This is the fourth part of the list of the "D" codes for MeSH

Mesh

Mesh consists of semi-permeable barrier made of connected strands of metal, fiber, or other flexible/ductile material. Mesh is similar to web or net in that it has many attached or woven strands.-Types of mesh:...

. It is a product of the United States National Library of Medicine

United States National Library of Medicine

The United States National Library of Medicine , operated by the United States federal government, is the world's largest medical library. Located in Bethesda, Maryland, the NLM is a division of the National Institutes of Health...

.

Source for content is here. (File "2006 MeSH Trees".)

--- hexosamines

Hexosamines

Hexosamines are amino sugars created by adding an amine group to a hexose.Examples include:* Fructosamine * Galactosamine * Glucosamine * Mannosamine...

--- fructosamine

Fructosamine

Fructosamine is a compound that can be considered the result of a reaction between fructose and ammonia or an amine . A fructosamine is also formed when carbonyl group of glucose reacts with an amino group of a protein, as the double bond to oxygen moves from the end carbon atom to the next carbon...

 --- galactosamine

Galactosamine

Galactosamine is a hexosamine derived from galactose with the molecular formula C6H13NO5. This amino sugar is a constituent of some glycoprotein hormones such as follicle-stimulating hormone and luteinizing hormone...

 --- acetylgalactosamine --- glucosamine

Glucosamine

Glucosamine is an amino sugar and a prominent precursor in the biochemical synthesis of glycosylated proteins and lipids. Glucosamine is part of the structure of the polysaccharides chitosan and chitin, which compose the exoskeletons of crustaceans and other arthropods, cell walls in fungi and...

 --- acetylglucosamine --- meglumine

Meglumine

Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol. It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine....

 --- diatrizoate meglumine --- iothalamate meglumine

--- muramic acids

--- acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamine

--- neuraminic acids

--- sialic acids --- cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid --- n-acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.This negatively charged residue is found in complex glycans on mucins and glycoproteins found at the cell membrane...

--- glycolipids

--- galactolipids --- glycosphingolipids

Glycosphingolipids

Glycosphingolipids are a subtype of glycolipids containing the amino alcohol sphingosine. They include:* Cerebrosides* Gangliosides* Globosides...

 --- acidic glycosphingolipids --- antigens, cd15 --- gangliosides --- g(m1) ganglioside --- g(m2) ganglioside --- g(m3) ganglioside --- sulfoglycosphingolipids --- neutral glycosphingolipids --- ceramides --- cerebrosides --- galactosylceramides --- glucosylceramides --- globosides --- lactosylceramides --- trihexosylceramides --- sphingomyelins --- psychosine --- glycosylphosphatidylinositols

--- glycopeptides

--- bleomycin

Bleomycin

Bleomycin is a glycopeptide antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces verticillus. Bleomycin refers to a family of structurally related compounds. When used as an anticancer agent, the chemotherapeutical forms are primarily bleomycin A2 and B2. It works by causing breaks in DNA...

 --- peplomycin --- phleomycins --- peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria , forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β- linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid...

 --- ristocetin

Ristocetin

Ristocetin is an antibiotic, obtained from Amycolatopsis lurida, previously used to treat staphylococcal infections. It is no longer used clinically because it caused thrombocytopenia and platelet agglutination. It is now used solely to assay those functions in vitro in the diagnosis of conditions...

 --- teicoplanin

Teicoplanin

Teicoplanin is an antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of serious infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria, including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecalis. It is a glycopeptide antibiotic extracted from Actinoplanes teichomyceticus, with a similar...

 --- vancomycin

Vancomycin

Vancomycin INN is a glycopeptide antibiotic used in the prophylaxis and treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. It has traditionally been reserved as a drug of "last resort", used only after treatment with other antibiotics had failed, although the emergence of...

--- aminoglycosides

--- anthracyclines --- aclarubicin

Aclarubicin

Aclarubicin is an anthracycline drug that is used in the treatment of cancer....

 --- daunorubicin

Daunorubicin

Daunorubicin or daunomycin is chemotherapeutic of the anthracycline family that is given as a treatment for some types of cancer. It is most commonly used to treat specific types of leukaemia...

 --- carubicin

Carubicin

Carubicin is an anthracycline....

 --- doxorubicin

Doxorubicin

Doxorubicin INN is a drug used in cancer chemotherapy. It is an anthracycline antibiotic, closely related to the natural product daunomycin, and like all anthracyclines, it works by intercalating DNA....

 --- epirubicin

Epirubicin

Epirubicin is an anthracycline drug used for chemotherapy. It is marketed by Pfizer under the trade name Ellence in the US and Pharmorubicin or Epirubicin Ebewe elsewhere....

