelor of laws"	The "LL." of the abbreviation for the degree is from the genitive plural legum (of lex, legis f., law), thus "LL.B." stands for Legum Baccalaureus in Latin. In the United States it was sometimes erroneously called "Bachelor of Legal Letters" to account for the double "L" (and therefore sometimes abbreviated as "L.L.B.").
M.A. Master of Arts (postgraduate) A Master of Arts from the Latin Magister Artium, is a type of Master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The M.A. is usually contrasted with the M.S. or M.Sc. degrees...	Magister Artium	"Master of Arts Master of Arts (postgraduate) A Master of Arts from the Latin Magister Artium, is a type of Master's degree awarded by universities in many countries. The M.A. is usually contrasted with the M.S. or M.Sc. degrees... "	A postgraduate academic master degree awarded by universities in many countries. The degree is typically studied for in fine art, humanities, social science or theology and can be either fully taught, research-based, or a combination of the two.
M.O.	modus operandi Modus operandi Modus operandi is a Latin phrase, approximately translated as "mode of operation". The term is used to describe someone's habits or manner of working, their method of operating or functioning...	"method of operating"	Sometimes used in criminology Criminology Criminology is the scientific study of the nature, extent, causes, and control of criminal behavior in both the individual and in society...  to refer to a criminal's method of operation.
N.B.	nota bene Nota Bene Nota bene is an Italian and Latin phrase meaning "note well". The phrase first appeared in writing circa 1721.Often abbreviated as "N. B.", nota bene comes from the Latin roots notāre and bene . It is in the singular imperative mood, instructing one individual to note well the matter at hand...	"note well"	Some people use "Note" for the same purpose. Usually written with majuscule (French upper case / 'capital') letters. Example: N.B.: All the measurements have an accuracy of within 5% as they were calibrated according to the procedure described by Jackson (1989).
nem. con.	nemine contradicente	"with no one speaking against"	The meaning is distinct from "unanimously"; "nem. con." simply means that nobody voted against. Thus there may have been abstentions from the vote.
op. cit.	opere citato	"the work cited"	Means in the same article, book or other reference work as was mentioned before. It is most often used in citation Citation Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source . More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated alphanumeric expression Broadly, a citation is a reference to a published or unpublished source (not always the original source). More precisely, a citation is an abbreviated... s in a similar way to "ibid", though "ibid" would usually be followed by a page number.
p.a.	per annum	"through a year"	Is used in the sense of "yearly".
per cent.	per centum	"for each one hundred"	Commonly "percent"
Ph.D. Ph.D. A Ph.D. is a Doctor of Philosophy, an academic degree.Ph.D. may also refer to:* Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*Piled Higher and Deeper, a web comic strip*PhD: Phantasy Degree, a Korean comic series* PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...	Philosophiæ Doctor	"Teacher of Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities... "
p.m. 12-hour clock The 12-hour clock is a time conversion convention in which the 24 hours of the day are divided into two periods called ante meridiem and post meridiem...	Post Meridiem	"after midday"	Used on the twelve-hour clock to indicate times during the afternoon. Example: We will meet the mayor at 2 p.m.
p.m.a.	post mortem auctoris	"after the author's death"
p.p. Procuration Procuration is the action of taking care of, hence management, stewardship, agency. The word is applied to the authority or power delegated to a procurator, or agent, as well as to the exercise of such authority expressed frequently by procuration , or shortly per pro., or simply p.p.A common...  and per pro.	per procurationem	"through the agency of"
PRN Pro re nata Pro re nata is a Latin phrase meaning "in the circumstances" or "as the circumstance arises". It is commonly used in medicine to mean "as needed" or "as the situation arises." It is generally abbreviated to p.r.n. in reference to dosage of prescribed medication that is not scheduled; instead...	pro re nata Pro re nata Pro re nata is a Latin phrase meaning "in the circumstances" or "as the circumstance arises". It is commonly used in medicine to mean "as needed" or "as the situation arises." It is generally abbreviated to p.r.n. in reference to dosage of prescribed medication that is not scheduled; instead...	"as needed"	Used in prescription Medical prescription A prescription is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient. Prescriptions may include orders to be performed by a patient, caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist.... s
