List of baryons
Encyclopedia
Baryon
s are the family of composite particle
made of three quark
s, as opposed to the meson
s which are the family of composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Both baryons and mesons are part of the larger particle family comprising all particles made of quarks – the hadron
. The term baryon is derived from the Greek
βαρύς (barys), meaning "heavy", because at the time of their naming it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquark
s – "exotic" baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark. The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006, and in 2008, considered evidence to be overwhelmingly against the existence of the reported pentaquarks.
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction
. Lepton
s on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The most famous baryons are the proton
s and neutron
s which make up most of the mass of the visible matter
in the universe
, whereas electron
s (the other major component of atom
s) are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle
(antibaryon) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton
is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton
, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin
), J (total angular momentum), P (parity
), u (up quark
), d (down quark
), s (strange quark
), c (charm quark
), b (bottom quark
), Q (charge
), B (baryon number), S (strangeness
), C (charm), B′ (bottomness
), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See the baryon
article for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)
Antiparticles are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks (and antiquarks changed to quarks), and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model
but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model
and are consistent with the measurements.
† Particle has not yet been observed.
[a] The masses of the proton
and neutron
are known with much better precision in atomic mass unit
s (u) than in MeV/c2
, due to the relatively poorly known value of the elementary charge
. In atomic mass unit, the mass of the proton is 1.007 276 466 88(13) u
while that of the neutron is 1.008 664 915 60(55) u
.
[b] At least 1035 years. See proton decay
.
[c] For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
[e] Some controversy exists about this data.
† Particle has not yet been observed.
[h] PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
partial wave is labelled LI,2J.
Baryon
A baryon is a composite particle made up of three quarks . Baryons and mesons belong to the hadron family, which are the quark-based particles...
s are the family of composite particle
Subatomic particle
In physics or chemistry, subatomic particles are the smaller particles composing nucleons and atoms. There are two types of subatomic particles: elementary particles, which are not made of other particles, and composite particles...
made of three quark
Quark
A quark is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. Quarks combine to form composite particles called hadrons, the most stable of which are protons and neutrons, the components of atomic nuclei. Due to a phenomenon known as color confinement, quarks are never directly...
s, as opposed to the meson
Meson
In particle physics, mesons are subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark, bound together by the strong interaction. Because mesons are composed of sub-particles, they have a physical size, with a radius roughly one femtometer: 10−15 m, which is about the size of a proton...
s which are the family of composite particles made of one quark and one antiquark. Both baryons and mesons are part of the larger particle family comprising all particles made of quarks – the hadron
Hadron
In particle physics, a hadron is a composite particle made of quarks held together by the strong force...
. The term baryon is derived from the Greek
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
βαρύς (barys), meaning "heavy", because at the time of their naming it was believed that baryons were characterized by having greater masses than other particles that were classed as matter.
Until a few years ago, it was believed that some experiments showed the existence of pentaquark
Pentaquark
A pentaquark is a hypothetical subatomic particle consisting of four quarks and one antiquark bound together . As quarks have a baryon number of +, and antiquarks of −, it would have a total baryon number of 1, thus being classified as an exotic baryon...
s – "exotic" baryons made of four quarks and one antiquark. The particle physics community as a whole did not view their existence as likely in 2006, and in 2008, considered evidence to be overwhelmingly against the existence of the reported pentaquarks.
Since baryons are composed of quarks, they participate in the strong interaction
Strong interaction
In particle physics, the strong interaction is one of the four fundamental interactions of nature, the others being electromagnetism, the weak interaction and gravitation. As with the other fundamental interactions, it is a non-contact force...