 --- idarubicin

Idarubicin

Idarubicin or 4-demethoxydaunorubicin is an anthracycline antileukemic drug. It inserts itself into DNA and prevents DNA from unwinding by interfering with the enzyme topoisomerase II. It is an analog of daunorubicin, but the absence of a methoxy group increases its fat solubility and cellular...

 --- nogalamycin

Nogalamycin

Nogalamycin is an anthracycline antibiotic produced by Streptomyces nogalater....

 --- menogaril

Menogaril

Menogaril is a anthracycline analog....

 --- plicamycin

Plicamycin

Plicamycin is an antineoplastic antibiotic produced by Streptomyces plicatus. It is an RNA synthesis inhibitor...

 --- butirosin sulfate --- gentamicins --- sisomicin

Sisomicin

Sisomicin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic....

 --- netilmicin

Netilmicin

Netilmicin is a member of the aminoglycoside family of antibiotics. These antibiotics have the ability to kill a wide variety of bacteria. Netilmicin is not absorbed from the gut and is therefore only given by injection or infusion...

 --- hygromycin b

Hygromycin B

Hygromycin B is an antibiotic produced by the bacterium Streptomyces hygroscopicus. It is an aminoglycoside that kills bacteria, fungi and higher eukaryotic cells by inhibiting protein synthesis.- History :...

 --- kanamycin

Kanamycin

Kanamycin sulfate is an aminoglycoside antibiotic, available in oral, intravenous, and intramuscular forms, and used to treat a wide variety of infections. Kanamycin is isolated from Streptomyces kanamyceticus.-Mechanism:...

 --- amikacin

Amikacin

Amikacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic used to treat different types of bacterial infections. Amikacin works by binding to the bacterial 30S ribosomal subunit, causing misreading of mRNA and leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.-Administration:Amikacin may be...

 --- dibekacin

Dibekacin

Dibekacin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic.It has been used in combination with sulbenicillin....

 --- nebramycin --- tobramycin --- metrizamide

Metrizamide

Metrizamide is a molecule used as a contrast medium....

 --- neomycin

Neomycin

Neomycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic that is found in many topical medications such as creams, ointments, and eyedrops. The discovery of Neomycin dates back to 1949. It was discovered in the lab of Selman Waksman, who was later awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology and medicine in 1951...

 --- framycetin

Framycetin

Framycetin is an antibiotic of the aminoglycoside class similar to neomycin. Like neomycin, it has poor systemic absorption. It is used in topical preparations for infections of the skin, nose, ears, and eyes, often in combination with other antibacterial drugs and corticosteroids...

 --- paromomycin --- ribostamycin

Ribostamycin

Ribostamycin is an aminoglycoside antibiotic....

 --- puromycin

Puromycin

Puromycin is an antibiotic that is a protein synthesis inhibitor by inhibiting translation.-Inhibition of translation:Puromycin is an aminonucleoside antibiotic, derived from the Streptomyces alboniger bacterium, that causes premature chain termination during translation taking place in the...

 --- puromycin aminonucleoside --- streptomycin

Streptomycin

Streptomycin is an antibiotic drug, the first of a class of drugs called aminoglycosides to be discovered, and was the first antibiotic remedy for tuberculosis. It is derived from the actinobacterium Streptomyces griseus. Streptomycin is a bactericidal antibiotic. Streptomycin cannot be given...

 --- dihydrostreptomycin sulfate --- streptothricins --- streptozocin

--- cardiac glycosides

--- digitalis glycosides --- digitonin

Digitonin

Digitonin is a glycoside obtained from Digitalis purpurea; the aglycone is digitogenin, a spirostan steroid. Used as a detergent, it effectively water-solubilizes lipids...

 --- digitoxin

Digitoxin

Digitoxin is a cardiac glycoside. It has similar structure and effects to digoxin . Unlike digoxin , it is eliminated via the liver, so could be used in patients with poor or erratic kidney function. However, it is now rarely used in current Western medical practice...

 --- acetyldigitoxins --- digoxin

Digoxin

Digoxin INN , also known as digitalis, is a purified cardiac glycoside and extracted from the foxglove plant, Digitalis lanata. Its corresponding aglycone is digoxigenin, and its acetyl derivative is acetyldigoxin...

 --- acetyldigoxins --- medigoxin

Medigoxin

Medigoxin is a cardiac glycoside closely related to digoxin....

 --- lanatosides --- deslanoside

Deslanoside

Deslanoside is a cardiac glycoside from the leaves of Digitalis lanata....

 --- proscillaridin

Proscillaridin

Proscillaridin is a bufanolide glycoside that can be obtained from plants of the genus Scilla....