pro tem.	pro tempore Pro tempore Pro tempore , abbreviated pro tem or p.t., is a Latin phrase which best translates to "for the time being" in English. This phrase is often used to describe a person who acts as a locum tenens in the absence of a superior, such as the President pro tempore of the United States Senate.Legislative...	"for the time being", "temporarily", "in place of"
P.S. Postscript A postscript, abbreviated P.S., is writing added after the main body of a letter . The term comes from the Latin post scriptum, an expression meaning "written after" .A postscript may be a sentence, a paragraph, or occasionally many paragraphs added, often hastily and...	post scriptum	"after what has been written"	it is used to indicate additions to a text after the signature of a letter. Example (in a letter format): Sincerely, John Smith. P.S. Tell mother I say hello!
Q.D.	quaque die	"every day"	Used on prescription Medical prescription A prescription is a health-care program implemented by a physician or other medical practitioner in the form of instructions that govern the plan of care for an individual patient. Prescriptions may include orders to be performed by a patient, caretaker, nurse, pharmacist or other therapist.... s to indicate the medicine should be taken daily.
Q.E.D. Q.E.D. Q.E.D. is an initialism of the Latin phrase , which translates as "which was to be demonstrated". The phrase is traditionally placed in its abbreviated form at the end of a mathematical proof or philosophical argument when what was specified in the enunciation — and in the setting-out —...	quod erat demonstrandum	"which was to be demonstrated".	Cited in many texts at the end of a mathematical proof Mathematical proof In mathematics, a proof is a convincing demonstration that some mathematical statement is necessarily true. Proofs are obtained from deductive reasoning, rather than from inductive or empirical arguments. That is, a proof must demonstrate that a statement is true in all cases, without a single... . Example: At the end of the long proof, the professor exclaimed "Alas, Q.E.D!"
q.v.	quod videre	"which to see"	Used as an imperative. Used after a term or phrase that should be looked up elsewhere in the current document or book. For more than one term or phrase, the plural is quae videre (qq.v.).
Re	in re In re In re, Latin for "in the matter [of]", is a term with several different, but related meanings.In correspondence, the phrase in re: refers to the subject of a letter, memorandum, or electronic mail message...	"in the matter of", "concerning"	Often used to prefix the subject of traditional letters and memoranda. However, when used in an e-mail subject, there is evidence that it functions as an abbreviation of "reply" rather than the word meaning "in the matter of". Nominative case singular 'res' is the Latin equivalent of 'thing'; singular 're' is the ablative case required by 'in'. Some people believe it is short for 'regarding'.
REG	regina	"queen"	A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins minted during the reign of a monarch who is a queen. Rex, "king" (not an abbreviation) is used when the reigning monarch is a king.
R.I.P.	requiescat in pace	"may he/she rest in peace"	Used as a short prayer Prayer Prayer is a form of religious practice that seeks to activate a volitional rapport to a deity through deliberate practice. Prayer may be either individual or communal and take place in public or in private. It may involve the use of words or song. When language is used, prayer may take the form of...  for a dead person, frequently found on tombstones. "R.I.P." can also mean requiescant in pace, which is the plural form and translates to "may they rest in peace" Example: R.I.P good grandmother.
s.o.s.	si opus sit	"if there is need", "if occasion require", "if necessary"
stat.	statim	"immediately"	Often used in medical contexts. Example: That patient needs attention, stat.!
viz.	videlicet	"namely", "to wit", "precisely", "that is to say"	In contradistinction to "i.e." and "e.g.", "viz." is used to indicate a detailed description of something stated before, and when it precedes a list of group members, it implies (near) completeness. Example: The noble gases, viz. helium, neon, argon, xenon, krypton and radon, show a non-expected behaviour when exposed to this new element.
vs or v.	versus	"against"	Sometimes is not abbreviated. Example: The next football game will be the knights vs. the sea eagles.