. Lepton
Lepton
A lepton is an elementary particle and a fundamental constituent of matter. The best known of all leptons is the electron which governs nearly all of chemistry as it is found in atoms and is directly tied to all chemical properties. Two main classes of leptons exist: charged leptons , and neutral...
s on the other hand, are not composed of quarks and as such do not participate in the strong interaction. The most famous baryons are the proton
Proton
The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number....
s and neutron
Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of...
s which make up most of the mass of the visible matter
Matter
Matter is a general term for the substance of which all physical objects consist. Typically, matter includes atoms and other particles which have mass. A common way of defining matter is as anything that has mass and occupies volume...
in the universe
Universe
The Universe is commonly defined as the totality of everything that exists, including all matter and energy, the planets, stars, galaxies, and the contents of intergalactic space. Definitions and usage vary and similar terms include the cosmos, the world and nature...
, whereas electron
Electron
The electron is a subatomic particle with a negative elementary electric charge. It has no known components or substructure; in other words, it is generally thought to be an elementary particle. An electron has a mass that is approximately 1/1836 that of the proton...
s (the other major component of atom
Atom
The atom is a basic unit of matter that consists of a dense central nucleus surrounded by a cloud of negatively charged electrons. The atomic nucleus contains a mix of positively charged protons and electrically neutral neutrons...
s) are leptons. Each baryon has a corresponding antiparticle
Antiparticle
Corresponding to most kinds of particles, there is an associated antiparticle with the same mass and opposite electric charge. For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positively charged antielectron, or positron, which is produced naturally in certain types of radioactive decay.The...
(antibaryon) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks. For example, a proton
Proton
The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number....
is made of two up quarks and one down quark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the antiproton
Antiproton
The antiproton is the antiparticle of the proton. Antiprotons are stable, but they are typically short-lived since any collision with a proton will cause both particles to be annihilated in a burst of energy....
, is made of two up antiquarks and one down antiquark.
Lists of baryons
These lists detail all known and predicted baryons in total angular momentum J = and J = configurations with positive parityParity (physics)
In physics, a parity transformation is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it is also commonly described by the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates:...
.
- Baryons composed of one type of quark (uuu, ddd, ...) can exist in J = configuration, but J = is forbidden by the Pauli exclusion principlePauli exclusion principleThe Pauli exclusion principle is the quantum mechanical principle that no two identical fermions may occupy the same quantum state simultaneously. A more rigorous statement is that the total wave function for two identical fermions is anti-symmetric with respect to exchange of the particles...
. - Baryons composed of two types of quarks (uud, uus, ...) can exist in both J = and J = configurations
- Baryons composed of three types of quarks (uds, udc, ...) can exist in both J = and J = configurations. Two J = configurations are possible for these baryons.
The symbols encountered in these lists are: I (isospin
Isospin
In physics, and specifically, particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction. This term was derived from isotopic spin, but the term is confusing as two isotopes of a nucleus have different numbers of nucleons; in contrast, rotations of isospin maintain the number...
), J (total angular momentum), P (parity
Parity (physics)
In physics, a parity transformation is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it is also commonly described by the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates:...
), u (up quark
Up quark
The up quark or u quark is the lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. It, along with the down quark, forms the neutrons and protons of atomic nuclei...
), d (down quark
Down quark
The down quark or d quark is the second-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle, and a major constituent of matter. It, along with the up quark, forms the neutrons and protons of atomic nuclei...
), s (strange quark
Strange quark
The strange quark or s quark is the third-lightest of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Strange quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles. Example of hadrons containing strange quarks include kaons , strange D mesons , Sigma baryons , and other strange particles...
), c (charm quark
Charm quark
The charm quark or c quark is the third most massive of all quarks, a type of elementary particle. Charm quarks are found in hadrons, which are subatomic particles made of quarks...
), b (bottom quark
Bottom quark
The bottom quark, also known as the beauty quark, is a third-generation quark with a charge of − e. Although all quarks are described in a similar way by the quantum chromodynamics, the bottom quark's large bare mass , combined with low values of the CKM matrix elements Vub and Vcb, gives it a...