 --- strophanthins --- cymarine --- ouabain

Ouabain

Ouabain which is also named g-strophanthin, is a poisonous cardiac glycoside.-Sources:Ouabain is found in the ripe seeds of African plants Strophanthus gratus and the bark of Acokanthera ouabaio.-Function:...

--- galactosides

--- methylgalactosides --- nitrophenylgalactosides --- thiogalactosides --- isopropyl thiogalactoside

--- glucosides

--- amygdalin

Amygdalin

Amygdalin , C20H27NO11, is a glycoside initially isolated from the seeds of the tree Prunus dulcis, also known as bitter almonds, by Pierre-Jean Robiquet...

 --- arbutin

Arbutin

Arbutin is both an ether and a glycoside; a glycosylated hydroquinone extracted from bearberry plant in the genus Arctostaphylos. It inhibits tyrosinase and thus prevents the formation of melanin. Arbutin is therefore used as a skin-lightening agent. Arbutin is found in wheat, and is concentrated...

 --- chloralose

Chloralose

Chloralose is an avicide, rodenticide used to kill mice in temperatures below 15 °C. It is also widely used in neuroscience and veterinary medicine as an anesthetic and sedative.Chemically, it is a chlorinated acetal derivative of glucose....

 --- esculin --- etoposide

Etoposide

Etoposide phosphate is an anti-cancer agent. It is known in the laboratory as a topoisomerase poison. Etoposide is often incorrectly referred to as a topoisomerase inhibitor in order to avoid using the term "poison" in a clinical setting...

 --- methylglucosides --- 3-o-methylglucose --- picrotoxin

Picrotoxin

Picrotoxin, also known as cocculin, is a poisonous crystalline plant compound, first isolated by Pierre Boullay in 1812. The name "picrotoxin" is a combination of the Greek words "picros" and "toxicon" ....

 --- teniposide

Teniposide

Teniposide is a chemotherapeutic medication mainly used in the treatment of childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia . It is in a class of drugs known as podophyllotoxin derivatives and slows the growth of cancer cells in the body....

 --- thioglucosides --- glucosinolates

--- macrolides

--- amphotericin b

Amphotericin B

Amphotericin B is a polyene antifungal drug, often used intravenously for systemic fungal infections...

 --- candicidin

Candicidin

Candicidin is an antibiotic....

 --- erythromycin

Erythromycin

Erythromycin is a macrolide antibiotic that has an antimicrobial spectrum similar to or slightly wider than that of penicillin, and is often used for people who have an allergy to penicillins. For respiratory tract infections, it has better coverage of atypical organisms, including mycoplasma and...

 --- azithromycin

Azithromycin

Azithromycin is an azalide, a subclass of macrolide antibiotics. Azithromycin is one of the world's best-selling antibiotics...

 --- clarithromycin

Clarithromycin

Clarithromycin is a macrolide antibiotic used to treat pharyngitis, tonsillitis, acute maxillary sinusitis, acute bacterial exacerbation of chronic bronchitis, pneumonia , skin and skin structure infections...

 --- erythromycin estolate --- erythromycin ethylsuccinate --- ketolides

Ketolides

Ketolides are antibiotics belonging to the macrolide group. Ketolides are derived from erythromycin by substituting the cladinose sugar with a keto-group and attaching a cyclic carbamate group in the lactone ring. These modifications give ketolides much broader spectrum than other macrolides...

 --- roxithromycin

Roxithromycin

Roxithromycin is a semi-synthetic macrolide antibiotic. It is used to treat respiratory tract, urinary and soft tissue infections. Roxithromycin is derived from erythromycin, containing the same 14-membered lactone ring. However, an N-oxime side chain is attached to the lactone ring...

 --- ivermectin --- josamycin

Josamycin

Josamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces narbonensis var. josamyceticus var. novaCurrently sold in various countries.Brand examples are:...

 --- leucomycins --- kitasamycin

Kitasamycin

Kitasamycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is produced by streptomyces kitasatoensis. The drug has antimicrobial activity against a wide spectrum of pathogens....

 --- spiramycin

Spiramycin

Spiramycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is used to treat toxoplasmosis. Although used in Europe, Canada and Mexico, spiramycin is still considered an experimental drug in the United States, but can sometimes be obtained by special permission from the FDA for toxoplasmosis in the first trimester of...

 --- lucensomycin --- maytansine

Maytansine

Maytansine is a cytotoxic agent. It inhibits the assembly of microtubules by binding to tubulin at the rhizoxin binding site.It is a macrolide of the ansamycin type and can be isolated from plants of the genus Maytenus....

 --- mepartricin

Mepartricin

Mepartricin is a stomatological and urological preparation.It has been studied for use in treating CPPS.-References:...

 --- miocamycin

Miocamycin

Miocamycin is a macrolide antibiotic....

