List of Song Emperors
Encyclopedia
Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty was a ruling dynasty in China between 960 and 1279; it succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period, and was followed by the Yuan Dynasty. It was the first government in world history to issue banknotes or paper money, and the first Chinese government to establish a...
(960–1279) was an imperial dynasty
Dynasties in Chinese history
The following is a chronology of the dynasties in Chinese history.Chinese history is not as neat as is often described and it was rare for one dynasty to change peacefully into the next. Dynasties were often established before the overthrow of an existing regime, or continued for a time after they...
of China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
that succeeded the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period
Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms was between 907–960/979 AD and an era of political upheaval in China, between the fall of the Tang Dynasty and the founding of the Song Dynasty. During this period, five dynasties quickly succeeded one another in the north, and more than 12 independent states were...
(907–960) and preceded the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
(1271–1368), which conquered the Song
History of the Song Dynasty
The Song Dynasty of China was a ruling dynasty that controlled China proper and southern China from the middle of the 10th century into the last quarter of the 13th century...
in 1279. Its conventional division into the Northern Song (960–1127) and Southern Song (1127–1279) periods marks the conquest of northern China
Northern and southern China
Northern China and southern China are two approximate regions within China. The exact boundary between these two regions has never been precisely defined...
by the Jin Dynasty (1115–1234) in 1127. It also distinguishes the subsequent shift of the Song's capital city from Bianjing (modern Kaifeng
Kaifeng
Kaifeng , known previously by several names , is a prefecture-level city in east-central Henan province, Central China. Nearly 5 million people live in the metropolitan area...
) in the north to Lin'an (modern Hangzhou
Hangzhou
Hangzhou , formerly transliterated as Hangchow, is the capital and largest city of Zhejiang Province in Eastern China. Governed as a sub-provincial city, and as of 2010, its entire administrative division or prefecture had a registered population of 8.7 million people...
) in the south.
Below is a complete list of emperors of the Song Dynasty, including their temple name
Temple name
Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive...
s, posthumous name
Posthumous name
A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life...
s, given name
Chinese given name
Chinese given names are generally made up of one or two characters, and are written after the family name, therefore "John-Paul Smith" as a Chinese name would be read "Smith John-Paul". Chinese names can consist of any character and contain almost any meaning...
s, and era names. The dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of Song
Emperor Taizu of Song
Emperor Tàizǔ , born Zhao Kuangyin , was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976.-Ancestry and early life:...
(r. 960–976) and ended with the death of Zhao Bing, known posthumously as Weiwang
Emperor Bing of Song
Emperor Bing of Song was the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China. He was also known as Lord Perpetual-Nation ....
(r. 1278–1279). The last emperor of the Northern Song was Emperor Qinzong
Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Qinzong was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last emperor of the Northern Song. His personal name was Zhao Huan. He reigned from January 1126 to January 1127....
(r. 1126–1127), while the first emperor of the Southern Song was Emperor Gaozong
Emperor Gaozong of Song
Emperor Gaozong , born Zhao Gou, was the tenth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of the Southern Song. He reigned from 1127 to 1162. He fled south after the Jurchens overran Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident, hence the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty 1127–1279...
(r. 1127–1162).
The emperor, or huangdi
Emperor of China
The Emperor of China refers to any sovereign of Imperial China reigning between the founding of Qin Dynasty of China, united by the King of Qin in 221 BCE, and the fall of Yuan Shikai's Empire of China in 1916. When referred to as the Son of Heaven , a title that predates the Qin unification, the...
, was the supreme head of state
Head of State
A head of state is the individual that serves as the chief public representative of a monarchy, republic, federation, commonwealth or other kind of state. His or her role generally includes legitimizing the state and exercising the political powers, functions, and duties granted to the head of...
during the imperial era of China (221 BC – 1912), including the Song. He was a hereditary ruler
Monarch
A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
who shared executive powers with civilian officials appointed to various levels of office according to their performance in bureaucratic examinations. The growing importance of the civilian bureaucracy and national gentry class
Gentry (China)
As used for imperial China, landed gentry does not correspond to any term in Chinese. One standard work remarks that under the Ming dynasty, called shenshi or shenjin, meaning variously degree-holders, literati, scholar-bureaucrats or officials, they are loosely known in English as the Chinese...
during Song times led to a much more limited role for the emperor in shaping public policy, although he still maintained his autocratic authority. He had the sole right to establish new laws, although he was expected to respect legal precedent
Precedent
In common law legal systems, a precedent or authority is a principle or rule established in a legal case that a court or other judicial body may apply when deciding subsequent cases with similar issues or facts...
s set forth by previous emperors of his dynasty.