), Q (charge
Charge (physics)
In physics, a charge may refer to one of many different quantities, such as the electric charge in electromagnetism or the color charge in quantum chromodynamics. Charges are associated with conserved quantum numbers.-Formal definition:...
), B (baryon number), S (strangeness
Strangeness
In particle physics, strangeness S is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic reactions, which occur in a short period of time...
), C (charm), B′ (bottomness
Bottomness
In physics, bottomness also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks and the number of bottom quarks that are present in a particle: B^\prime = -Bottom quarks have a bottomness of −1 while bottom antiquarks have a...
), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover for name). (See the baryon
Baryon
A baryon is a composite particle made up of three quarks . Baryons and mesons belong to the hadron family, which are the quark-based particles...
article for a detailed explanation of these symbols.)
Antiparticles are not listed in the tables; however, they simply would have all quarks changed to antiquarks (and antiquarks changed to quarks), and Q, B, S, C, B′, would be of opposite signs. Particles with † next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model
Standard Model
The Standard Model of particle physics is a theory concerning the electromagnetic, weak, and strong nuclear interactions, which mediate the dynamics of the known subatomic particles. Developed throughout the mid to late 20th century, the current formulation was finalized in the mid 1970s upon...
but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model
Quark model
In physics, the quark model is a classification scheme for hadrons in terms of their valence quarks—the quarks and antiquarks which give rise to the quantum numbers of the hadrons....
and are consistent with the measurements.
JP = + baryons
| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content |
Rest mass (MeV/c Speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact since the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time... 2) |
I Isospin In physics, and specifically, particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction. This term was derived from isotopic spin, but the term is confusing as two isotopes of a nucleus have different numbers of nucleons; in contrast, rotations of isospin maintain the number... |
JP Parity (physics) In physics, a parity transformation is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it is also commonly described by the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates:... |
Q Electric charge Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter. Electric charge comes in two types, called positive and negative. Two positively charged substances, or objects, experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two... (e Elementary charge The elementary charge, usually denoted as e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the absolute value of the electric charge carried by a single electron. This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant. To avoid confusion over its sign, e is sometimes called... ) |
S Strangeness In particle physics, strangeness S is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic reactions, which occur in a short period of time... |
C | B' Bottomness In physics, bottomness also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks and the number of bottom quarks that are present in a particle: B^\prime = -Bottom quarks have a bottomness of −1 while bottom antiquarks have a... |
Mean lifetime (s Second The second is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units base unit of time. It may be measured using a clock.... ) |
Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| nucleon Nucleon In physics, a nucleon is a collective name for two particles: the neutron and the proton. These are the two constituents of the atomic nucleus. Until the 1960s, the nucleons were thought to be elementary particles... /proton Proton The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number.... |
/ / | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unobserved | |||||
| nucleon Nucleon In physics, a nucleon is a collective name for two particles: the neutron and the proton. These are the two constituents of the atomic nucleus. Until the 1960s, the nucleons were thought to be elementary particles... /neutron Neutron The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of... |
/ / | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| Lambda | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|||||
| charmed Lambda | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | See decay modes | ||||||
| bottom Lambda | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | See decay modes | |||||
| Sigma Sigma baryon The Sigma baryons are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have a +2, +1 or -1 elementary charge or are neutral. They are baryons containing three quarks: two up and/or down quarks, and one third quark, which can be either a strange , a charm , a bottom or a top quark... |
1 | + | 0 | 0 | |
||||||
| Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| charmed Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| charmed Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| charmed Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| bottom Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | ||||||
| bottom Sigma | Unknown | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| bottom Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | ||||||
| Xi | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| Xi | + | 0 | 0 | ||||||||
| charmed Xi | + | 0 | See decay modes | ||||||||
| charmed Xi | + | 0 | 0 | See decay modes | |||||||
| charmed Xi prime | + | 0 | Unknown | ||||||||
| charmed Xi prime | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | |||||||
| double charmed Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double charmed Xi | + | 0 | 0 | or | |||||||
| bottom Xi (or Cascade B) |
Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | See decay modes | ||||||
| bottom Xi (or Cascade B) |
+ | 0 | See decay modes ( | ||||||||
| bottom Xi prime | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| bottom Xi prime | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| double bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| charmed bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Xi prime | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Xi prime | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| charmed Omega | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | See decay modes | ||||||
| bottom Omega | 0 | + | 0 | ( | |||||||
| double charmed Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Omega prime | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double charmed bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed double bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
† Particle has not yet been observed.