 --- natamycin

Natamycin

Natamycin , also known as pimaricin, is a naturally occurring antifungal agent produced during fermentation by the bacterium Streptomyces natalensis, commonly found in soil. Natamycin has a very low solubility in water, however, natamycin is effective at very low levels. Most molds have an MIC of...

 --- nystatin

Nystatin

Nystatin is a polyene antifungal medication to which many molds and yeast infections are sensitive, including Candida. Due to its toxicity profile, there are currently no injectable formulations of this drug on the US market...

 --- oleandomycin

Oleandomycin

Oleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is synthesized from strains of Streptomyces antibioticus. It is weaker than erythromycin.It used to be sold under the brand name Sigmamycine, combined with Tetracycline, and made by the company Rosa-Phytopharma in France....

 --- troleandomycin

Troleandomycin

Troleandomycin is a macrolide antibiotic. It is currently sold in Italy and Turkey.Side effects: It is a CYP3A4 inhibitor....

 --- oligomycins --- rutamycin --- tylosin

Tylosin

Tylosin is a macrolide-class antibiotic used in veterinary medicine. It has a broad spectrum of activity against gram positive organisms and a limited range of gram negative organisms...

--- methylglycosides

--- methylgalactosides --- methylglucosides --- 3-o-methylglucose --- methylmannosides

--- nucleotides

--- nucleoside diphosphate sugars --- adenosine diphosphate sugars --- adenosine diphosphate glucose --- adenosine diphosphate ribose

Adenosine diphosphate ribose

Adenosine diphosphate ribose is a molecule formed into chains by the enzyme poly ADP ribose polymerase. It binds to and activates the TRPM2 ion channel....

 --- o-acetyl-adp-ribose --- cyclic adp-ribose

Cyclic ADP-ribose

Cyclic ADP Ribose, frequently abbreviated as cADPR, is a cyclic adenine nucleotide with two phosphate groups present on 5' OH of the adenosine , further connected to another ribose at the 5' position, which, in turn, closes the cycle by glycosidic bonding to the nitrogen 1 of the same adenine...

 --- poly adenosine diphosphate ribose --- cytidine diphosphate diglycerides --- guanosine diphosphate sugars --- guanosine diphosphate fucose --- guanosine diphosphate mannose

Guanosine diphosphate mannose

Guanosine diphosphate mannose or GDP-mannose is a nucleotide sugar that is a substrate for glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism. This compound is a substrate for enzymes called mannosyltransferases.-Biosynthesis:...

 --- uridine diphosphate sugars --- uridine diphosphate n-acetylgalactosamine --- uridine diphosphate n-acetylglucosamine --- uridine diphosphate n-acetylmuramic acid --- uridine diphosphate galactose

Uridine diphosphate galactose

Uridine diphosphate galactose is an intermediate in the production of polysaccharides. It is important in nucleotide sugars metabolism, and is the substrate for the transferase B4GALT5....

 --- uridine diphosphate glucose

Uridine diphosphate glucose

Uridine diphosphate glucose is a nucleotide sugar. It is involved in glycosyltransferase reactions in metabolism.-Functions:...

 --- uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid

Uridine diphosphate glucuronic acid

UDP glucuronic acid is a sugar used in the creation of polysaccharides and is an intermediate in the biosynthesis of ascorbic acid ....

 --- uridine diphosphate xylose

--- saponins

--- escin --- ginsenosides --- holothurin

Holothurin

The holothurins are a group of toxins originally isolated from the sea cucumber Actinopyga agassizi. The holothurins belong to the class of compounds known as saponins....

 --- solanine

Solanine

Solanine is a glycoalkaloid poison found in species of the nightshade family , such as the potato . It can occur naturally in any part of the plant, including the leaves, fruit, and tubers. Solanine has fungicidal and pesticidal properties, and it is one of the plant's natural defenses...

--- thioglycosides

--- thiogalactosides --- isopropyl thiogalactoside --- thioglucosides --- glucosinolates

--- hexoses

--- fructose

Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847...

 --- fucose

Fucose

Fucose is a hexose deoxy sugar with the chemical formula C6H12O5. It is found on N-linked glycans on the mammalian, insect and plant cell surface, and is the fundamental sub-unit of the fucoidan polysaccharide...

 --- galactose

Galactose

Galactose , sometimes abbreviated Gal, is a type of sugar that is less sweet than glucose. It is a C-4 epimer of glucose....

 --- glucose

Glucose

Glucose is a simple sugar and an important carbohydrate in biology. Cells use it as the primary source of energy and a metabolic intermediate...

 --- blood glucose --- mannose

Mannose

Mannose is a sugar monomer of the aldohexose series of carbohydrates. Mannose is a C-2 epimer of glucose. It is not part of human metabolism, but is a component of microbial cell walls, and is therefore a target of the immune system and also of antibiotics....

 --- rhamnose

Rhamnose

Rhamnose is a naturally occurring deoxy sugar. It can be classified as either a methyl-pentose or a 6-deoxy-hexose. Rhamnose occurs in nature in its L-form as L-rhamnose . This is unusual, since most of the naturally occurring sugars are in D-form...

 --- sorbose

Sorbose

Sorbose is a ketose belonging to the group of sugars known as monosaccharides. It has a sweetness that is equivalent to sucrose . The commercial production of vitamin C often begins with sorbose. L-Sorbose is the configuration of the naturally occurring sugar....

--- ketoses

--- dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone , or DHA, also known as glycerone, is a simple carbohydrate with formula .DHA is primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products. It is often derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane, and by the fermentation of glycerin.-Chemistry:DHA is a...

 --- fructose

Fructose

Fructose, or fruit sugar, is a simple monosaccharide found in many plants. It is one of the three dietary monosaccharides, along with glucose and galactose, that are absorbed directly into the bloodstream during digestion. Fructose was discovered by French chemist Augustin-Pierre Dubrunfaut in 1847...

 --- mannoheptulose

Mannoheptulose

Mannoheptulose is a hexokinase inhibitor. It is a heptose, a monosaccharide with seven carbon atoms. By blocking the enzyme hexokinase, it prevents glucose phosphorylation. As a result, the breakdown of glucose is inhibited. It is found as D-mannoheptulose in avocados....

 --- sorbose

Sorbose

Sorbose is a ketose belonging to the group of sugars known as monosaccharides. It has a sweetness that is equivalent to sucrose . The commercial production of vitamin C often begins with sorbose. L-Sorbose is the configuration of the naturally occurring sugar....

 --- xylulose

Xylulose

Xylulose is a ketopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has the chemical formula 5105. In nature, it occurs in both the L- and D-enantiomers.- Pathology :...

--- pentoses

--- arabinose

Arabinose

Arabinose is an aldopentose – a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including an aldehyde functional group.For biosynthetic reasons, most saccharides are almost always more abundant in nature as the "D"-form, or structurally analogous to D-glyceraldehyde.For sugars, the D/L...

 --- ribose

Ribose

Ribose is an organic compound with the formula C5H10O5; specifically, a monosaccharide with linear form H––4–H, which has all the hydroxyl groups on the same side in the Fischer projection....

 --- xylose

Xylose

Xylose is a sugar first isolated from wood, and named for it. Xylose is classified as a monosaccharide of the aldopentose type, which means that it contains five carbon atoms and includes an aldehyde functional group. It is the precursor to hemicellulose, one of the main constituents of biomass...

 --- xylulose

Xylulose

Xylulose is a ketopentose, a monosaccharide containing five carbon atoms, and including a ketone functional group. It has the chemical formula 5105. In nature, it occurs in both the L- and D-enantiomers.- Pathology :...

--- trioses

--- dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone

Dihydroxyacetone , or DHA, also known as glycerone, is a simple carbohydrate with formula .DHA is primarily used as an ingredient in sunless tanning products. It is often derived from plant sources such as sugar beets and sugar cane, and by the fermentation of glycerin.-Chemistry:DHA is a...

 --- glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde

Glyceraldehyde is a triose monosaccharide with chemical formula C3H6O3. It is the simplest of all common aldoses. It is a sweet, colorless, crystalline solid that is an intermediate compound in carbohydrate metabolism...

 --- glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate, also known as triose phosphate or 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde and abbreviated as G3P, GADP, GAP, TP, GALP or PGAL, is a chemical compound that occurs as an intermediate in several central metabolic pathways of all organisms...

--- glucans

--- beta-glucans --- lentinan

Lentinan

Lentinan is a beta-glucan with a glycosidic β-1,3:β-1,6 linkage. It is an anti-tumor polysaccharide from the shiitake mushroom. Lentinan is a polysaccharide that has a molecular weight of approximately 500,000 Da...

 --- sizofiran

Sizofiran

Sizofiran is a beta-glucan, also known as schizophyllan and abbreviated as SPG in many papers. It is a polysaccharide consisting of repeating β-linked D-glucse units with occasional β-branches. This generates a very stiff triple-helical structure in water....

 --- zymosan

Zymosan

Zymosan is a glucan with repeating glucose units connected by β-1,3-glycosidic linkages. It binds to TLR 2.Zymosan is prepared from yeast cell wall and consists of protein-carbohydrate complexes. It is used to induce experimental sterile inflammation...

 --- cellulose

Cellulose

Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula , a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to over ten thousand β linked D-glucose units....

 --- cellobiose

Cellobiose

Cellobiose is a disaccharide with the formula [HOCH2CHO3]2O. Cellobiose consists of two glucose molecules linked by a β bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid. Cellobiose has eight free alcohol groups, one acetal linkage and one hemiacetal linkages, which give rise to...

 --- cellulose, oxidized --- deae-cellulose --- lignin

Lignin

Lignin or lignen is a complex chemical compound most commonly derived from wood, and an integral part of the secondary cell walls of plants and some algae. The term was introduced in 1819 by de Candolle and is derived from the Latin word lignum, meaning wood...

 --- methylcellulose

Methylcellulose

Methyl cellulose is a chemical compound derived from cellulose. It is a hydrophilic white powder in pure form and dissolves in cold water, forming a clear viscous solution or gel. It is sold under a variety of trade names and is used as a thickener and emulsifier in various food and cosmetic...

 --- carboxymethylcellulose --- dextrans --- deae-dextran --- dextran sulfate --- iron-dextran complex --- glycogen

Glycogen

Glycogen is a molecule that serves as the secondary long-term energy storage in animal and fungal cells, with the primary energy stores being held in adipose tissue...

 --- liver glycogen --- isomaltose

Isomaltose

Isomaltose is a disaccharide similar to maltose, but with a α--linkage instead of the α--linkage. It is a reducing sugar. Both of the sugars are glucose and pyranoses...

 --- maltose

Maltose

Maltose , or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an αbond, formed from a condensation reaction. The isomer "isomaltose" has two glucose molecules linked through an α bond. Maltose is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains....

 --- starch

Starch

Starch or amylum is a carbohydrate consisting of a large number of glucose units joined together by glycosidic bonds. This polysaccharide is produced by all green plants as an energy store...

 --- amylopectin

Amylopectin

Amylopectin is a soluble polysaccharide and highly branched polymer of glucose found in plants. It is one of the two components of starch, the other being amylose.Glucose units are linked in a linear way with α glycosidic bonds...

 --- amylose

Amylose

Amylose is a linear polymer made up of D-glucose units.This polysaccharide is one of the two components of starch, making up approximately 2-30% of the structure...

 --- dextrins --- cyclodextrins --- alpha-cyclodextrins --- beta-cyclodextrins --- gamma-cyclodextrins --- hetastarch --- inulin

Inulin

Inulins are a group of naturally occurring polysaccharides produced by many types of plants. They belong to a class of fibers known as fructans. Inulin is used by some plants as a means of storing energy and is typically found in roots or rhizomes...

 --- trehalose

Trehalose

Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide formed by an α,α-1,1-glucoside bond between two α-glucose units. In 1832, H.A.L. Wiggers discovered trehalose in an ergot of rye, and in 1859 Marcellin Berthelot isolated it from trehala manna, a substance made...

--- glycosaminoglycans

--- chondroitin

Chondroitin

Chondroitin is a chondrin derivative.Types include:* Chondroitin sulfate* Dermatan sulfate...

 --- chondroitin sulfates --- dermatan sulfate

Dermatan sulfate

Dermatan sulfate is a glycosaminoglycan found mostly in skin, but also in blood vessels, heart valves, tendons, and lungs....

 --- heparin

Heparin

Heparin , also known as unfractionated heparin, a highly sulfated glycosaminoglycan, is widely used as an injectable anticoagulant, and has the highest negative charge density of any known biological molecule...

 --- heparin, low-molecular-weight --- dalteparin

Dalteparin

Dalteparin is a low molecular weight heparin. It is marketed as Fragmin by Pfizer Inc. Like other low molecular weight heparins, dalteparin is used for prophylaxis or treatment of deep vein thrombosis and pulmonary embolism....

 --- enoxaparin

Enoxaparin

Enoxaparin is a low molecular weight heparin marketed under the trade names Lovenox and Clexane, among others. It is an anticoagulant used to prevent and treat deep vein thrombosis or pulmonary embolism, and is given as a subcutaneous injection...

 --- nadroparin

Nadroparin

Nadroparin is a form of low molecular weight heparin sold by GSK under the trade name Fraxiparine.-External links:* http://www.cancer.gov/Templates/drugdictionary.aspx?CdrID=483128* http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/drug-information/DR600971...

 --- heparinoids --- heparitin sulfate --- heparan sulfate proteoglycan --- hyaluronic acid --- keratan sulfate

Keratan sulfate

Keratan sulfate , also called keratosulfate, is any of several sulfated glycosaminoglycans that have been found especially in the cornea, cartilage, and bone. It is also synthesized in the central nervous system where it participates both in development and in the glial scar formation following an...

--- oligosaccharides

--- disaccharides --- cellobiose

Cellobiose

Cellobiose is a disaccharide with the formula [HOCH2CHO3]2O. Cellobiose consists of two glucose molecules linked by a β bond. It can be hydrolyzed to glucose enzymatically or with acid. Cellobiose has eight free alcohol groups, one acetal linkage and one hemiacetal linkages, which give rise to...