Less common abbreviations and usages

Words and abbreviations that have been in general use, but are currently used less often:

• A.B.
  Bachelor of Arts
  A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
  
   (Artium Baccalaureus), "Bachelor of Arts
  Bachelor of Arts
  A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
  
  " (B.A.
  Bachelor of Arts
  A Bachelor of Arts , from the Latin artium baccalaureus, is a bachelor's degree awarded for an undergraduate course or program in either the liberal arts, the sciences, or both...
  
  , BA or A.B.), is an undergraduate bachelor's degree awarded for either a course or a program in the liberal arts
  Liberal arts
  The term liberal arts refers to those subjects which in classical antiquity were considered essential for a free citizen to study. Grammar, Rhetoric and Logic were the core liberal arts. In medieval times these subjects were extended to include mathematics, geometry, music and astronomy...
  
   or the sciences, or both.

• in litt. (in litteris): Latin for "in a letter [or other documented correspondence]"; often followed by a date.

• AMDG (Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
  Ad maiorem Dei gloriam
  Ad maiorem Dei gloriam or ad majorem Dei gloriam, also rendered as the abbreviation AMDG, is the Latin motto of the Society of Jesus, a religious order within the auspices of the Roman Catholic Church...
  
   or ad majorem Dei gloriam): Latin - "For the greater glory of God". It is the motto
  Motto
  A motto is a phrase meant to formally summarize the general motivation or intention of a social group or organization. A motto may be in any language, but Latin is the most used. The local language is usual in the mottoes of governments...
  
   of the Society of Jesus
  Society of Jesus
  The Society of Jesus is a Catholic male religious order that follows the teachings of the Catholic Church. The members are called Jesuits, and are also known colloquially as "God's Army" and as "The Company," these being references to founder Ignatius of Loyola's military background and a...
  
  .

• a.U.c. (ab Urbe condita
  Ab urbe condita
  Ab urbe condita is Latin for "from the founding of the City ", traditionally set in 753 BC. AUC is a year-numbering system used by some ancient Roman historians to identify particular Roman years...
  
   or Anno Urbis conditae): Latin for "from the foundation of the City
  Rome
  Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
  
  ": it refers to the founding of Rome
  Founding of Rome
  The founding of Rome is reported by many legends, which in recent times are beginning to be supplemented by scientific reconstructions.- Development of the city :...
  
  , which occurred in 753 BC
  750s BC
  -Events and trends:* 756 BC—Founding of Cyzicus.* 754 BC—Latins move into Italy* 755 BC—Ashur-nirari V succeeds Ashur-Dan III as king of Assyria* 755 BC—Aeschylus, King of Athens, dies after a reign of 23 years and is succeeded by Alcmaeon....
  
   according to Livy
  Livy
  Titus Livius — known as Livy in English — was a Roman historian who wrote a monumental history of Rome and the Roman people. Ab Urbe Condita Libri, "Chapters from the Foundation of the City," covering the period from the earliest legends of Rome well before the traditional foundation in 753 BC...
  
  's count. Used as a reference point in ancient Rome for establishing dates, before being supplanted by other systems. Also anno Urbis conditae (a.U.c.) ("in the year that the City [Rome] was founded"). For example, the year 2007 AD is the year 2760 ab Urbe condita (753 + 2007 = 2760); though, rigorously speaking, the year a.U.c. begins on April 21, the birthday of Rome (i.e. the day that Romulus
  Romulus
  - People:* Romulus and Remus, the mythical founders of Rome* Romulus Augustulus, the last Western Roman Emperor* Valerius Romulus , deified son of the Roman emperor Maxentius* Romulus , son of the Western Roman emperor Anthemius...
  
   was traditionally believed to have founded the Eternal City).

• a.u. (anno urbis): Latin for "The year of the city
  Rome
  Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
  
  "

• D.D. (Divinitatis Doctor), "Teacher of Divinity
  Doctor of Divinity
  Doctor of Divinity is an advanced academic degree in divinity. Historically, it identified one who had been licensed by a university to teach Christian theology or related religious subjects....
  
  "

• D.Lit. (Doctor Litterarum), "Teacher of Literature"

• D.M. (Doctor Medicinae), "Teacher of Medicine
  Doctor of Medicine
  Doctor of Medicine is a doctoral degree for physicians. The degree is granted by medical schools...
  
  " (M.D.)

• D.Phil. (Doctor Philosophiæ), "Teacher of Philosophy
  Doctor of Philosophy
  Doctor of Philosophy, abbreviated as Ph.D., PhD, D.Phil., or DPhil , in English-speaking countries, is a postgraduate academic degree awarded by universities...
  
  "

• et seq. (et sequens), et seqq or et sequa. (et sequentes, or et sequentia): "and the following" (use et seqq or et sequa. if "the following" is plural). Not unlike the full colon [ : ] which means "the following" i.e. that which follows is a listing of that which precedes the ' : '. (Incorrectly used, "the following:")

• dwt. (denarius
  Denarius
  In the Roman currency system, the denarius was a small silver coin first minted in 211 BC. It was the most common coin produced for circulation but was slowly debased until its replacement by the antoninianus...
  
   weight): "Pennyweight
  Pennyweight
  A pennyweight is a unit of mass that is equal to 24 grains, 1/20 of a troy ounce, 1/240 of a troy pound, approximately 0.054857 avoirdupois ounce and exactly 1.55517384 grams....
  
  ". N.B. this is a mixture of Latin and English abbreviations.

• fl.
  Floruit
  Floruit , abbreviated fl. , is a Latin verb meaning "flourished", denoting the period of time during which something was active...
  
   or flor. (floruit
  Floruit
  Floruit , abbreviated fl. , is a Latin verb meaning "flourished", denoting the period of time during which something was active...
  
  ) means the period of time during which a person, school, movement or even species was active or flourishing (literally, "he/she/it flourished").

• F D or FID DEF (fidei defensor
  Fidei defensor
  Fidei defensor is a Latin title which translates to Defender of the Faith in English and Défenseur de la Foi in French...
  
  ), "defender of the faith." A part of the monarch's title, it is found on all British coins.

• inst. (instante mense): "this month" (see also prox. and ult.)

• loq. (loquitur), "S/he speaks"

• N.N. (nomen nescio
  Nomen nescio
  Nomen nescio, abbreviated to N.N., is used to signify an anonymous or non-specific person. From Latin nomen, name, and nescire, not to know, be ignorant of. Together, I do not know the name....
  
  ): "I do not know the name": used as a placeholder for unknown names in e.g. the Book of Common Prayer
  Book of Common Prayer
  The Book of Common Prayer is the short title of a number of related prayer books used in the Anglican Communion, as well as by the Continuing Anglican, "Anglican realignment" and other Anglican churches. The original book, published in 1549 , in the reign of Edward VI, was a product of the English...
  
  .

• O.D. (oculus dexter): "the right eye". Used in vision correction prescriptions.

• O.S. (oculus sinister): "the left eye". Used in vision correction prescriptions.

• prox. (proximo mense): "next month" (see also inst. and ult.).

• r. (rexit): 'ruled'. Used for the time period of a monarch or other ruler's reign (e.g.: Mehmet III [r. 1595–1603])

• Q.E.C. (quod erat construendum): "which was to be constructed" (after constructing something, normally to show its existence)

• Q.E.F. (quod erat faciendum): "which was to be done"

• sc. (scilicet) means literally "one may know". Sometimes abbreviated scil. It is equivalent to the English phrase "to wit" and has virtually the same meaning as "videlicet" (literally, "one may see"), which is usually abbreviated as "viz." These expressions are not to be confused with "i.e." (id est), equivalent to "that is". Their meanings are similar, but there is a distinction which should be observed: "sc." and "viz." introduce a clarification; "i.e." introduces an equivalence.

• sec.
  Sensu
  Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of".It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.-Sensu and...
  
   (secundum
  Sensu
  Sensu is a Latin word meaning "in the sense of".It is used in a number of fields including biology, geology, linguistics, and law. Commonly it refers to how strictly or loosely an expression is used, but it also appears in expressions that indicate the convention or context of the usage.-Sensu and...
  
  ) literally "second", "after" or "following", used in several related senses such as "in the sense of" or "in accordance with". For example in taxonomy "...sec. Smith..." typically would mean something like: "...in accordance with the ideas of Smith in this matter..."

• sphalm. (sphalma typographicum) a misprint.

• S.T.T.L. (sit tibi terra levis
  Sit tibi terra levis
  Sit tibi terra levis was an inscription used on funerary items from Ancient Roman times onward. The English language translation is approximately, "May the earth rest lightly on you"...
  
  ) means "May the earth rest lightly on you" and was used in similar manner to R.I.P.

• s.v. (sub verbo): "Under the word or heading", as in a dictionary

• S.V.B.E.E.V. (si vales bene est ego valeo): "if you are well, it is good. I am well."

• Th.D. (Theologiae Doctor): "Teacher of Theology
  Doctor of Theology
  Doctor of Theology is a terminal academic degree in theology. It is a research degree that is considered by the U.S. National Science Foundation to be the equivalent of a Doctor of Philosophy....
  
  "

• ult. (ultimo mense): "last month" (see also inst. and prox.)

• V.C. (vi coactus
  Vi coactus
  Vi coactus is a Latin term, abbreviated as V.C., and means: 'under constraint'. It is used to indicate an agreement made under duress.An example of its usage is that of the Dutch 17th century statesman Cornelius de Witt, who was forced to sign the act for restoration of Stadholderate. After all the...
  
  ): "constrained by force". Used when forced to sign ("or else ...")

• v.i. (vide infra) means "see below".

• v.s. (vide supra) means "see above".

See also

• inter alios: Latin for "among others", i.e. people, or legal entities, but not an abbreviation.
• sic
  Sic
  Sic—generally inside square brackets, [sic], and occasionally parentheses, —when added just after a quote or reprinted text, indicates the passage appears exactly as in the original source...
  
  , Latin for "thus", but not an abbreviation.
• stet
  Stet
  Stet is a Latin word used by proofreaders and editors to instruct the typesetter or writer to disregard a change the editor or proofreader had previously marked....
  
  , Latin for "let it stand", but not an abbreviation. Used in editing to indicate that something should remain as it is, and not be changed.
• List of classical abbreviations
• List of Latin phrases
• List of abbreviations used in medical prescriptions
• List of ecclesiastical abbreviations