[a] The masses of the proton
Proton
The proton is a subatomic particle with the symbol or and a positive electric charge of 1 elementary charge. One or more protons are present in the nucleus of each atom, along with neutrons. The number of protons in each atom is its atomic number....
and neutron
Neutron
The neutron is a subatomic hadron particle which has the symbol or , no net electric charge and a mass slightly larger than that of a proton. With the exception of hydrogen, nuclei of atoms consist of protons and neutrons, which are therefore collectively referred to as nucleons. The number of...
are known with much better precision in atomic mass unit
Atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of...
s (u) than in MeV/c2
Speed of light
The speed of light in vacuum, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact since the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time...
, due to the relatively poorly known value of the elementary charge
Elementary charge
The elementary charge, usually denoted as e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the absolute value of the electric charge carried by a single electron. This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant. To avoid confusion over its sign, e is sometimes called...
. In atomic mass unit, the mass of the proton is 1.007 276 466 88(13) u
Atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of...
while that of the neutron is 1.008 664 915 60(55) u
Atomic mass unit
The unified atomic mass unit or dalton is a unit that is used for indicating mass on an atomic or molecular scale. It is defined as one twelfth of the rest mass of an unbound neutral atom of carbon-12 in its nuclear and electronic ground state, and has a value of...
.
[b] At least 1035 years. See proton decay
Proton decay
In particle physics, proton decay is a hypothetical form of radioactive decay in which the proton decays into lighter subatomic particles, such as a neutral pion and a positron...
.
[c] For free neutrons; in most common nuclei, neutrons are stable.
[d] PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
[e] Some controversy exists about this data.
JP = + baryons
| Particle name | Symbol | Quark content |
Rest mass (MeV/c Speed of light The speed of light in vacuum, usually denoted by c, is a physical constant important in many areas of physics. Its value is 299,792,458 metres per second, a figure that is exact since the length of the metre is defined from this constant and the international standard for time... 2) |
I Isospin In physics, and specifically, particle physics, isospin is a quantum number related to the strong interaction. This term was derived from isotopic spin, but the term is confusing as two isotopes of a nucleus have different numbers of nucleons; in contrast, rotations of isospin maintain the number... |
JP Parity (physics) In physics, a parity transformation is the flip in the sign of one spatial coordinate. In three dimensions, it is also commonly described by the simultaneous flip in the sign of all three spatial coordinates:... |
Q Electric charge Electric charge is a physical property of matter that causes it to experience a force when near other electrically charged matter. Electric charge comes in two types, called positive and negative. Two positively charged substances, or objects, experience a mutual repulsive force, as do two... (e Elementary charge The elementary charge, usually denoted as e, is the electric charge carried by a single proton, or equivalently, the absolute value of the electric charge carried by a single electron. This elementary charge is a fundamental physical constant. To avoid confusion over its sign, e is sometimes called... ) |
S Strangeness In particle physics, strangeness S is a property of particles, expressed as a quantum number, for describing decay of particles in strong and electromagnetic reactions, which occur in a short period of time... |