 --- isomaltose

Isomaltose

Isomaltose is a disaccharide similar to maltose, but with a α--linkage instead of the α--linkage. It is a reducing sugar. Both of the sugars are glucose and pyranoses...

 --- lactose

Lactose

Lactose is a disaccharide sugar that is found most notably in milk and is formed from galactose and glucose. Lactose makes up around 2~8% of milk , although the amount varies among species and individuals. It is extracted from sweet or sour whey. The name comes from or , the Latin word for milk,...

 --- lactulose

Lactulose

Lactulose is a synthetic, non-digestible sugar used in the treatment of chronic constipation and hepatic encephalopathy, a complication of liver disease. It is a disaccharide formed from one molecule each of the simple sugars fructose and galactose...

 --- maltose

Maltose

Maltose , or malt sugar, is a disaccharide formed from two units of glucose joined with an αbond, formed from a condensation reaction. The isomer "isomaltose" has two glucose molecules linked through an α bond. Maltose is the second member of an important biochemical series of glucose chains....

 --- melibiose

Melibiose

Melibiose is a reducing disaccharide formed by an alpha-1,6 linkage between galactose and glucose . It can be formed by invertase mediated hydrolysis of raffinose, which produces melibiose and fructose. Melibiose can be broken down into its component saccharides, glucose and galactose, by the...

 --- sucrose

Sucrose

Sucrose is the organic compound commonly known as table sugar and sometimes called saccharose. A white, odorless, crystalline powder with a sweet taste, it is best known for its role in human nutrition. The molecule is a disaccharide composed of glucose and fructose with the molecular formula...

 --- dietary sucrose --- sucralfate

Sucralfate

Sucralfate is a cytoprotective agent, an oral gastrointestinal medication primarily indicated for the treatment of active duodenal ulcers. Brand names include Sucramal in Italy; Carafate in U.S.A.; Pepsigard, Sucral, Sucrafil, Hapifate in India; Sutra or Musin in parts of South-East Asia; Sulcrate...

 --- trehalose

Trehalose

Trehalose, also known as mycose or tremalose, is a natural alpha-linked disaccharide formed by an α,α-1,1-glucoside bond between two α-glucose units. In 1832, H.A.L. Wiggers discovered trehalose in an ergot of rye, and in 1859 Marcellin Berthelot isolated it from trehala manna, a substance made...

 --- oligosaccharides, branched-chain --- trisaccharides

Trisaccharides

Trisaccharides are oligosaccharides composed of three monosaccharides with two glycosidic bonds connecting them. Similar to the disaccharides, each glycosidic bond can be formed between any hydroxyl group on the component monosaccharides...

 --- acarbose

Acarbose

Acarbose is an anti-diabetic drug used to treat type 2 diabetes mellitus and, in some countries, prediabetes. It is a generic sold in Europe and China as Glucobay , in North America as Precose , and in Canada as Prandase...

 --- raffinose

Raffinose

Raffinose is a trisaccharide composed of galactose, fructose, and glucose. It can be found in beans, cabbage, brussels sprouts, broccoli, asparagus, other vegetables, and whole grains. Raffinose can be hydrolyzed to D-galactose and sucrose by the enzyme α-galactosidase , an enzyme not found in the...

--- polysaccharides, bacterial

--- bacterial capsules --- bambermycins --- lipopolysaccharides --- lipid a

Lipid A

Lipid A is a lipid component of an endotoxin held responsible for toxicity of Gram-negative bacteria. It is the innermost of the three regions of the lipopolysaccharide molecule, and its hydrophobic nature allows it to anchor the LPS to the outer membrane...

 --- o antigens --- peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan

Peptidoglycan, also known as murein, is a polymer consisting of sugars and amino acids that forms a mesh-like layer outside the plasma membrane of bacteria , forming the cell wall. The sugar component consists of alternating residues of β- linked N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid...

 --- prodigiozan --- teichoic acids

--- proteoglycans

--- heparan sulfate proteoglycan --- platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4

Platelet factor 4 is a small cytokine belonging to the CXC chemokine family that is also known as chemokine ligand 4 . This chemokine is released from alpha-granules of activated platelets during platelet aggregation, and promotes blood coagulation by moderating the effects of heparin-like...

 --- proteochondroitin sulfates

--- gluconates

--- antimony sodium gluconate --- calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate

Calcium gluconate is a mineral supplement.-Hypocalcemia:10% calcium gluconate solution is the form of calcium most widely used in the treatment of hypocalcemia. This form of calcium is superior to calcium lactate, but it only contains 0.93% calcium ion. Calcium gluconate is a salt of calcium and...

--- glyceric acids

--- diphosphoglyceric acids --- 2,3-diphosphoglycerate

--- muramic acids

--- acetylmuramyl-alanyl-isoglutamine

--- neuraminic acids

--- sialic acids --- cytidine monophosphate n-acetylneuraminic acid --- n-acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid

N-Acetylneuraminic acid is the predominant sialic acid found in mammalian cells.This negatively charged residue is found in complex glycans on mucins and glycoproteins found at the cell membrane...

--- uronic acids

--- glucuronic acids --- glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid

Glucuronic acid is a carboxylic acid. Its structure is similar to that of glucose. However, glucuronic acid's sixth carbon is oxidized to a carboxylic acid...

 --- glucuronates --- glucuronides --- hexuronic acids --- iduronic acid

Iduronic acid

L-Iduronic acid is the major uronic acid component of the glycosaminoglycans dermatan sulfate, and heparin. It is also present in heparan sulfate although here in a minor amount relative to its carbon-5 epimer glucuronic acid....

--- galactitol

--- dianhydrogalactitol --- mitolactol

--- inositol

Inositol

Inositol or cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5,6-hexol is a chemical compound with formula 6126 or 6, a sixfold alcohol of cyclohexane. It exists in nine possible stereoisomers, of which the most prominent form, widely occurring in nature, is cis-1,2,3,5-trans-4,6-cyclohexanehexol, or myo-inositol...

--- inositol phosphates --- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate --- phytic acid

Phytic acid

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. Phytate is not digestible to humans or nonruminant animals, however, so it is not a source of either inositol or phosphate if eaten directly...

--- mannitol

Mannitol

Mannitol is a white, crystalline organic compound with the formula . This polyol is used as an osmotic diuretic agent and a weak renal vasodilator...

--- mannitol phosphates --- mitobronitol

Mitobronitol

Mitobronitol is a brominated analog of mannitol. It is an anticancer drug that is classified as an alkylating agent....

--- sorbitol

Sorbitol

Sorbitol, also known as glucitol, Sorbogem® and Sorbo®, is a sugar alcohol that the human body metabolizes slowly. It can be obtained by reduction of glucose, changing the aldehyde group to a hydroxyl group. Sorbitol is found in apples, pears, peaches, and prunes...

--- isosorbide

Isosorbide

Isosorbide is a heterocyclic compound derived from glucose and is thus a biofeedstock. Glucose can be hydrogenated to sorbitol, which upon double dehydration gives isosorbide....

 --- isosorbide dinitrate

Isosorbide dinitrate

Isosorbide dinitrate is a nitrate used pharmacologically as a vasodilator, e.g. in angina pectoris but also for anal fissure, a condition which is known to involve decreased blood supply leading to poor healing...

 --- meglumine

Meglumine

Meglumine is an amino sugar derived from sorbitol. It is often used as an excipient in pharmaceuticals and in conjunction with iodinated compounds in contrast media such as diatrizoate meglumine and iodipamide meglumine....

 --- diatrizoate meglumine --- iothalamate meglumine

--- glycerophosphates

--- glycerylphosphorylcholine

--- hexosephosphates

--- fructosephosphates

Fructosephosphates

Fructosephosphates are sugar phosphates based upon fructose, and are common in the biochemistry of cells.Fructosephosphates play integral roles in many metabolic pathways, particularly glycolysis, gluconeogenesis and the pentose phosphate pathway....

 --- fructosediphosphates --- galactosephosphates --- glucosephosphates --- glucose-6-phosphate

Glucose-6-phosphate

Glucose 6-phosphate is glucose sugar phosphorylated on carbon 6. This compound is very common in cells as the vast majority of glucose entering a cell will become phosphorylated in this way....

 --- hexosediphosphates --- fructosediphosphates --- mannosephosphates

--- inositol phosphates

--- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate --- phytic acid

Phytic acid

Phytic acid is the principal storage form of phosphorus in many plant tissues, especially bran and seeds. Phytate is not digestible to humans or nonruminant animals, however, so it is not a source of either inositol or phosphate if eaten directly...

--- pentosephosphates

--- phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate

Phosphoribosyl pyrophosphate is a pentosephosphate.It is formed from ribose 5-phosphate by the enzyme ribose-phosphate diphosphokinase.It plays a role in transferring phospho-ribose groups in several reactions:...

 --- ribosemonophosphates --- ribulosephosphates

--- polyisoprenyl phosphate sugars

--- polyisoprenyl phosphate monosaccharides --- dolichol monophosphate mannose

Dolichol monophosphate mannose

Dolichol monophosphate mannose is a molecule involved in glycosylation....

 --- polyisoprenyl phosphate oligosaccharides