Background
The Song Dynasty was founded by Emperor Taizu of SongEmperor Taizu of Song
Emperor Tàizǔ , born Zhao Kuangyin , was the founder of the Song Dynasty of China, reigning from 960 to 976.-Ancestry and early life:...
(r. 960–976) in 960, before the Song completely reunified China proper
China proper
China proper or Eighteen Provinces was a term used by Western writers on the Qing Dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history...
by conquest—excluding only the Sixteen Prefectures
Sixteen Prefectures
The Sixteen Prefectures are a region in northern China stretching from present-day Beijing westward to Datong. In most areas, it is approximately seventy to one hundred miles in width...
. The Song fought a series of wars with the Liao Dynasty
Liao Dynasty
The Liao Dynasty , also known as the Khitan Empire was an empire in East Asia that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper between 9071125...
(1125–1279), ruled by ethnic Khitans
Khitan people
thumb|250px|Khitans [[Eagle hunting|using eagles to hunt]], painted during the Chinese [[Song Dynasty]].The Khitan people , or Khitai, Kitan, or Kidan, were a nomadic Mongolic people, originally located at Mongolia and Manchuria from the 4th century...
, over the possession of the Sixteen Prefectures of northern China. The Liao regime was toppled in 1125 in a joint conquest by Song forces and the ethnic Jurchens led by Emperor Taizong of Jin
Emperor Taizong of Jin
Emperor Taizong of Jin was emperor of the Jin Dynasty, which ruled northern China from September 27, 1123 to February 9, 1135. His birth name was Wányán Wúqǐmǎi , and his reign name was Tiānhuì ....
(r. 1123–1134). However, the Jin quickly turned against the Song and invaded Song's northern territory. In what is known as the Jingkang Incident
Jingkang Incident
The Jingkang Incident , the Humiliation of Jingkang , or The Disorders of the Jingkang Period took place in 1127 when invading Jurchen soldiers from the Jin Dynasty besieged and sacked Bianjing , the capital of the Song Dynasty of China...
, Jin forces captured the Song's capital Kaifeng in 1127, along with Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100–1126), then a retired emperor
Taishang Huang
Retired Emperor, Grand Emperor, or Emperor Emeritus is a title occasionally used throughout East Asian feudal regimes for former emperors who had abdicated voluntarily to their sons. This title appeared in the history of China, Japan, Korea, and Vietnam...
, and his ruling son Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Qinzong of Song
Emperor Qinzong was the ninth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the last emperor of the Northern Song. His personal name was Zhao Huan. He reigned from January 1126 to January 1127....
(r. 1126–1127).
Emperor Gaozong of Song
Emperor Gaozong of Song
Emperor Gaozong , born Zhao Gou, was the tenth emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the first emperor of the Southern Song. He reigned from 1127 to 1162. He fled south after the Jurchens overran Kaifeng in the Jingkang Incident, hence the beginning of the Southern Song dynasty 1127–1279...
(r. 1127–1162), a son of Huizong, fled south and reestablished the Song Dynasty at what is now Nanjing
Nanjing
' is the capital of Jiangsu province in China and has a prominent place in Chinese history and culture, having been the capital of China on several occasions...
. He established a temporary capital at Hangzhou in 1129, yet by 1132 he declared it the official capital city of the empire. The Jin made several failed attempts to conquer the Southern Song, but in 1165 Emperor Xiaozong of Song
Emperor Xiaozong of Song
Emperor Xiaozong was the eleventh emperor of the Song Dynasty of China, and the second emperor of the Southern Song. His personal name was Zhao Shen. He reigned from 1162 to 1189. His temple name means "Filial Ancestor"....
(r. 1162–1189) and Emperor Shizong of Jin (r. 1161–1189) agreed to a peace treaty that resulted in diplomatic accord between the two countries. The Song continued to rule southern China
Northern and southern China
Northern China and southern China are two approximate regions within China. The exact boundary between these two regions has never been precisely defined...
until 1279, when the Yuan Dynasty led by Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan
Kublai Khan , born Kublai and also known by the temple name Shizu , was the fifth Great Khan of the Mongol Empire from 1260 to 1294 and the founder of the Yuan Dynasty in China...
, the Khagan
Khagan
Khagan or qagan , alternatively spelled kagan, khaghan, qaghan, or chagan, is a title of imperial rank in the Mongolian and Turkic languages equal to the status of emperor and someone who rules a khaganate...
of the Mongols
Mongol Empire
The Mongol Empire , initially named as Greater Mongol State was a great empire during the 13th and 14th centuries...
, invaded and conquered Song. The last ruler was Zhao Bing, known posthumously as Weiwang
Emperor Bing of Song
Emperor Bing of Song was the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China. He was also known as Lord Perpetual-Nation ....
(r.1278–1279), who was killed during the naval Battle of Yamen
Battle of Yamen
The naval Battle of Yamen took place on 19 March 1279 and is considered to be the last stand of the Song Dynasty against the invading Mongol-controlled Yuan Dynasty...
in what is now modern Yamen Town
Yamen (town)
Yámén is a town lying in the south of Xinhui District of Jiangmen, Guangdong, People's Republic of China. It covers an area of 281 square kilometers and has a population of 40,000....
of the Xinhui District, Jiangmen City
Jiangmen
Jiangmen , is a prefecture-level city in Guangdong province in southern China with a population of about 4.48 million in 2010. The 3 urban districts are now part of Guangzhou - Shenzhen built up area.-Names:...
, Guangdong
Guangdong
Guangdong is a province on the South China Sea coast of the People's Republic of China. The province was previously often written with the alternative English name Kwangtung Province...
Province.
Titles and names
From the Qin DynastyQin Dynasty
The Qin Dynasty was the first imperial dynasty of China, lasting from 221 to 207 BC. The Qin state derived its name from its heartland of Qin, in modern-day Shaanxi. The strength of the Qin state was greatly increased by the legalist reforms of Shang Yang in the 4th century BC, during the Warring...
(221–206 BC) until the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
(1644–1912), the ruling head of state was known as huangdi, or emperor. In Chinese historical texts, emperors of the Song Dynasty, along with the Tang and Yuan, are referred to by their temple name
Temple name
Temple names are commonly used when naming most Chinese, Korean , and Vietnamese royalty. They should not be confused with era names. Compared to posthumous names, the use of temple names is more exclusive...
s. Before the Tang Dynasty
Tang Dynasty
The Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
(618–907), emperors were generally referred to in historical texts by their posthumous name
Posthumous name
A posthumous name is an honorary name given to royalty, nobles, and sometimes others, in East Asia after the person's death, and is used almost exclusively instead of one's personal name or other official titles during his life...
s. During the Ming
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
(1368–1644) and Qing dynasties, emperors were exclusively referred to in historical texts by their single era name, whereas emperors of previous dynasties, including Song, usually had multiple era names. The amount of written characters
Chinese character
Chinese characters are logograms used in the writing of Chinese and Japanese , less frequently Korean , formerly Vietnamese , or other languages...
used in posthumous names grew steadily larger from the Han Dynasty
Han Dynasty
The Han Dynasty was the second imperial dynasty of China, preceded by the Qin Dynasty and succeeded by the Three Kingdoms . It was founded by the rebel leader Liu Bang, known posthumously as Emperor Gaozu of Han. It was briefly interrupted by the Xin Dynasty of the former regent Wang Mang...
(202 BC – 220 AD) onwards and thus became tedious when referring to sovereigns. For example, the posthumous name of Nurhaci
Nurhaci
Nurhaci was an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in what is today Northeastern China...
(r. 1616–1626), founder of the northern Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
state which would eventually establish the Qing Dynasty, contained 29 written characters. By the Tang Dynasty, much shorter temple names were preferred when referring to the emperor, a preference that was carried into the Song Dynasty. Each emperor also had a tomb name (Ling hao 陵號) and various other honorific titles.
Head of state
Imperial examination
The Imperial examination was an examination system in Imperial China designed to select the best administrative officials for the state's bureaucracy. This system had a huge influence on both society and culture in Imperial China and was directly responsible for the creation of a class of...
managed by scholar-bureaucrats was used to recruit officials; those who passed the Palace Examination—the highest-level examination in the country—were appointed directly by the emperor to the highest central-government posts. Just like commoners, these senior officials had to obey his edicts as law or be punished. However, senior officials not only challenged the emperor over policy disputes, but checked his behavior and actions by convincing him to follow Confucian
Confucianism
Confucianism is a Chinese ethical and philosophical system developed from the teachings of the Chinese philosopher Confucius . Confucianism originated as an "ethical-sociopolitical teaching" during the Spring and Autumn Period, but later developed metaphysical and cosmological elements in the Han...
mores and values upheld by the literati gentry class
Gentry (China)
As used for imperial China, landed gentry does not correspond to any term in Chinese. One standard work remarks that under the Ming dynasty, called shenshi or shenjin, meaning variously degree-holders, literati, scholar-bureaucrats or officials, they are loosely known in English as the Chinese...
that supplied officials.
During the previous Tang Dynasty, the emperor encountered generally little political opposition to his policies. At that time, the competitive civil service examinations did not yet produce a sizable majority of all serving officials as seen during Song, whereas a hereditary aristocracy was still in place and remained dependent on the court for privilege in holding rank and office. Yet Song rulers, particularly Emperor Huizong, encountered a great deal of political opposition despite attempts at conforming the whole of society like the sage kings in China's remote past. The inability of Song rulers to monopolize political authority and avoid civil opposition was linked to the expansion of the civilian government's power and the rise of a new class of gentry and scholar-official.
When the Song Dynasty was founded, the political elites consisted of officials (and their progeny) who had served in the previous administrations of the Five Dynasties era, as well as those who came from prominent families which boasted an aristocratic ancestry and had provided officials for generations. Since the first Song emperors wished to avoid domination of government by military strongmen such as the jiedushi
Jiedushi
The Jiedushi were regional military governors in China during the Tang Dynasty and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. Originally set up to counter external threats, the jiedushi were given enormous power, including the ability to maintain their own armies, collect taxes, and pass their...
of the previous era, they limited the power of military officers and focused on building a powerful civilian establishment. During the 11th century, the massive expansion of the government-run school system and amount of officials appointed through the examination system ensured the rise of a larger, nationwide gentry class which could provide most if not all officials. By the late 11th century, the elite marriage strategies of many prominent families broke down due to the intense partisan politics involving the so-called New Policies (Xin fa 新法) of Chancellor Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi
Wang Anshi was a Chinese economist, statesman, chancellor and poet of the Song Dynasty who attempted controversial, major socioeconomic reforms...
(1021–1086). These great families dissolved as a major sociopolitical group and were replaced by officials representing many local gentry lineages throughout the country.
Peter K. Bol, Professor of East Asian Languages and Civilizations at Harvard University, asserts that the supporters of Wang's expansionist, activist central government outlined in his New Policies were convinced that he understood the dao
Dao (political)
Dào was an administrative division of ancient China, translated as "circuit".Dō is a political division of Japan.Do means province in Korean...
which brought utopia to Western-Zhou
Zhou Dynasty
The Zhou Dynasty was a Chinese dynasty that followed the Shang Dynasty and preceded the Qin Dynasty. Although the Zhou Dynasty lasted longer than any other dynasty in Chinese history, the actual political and military control of China by the Ji family lasted only until 771 BC, a period known as...
(c. 1050 BC – 771 BC) antiquity and were determined to conform society according to his vision. The marginalized emperor—the last remaining aristocrat with any true political power—embraced the fiction that he was like the sage kings of old who brought society into a state of total harmony with court rituals and policy reforms. Yet after the reign of Huizong, Song rulers and officials alike disregarded the New Policies and focused instead on reforming society through a local, bottom-up approach. For example, Huizong attempted from 1107–1120 to bar anyone who had not attended a government school from serving in public office. He thus rejected anyone who did not acknowledge his brand of Confucian ideology as orthodoxy. However, the government-run school system during the Southern Song eventually lost prominence to private academies, which had outnumbered government schools during the early Northern Song. Even before Huizong's reign, Sima Guang
Sima Guang
Sīmǎ Guāng was a Chinese historian, scholar, and high chancellor of the Song Dynasty, jinshi 1038.-Life, profession, and works:...
(1019–1086), a prominent chancellor
Chancellor of China
The Chancellor , variously translated as Prime Minister, Chancellor of State, Premier or Chief Councillor, was a generic name given to the highest-ranking official in the imperial government in ancient China...
and political rival to Wang Anshi, had little to say about the emperor's role in shaping major reforms and public policy, mentioning that the emperor simply made major appointments when necessary.
Emperors could choose whether to be active or completely absent in military affairs and politics, and were always free to pursue scholarship, cults, hobbies, or women instead. However, Frederick W. Mote
Frederick W. Mote
Fredrick W. Mote was an American Sinologist and a professor of History at Princeton University for nearly 50 years. His research and teaching interests focused on China during the Ming Dynasty and the Yuan Dynasty...
argues in Imperial China: 900–1800 that most Song emperors—who spent much of their childhoods confined and isolated within a luxurious palace—were aloof conformists detached from the world of normal affairs and thus relied on officialdom to administer the government. While the mainstream view is that the Song court exercised the highest degree of restraint and courtesy towards civil officials, the new protocol of enhanced deferential treatment by officials towards the emperor during conferences and meetings further severed the emperor's close contact with his ministers.
Northern Song, 960–1127
| Temple names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào)Convention: "Sòng" + temple name or posthumous name except last emperor who was revered as Song Di Bing (Sòng Dì Bǐng 宋帝昺) | Posthumous names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Birth names | Period of reigns | Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Taizu (太祖 Tàizǔ) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereignSee the "names and titles" section of this article for an explanation. | Zhao Kuangyin (趙匡胤 Zhào Kuāngyìn) | 1960–976 |
|
| Taizong (太宗 Tàizōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Kuangyi (趙匡義 Zhào Kuāngyì) or Zhao Guangyi (趙光義 Zhào Guāngyì) | 2976–997 |
|
| Zhenzong (真宗 Zhēnzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Heng (趙恆 Zhào Héng) | 3997–1022 |
|
| Renzong (仁宗 Rénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Zhen (趙禎 Zhào Zhēn) | 41022–1063 |
|
| Yingzong (英宗 Yīngzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Shu (趙曙 Zhào Shù) | 51063–1067 |
|
| Shenzong (神宗 Shénzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu (趙頊 Zhào Xū) | 61067–1085 |
|
| Zhezong (哲宗 Zhézōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Xu (趙煦 Zhào Xǔ) | 71085–1100 |
|
| Huizong (徽宗 Huīzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Ji (趙佶 Zhào Jí) | 81100–1125 |
|
| Qinzong (欽宗 Qīnzōng) | too tedious; thus, not used when referring to this sovereign | Zhao Huan (趙桓 Zhào Huán) | 91126–1127 |
|
Southern Song, 1127–1279
| Temple names (Miao Hao 廟號 Miào Hào) | Posthumous names (Shi Hao 諡號) | Birth names | Period of reigns | Era names (Nian Hao 年號) and their according range of years |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gaozong (高宗 Gāozōng) | Shòumìng Zhōngxīng Quángōng Zhìdé Shèngshén Wǔwén Zhāorén Xiànxiào Huángdì (受命中興全功至德聖神武文昭仁 憲孝皇帝) | Zhao Gou (趙構 Zhào Gòu) | 11127–1162 |
|
| Xiaozong (孝宗 Xiàozōng) | Shàotǒng Tóngdào Guāndé Zhāogōng Zhéwén Shénwǔ Míngshèng Chéngxiào Huángdì (紹統同道冠德昭功哲文神武明聖成孝皇帝) | Zhao Shen (趙昚 Zhào Shèn) | 21162–1189 |
|
| Guangzong (光宗 Guāngzōng) | Xúndào Xiànrén Mínggōng Màodé Wēnshùn Wǔshèng Zhécí Xiào Huángdì (循道憲仁明功茂德溫文順武聖哲慈孝皇帝) | Zhao Dun (趙惇 Zhào Dūn) | 31189–1194 |
|
| Ningzong (寧宗 Níngzōng) | Fǎtiān Bèidào Chúnquán Démào Gōngrén Wénzhé Wǔshèng Ruìgōng Xiào Huángdì (法天備道純德茂功仁文哲武聖睿恭孝皇帝) | Zhao Kuo (趙擴 Zhào Kuó) | 41194–1224 |
|
| Lizong (理宗 Lǐzōng) | Jiàndào Bèidé Dàgōng Fùxīng Lièwén Rénwǔ Shèngmíng Ān Xiào Huángdì (建道備德大功復興烈文仁武聖明安孝皇帝) | Zhao Yun (趙昀 Zhào Yún) | 51224–1264 |
|
| Duzong (度宗 Dùzōng) | Duānwén Míngwǔ Jǐng Xiào Huángdì (端文明武景孝皇帝) | Zhao Qi (趙祺 Zhào Qí) | 61264–1274 |
|
| Gongzong (恭宗 Gōngzōng) | Xiàogōng Yìshèng Huángdì (孝恭懿圣皇帝) | Zhao Xian (趙顯 Zhào Xiǎn) | 71275 |
|
| Duanzong (端宗 Duānxōng) | Yùwén Zhāowǔ Mǐn Xiào (裕文昭武愍孝皇帝) | Zhao Shi (趙昰 Zhào Shì) | 81276–1278 |
|
| Huaizong Emperor Bing of Song Emperor Bing of Song was the last emperor of the Southern Song Dynasty of China. He was also known as Lord Perpetual-Nation .... (怀宗) | Gōng Wén Níng Wǔ Āi Xiào Huángdì (恭文宁武哀孝皇帝) | Zhao Bing (趙昺 Zhào Bǐng) | 91278–1279 |
|
External links
- Chinese History - Song Dynasty 宋 (960–1279), emperors and rulers (www.chinaknowledge.de)