C | B' Bottomness In physics, bottomness also called beauty, is a flavour quantum number reflecting the difference between the number of bottom antiquarks and the number of bottom quarks that are present in a particle: B^\prime = -Bottom quarks have a bottomness of −1 while bottom antiquarks have a... |
Mean lifetime (s Second The second is a unit of measurement of time, and is the International System of Units base unit of time. It may be measured using a clock.... ) |
Commonly decays to |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Delta Delta baryon The Delta baryons are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have the symbols , , , and and electric charges +2, +1, 0 and -1 elementary charge respectively... |
(1232) | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Delta | (1232) | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|||||
| Delta | (1232) | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
||||
| Delta | (1232) | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| Sigma Sigma baryon The Sigma baryons are a family of subatomic hadron particles which have a +2, +1 or -1 elementary charge or are neutral. They are baryons containing three quarks: two up and/or down quarks, and one third quark, which can be either a strange , a charm , a bottom or a top quark... |
(1385) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | |
|||||
| Sigma | (1385) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
||||
| Sigma | (1385) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | |
|||||
| charmed Sigma | (2520) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| charmed Sigma | (2520) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | ||||||
| charmed Sigma | (2520) | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||||
| bottom Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | ||||||
| bottom Sigma | Unknown | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||
| bottom Sigma | 1 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | ||||||
| Xi | (1530) | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
|||||
| Xi | (1530) | + | 0 | 0 | |
||||||
| charmed Xi | (2645) | + | 0 | ||||||||
| charmed Xi | (2645) | + | 0 | 0 | |||||||
| double charmed Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double charmed Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| double bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| double bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||||
| charmed bottom Xi | Unknown | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| Omega | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | or or |
||||||
| charmed Omega | (2770) | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | |||||
| bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double charmed Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| double bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| triple charmed Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| double charmed bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | |||||
| charmed double bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
| triple bottom Omega | Unknown | 0 | + | 0 | 0 | Unknown | Unknown | ||||
† Particle has not yet been observed.
[h] PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = is given instead.
Baryon Resonance Particles
This short table gives the name, the quantum numbers (where known), and the status of baryons as given by Nakamura. Baryon resonance particles are subatomic particles with short half life and high mass, given in brackets. For N, Δ and Ξ resonances, the πN partial wave is indicated by the symbol L2I,2J, where L is the orbital angular momentum (S, P, D, F, I, J, K, ...), I is the isospin and J is the total angular momentum. For Λ and Σ resonances, the partial wave is labelled LI,2J.| Nucleons | Δ particles | Λ particles | Σ particles | Ξ and Ω particles | Charmed particles | |||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| p | P11 | **** | Δ(1232) | P33 | **** | Λ | P01 | **** | Σ+ | P11 | **** | Ξ0 | P11 | **** | Λ+c | **** |
| n | P11 | **** | Δ(1600) | P33 | *** | Λ(1405) | S01 | **** | Σ0 | P11 | **** | Ξ− | P11 | **** | Λc(2595)+ | *** |
| N(1440) | P11 | **** | Δ(1620) | S31 | **** | Λ(1520) | D03 | **** | Σ− | P11 | **** | Ξ(1530) | P13 | **** | Λc(2625)+ | *** |
| N(1520) | D13 | **** | Δ(1700) | D33 | **** | Λ(1600) | P01 | *** | Σ(1385) | P13 | **** | Ξ(1620) | * | Λc(2765)+ | * | |
| N(1535) | S11 | **** | Δ(1750) | P31 | * | Λ(1670) | S01 | **** | Σ(1480) | * | Ξ(1690) | *** | Λc(2880)+ | *** | ||
| N(1650) | S11 | **** | Δ(1900) | S31 | ** | Λ(1690) | D03 | **** | Σ(1560) | ** | Ξ(1820) | D13 | *** | Λc(2940)+ | *** | |
| N(1675) | D15 | **** | Δ(1905) | F35 | **** | Λ(1800) | S01 | *** | Σ(1580) | D13 | * | Ξ(1950) | *** | |||
| N(1680) | F15 | **** | Δ(1910) | P31 | **** | Λ(1810) | P01 | *** | Σ(1620) | S11 | ** | Ξ(2030) | *** | Σc(2455) | **** | |
| N(1700) | D13 | *** | Δ(1920) | P33 | *** | Λ(1820) | F05 | **** | Σ(1660) | P11 | *** | Ξ(2120) | * | Σc(2520) | *** | |
| N(1710) | P11 | *** | Δ(1930) | D35 | *** | Λ(1830) | D05 | **** | Σ(1670) | D13 | **** | Ξ(2250) | ** | Σc(2800) | *** | |
| N(1720) | P13 | **** | Δ(1940) | D33 | * | Λ(1890) | P03 | **** | Σ(1690) | ** | Ξ(2370) | ** | ||||
| N(1900) | P13 | ** | Δ(1950) | F37 | **** | Λ(2000) | * | Σ(1750) | S11 | *** | Ξ(2500) | * | Ξ+c | *** | ||
| N(1990) | F17 | ** | Δ(2000) | F35 | ** | Λ(2020) | F07 | * | Σ(1770) | P11 | * | Ξ0c | *** | |||
| N(2000) | F15 | ** | Δ(2150) | S31 | * | Λ(2100) | G07 | **** | Σ(1775) | D15 | **** | Ω− | **** | Ξ′c+ | *** | |
| N(2080) | D13 | ** | Δ(2200) | G37 | * | Λ(2110) | F05 | *** | Σ(1840) | P13 | * | Ω(2250)− | *** | Ξ′c0 | *** | |
| N(2090) | S11 | * | Δ(2300) | H39 | ** | Λ(2325) | D03 | * | Σ(1880) | P11 | ** | Ω(2380)− | ** | Ξc(2645) | *** | |
| N(2100) | P11 | * | Δ(2350) | D35 | * | Λ(2350) | H09 | *** | Σ(1915) | F15 | **** | Ω(2470)− | ** | Ξc(2790) | *** | |
| N(2190) | G17 | **** | Δ(2390) | F37 | * | Λ(2585) | ** | Σ(1940) | D13 | *** | Ξc(2815) | *** | ||||
| N(2200) | D15 | ** | Δ(2400) | G39 | ** | Σ(2000) | S11 | * | Ξc(2930) | * | ||||||
| N(2220) | H19 | **** | Δ(2420) | H3,11 | **** | Σ(2030) | F17 | **** | Ξc(2980) | *** | ||||||
| N(2250) | G19 | **** | Δ(2750) | I3,13 | ** | Σ(2070) | F15 | * | Ξc(3055) | ** | ||||||
| N(2600) | I1,11 | *** | Δ(2950) | K3,15 | ** | Σ(2080) | P13 | ** | Ξc(3080) | *** | ||||||
| N(2700) | K1,13 | ** | Σ(2100) | G17 | * | Ξc(3123) | * | |||||||||
| Σ(2250) | *** | |||||||||||||||
| Σ(2455) | ** | Ω0c | *** | |||||||||||||
| Σ(2620) | ** | Ωc(2270)0 | *** | |||||||||||||
| Σ(3000) | * | |||||||||||||||
| Σ(3170) | * | Ξ+cc | * | |||||||||||||
| **** | Existence is certain, and properties are at least fairly well explored. |
| *** | Existence ranges from fairly certain to certain, but further confirmation is desirable and/or quantum numbers, branching fractions, etc. are not well determined. |
| ** | Evidence of existence is only fair. |
| * | Evidence of existence is poor. |
See also
- Eightfold way (physics)Eightfold way (physics)In physics, the Eightfold Way is a term coined by American physicist Murray Gell-Mann for a theory organizing subatomic baryons and mesons into octets...
- List of mesons
- List of particles
- Timeline of particle discoveriesTimeline of particle discoveriesThis is a timeline of subatomic particle discoveries, including all particles thus far discovered which appear to be elementary given the best available evidence...
External links
- Particle Data Group – Review of Particle Physics (2008).
- Georgia State University – HyperPhysics
- Baryons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared