List of biogeographic provinces
Encyclopedia

Afrotropical Realm

  • Tropical humid forests
    • Guinean Rainforest
    • Congo Rainforest
    • Malagasy Rainforest

  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • West African Woodland/Savanna
    • East African Woodland/Savanna
    • Congo Woodland/Savanna
    • Miombo Woodland/Savanna
    • South African Woodland/Savanna
    • Malagasy Woodland/Savanna
    • Malagasy Thorn Forest

  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Cape Sclerophyll

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Western Sahel
    • Eastern Sahel
    • Somalia
      Somalia
      Somalia , officially the Somali Republic and formerly known as the Somali Democratic Republic under Socialist rule, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. Since the outbreak of the Somali Civil War in 1991 there has been no central government control over most of the country's territory...

      n
    • Namib
    • Kalahari
    • Karroo

  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Ethiopian Highlands
      Ethiopian Highlands
      The Ethiopian Highlands are a rugged mass of mountains in Ethiopia, Eritrea , and northern Somalia in the Horn of Africa...

    • Guinean Highlands
    • Central African Highlands
    • East African Highlands
    • South African Highlands

  • Mixed island systems
    • Ascension
      Ascension Island
      Ascension Island is an isolated volcanic island in the equatorial waters of the South Atlantic Ocean, around from the coast of Africa and from the coast of South America, which is roughly midway between the horn of South America and Africa...

       and St. Helena Islands
      Saint Helena
      Saint Helena , named after St Helena of Constantinople, is an island of volcanic origin in the South Atlantic Ocean. It is part of the British overseas territory of Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha which also includes Ascension Island and the islands of Tristan da Cunha...

    • Comores Islands
      Comoro Islands
      The Comoros Islands form an archipelago of volcanic islands situated off the south-east coast of Africa, to the east of Mozambique and north-west of Madagascar. They are divided between the sovereign state of Comoros and the French overseas department of Mayotte...

       and Aldabra
      Aldabra
      Aldabra, the world's second largest coral atoll, is in the Aldabra Group of islands in the Indian Ocean that form part of the Seychelles. Uninhabited and extremely isolated, Aldabra is virtually untouched by humans, has distinctive island fauna including the Aldabra Giant Tortoise, and is...

    • Mascarene Islands
      Mascarene Islands
      The Mascarene Islands is a group of islands in the Indian Ocean east of Madagascar comprising Mauritius, Réunion, Rodrigues, Cargados Carajos shoals, plus the former islands of the Saya de Malha, Nazareth and Soudan banks...


  • Lake systems
    • Lake Rudolph
    • Lake Ukerewe (Victoria)
    • Lake Tanganyika
      Lake Tanganyika
      Lake Tanganyika is an African Great Lake. It is estimated to be the second largest freshwater lake in the world by volume, and the second deepest, after Lake Baikal in Siberia; it is also the world's longest freshwater lake...

    • Lake Malawi
      Lake Malawi
      Lake Malawi , is an African Great Lake and the southernmost lake in the Great Rift Valley system of East Africa. This lake, the third largest in Africa and the eighth largest lake in the world, is located between Malawi, Mozambique, and Tanzania...

       (Nyassa)

Antarctic Realm

  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Neozealandia
      Neozealandia
      Neozealandia is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. The province consists primarily of the major islands of New Zealand, including North Island and South Island, as well as Chatham Island...


  • Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
    • Maudlandia
    • Marielandia
    • Insulantarctica
      Insulantarctica
      Insulantarctica is a biogeographic province of the Antarctic Realm according to the classification developed by Miklos Udvardy in 1975. It comprises scattered islands of the Southern Ocean, which show clear affinity to each other. These islands belong to different countries...


Australian Realm

  • Tropical humid forests
    • Queensland Coastal

  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Tasmania
      Tasmania
      Tasmania is an Australian island and state. It is south of the continent, separated by Bass Strait. The state includes the island of Tasmania—the 26th largest island in the world—and the surrounding islands. The state has a population of 507,626 , of whom almost half reside in the greater Hobart...

      n

  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Northern Coastal

  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Western Sclerophyll
    • Eastern Sclerophyll
    • Brigalow

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Western Mulga
    • Central Desert
    • Southern Mulga/Saltbush

  • Tropical grasslands and savannas
    • Northern Savanna
    • Northern Grasslands

  • Temperate grasslands
    • Eastern Grasslands and Savannas

Indomalayan Realm

  • Tropical humid forests
    • Malabar Rainforest
    • Ceylonese Rainforest
    • Bengalian Rainforest
    • Burman Rainforest
    • Indochinese Rainforest
    • South Chinese Rainforest
    • Malayan Rainforest

  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Indus-Ganges Monsoon Forest
    • Burma Monsoon Forest
    • Thailandian Monsoon Forest
    • Mahanadian
    • Coromandel
      East Deccan dry evergreen forests
      The East Deccan dry evergreen forests are an ecoregion of southeastern India. The ecoregion includes the coastal region behind the Coromandel Coast on the Bay of Bengal, between the Eastern Ghats and the sea...

    • Ceylonese Monsoon Forest
    • Deccan Thorn Forest

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Thar Desert
      Thar Desert
      The Thar Desert |Punjab]] province. The Cholistan Desert adjoins the Thar desert spreading into Pakistani Punjab province.-Location and description:...


  • Mixed island systems
    • Seychelles
      Seychelles
      Seychelles , officially the Republic of Seychelles , is an island country spanning an archipelago of 115 islands in the Indian Ocean, some east of mainland Africa, northeast of the island of Madagascar....

       and Amirantes Islands
    • Laccadives Islands
    • Maldives
      Maldives
      The Maldives , , officially Republic of Maldives , also referred to as the Maldive Islands, is an island nation in the Indian Ocean formed by a double chain of twenty-six atolls oriented north-south off India's Lakshadweep islands, between Minicoy Island and...

       and Chagos Islands
    • Cocos-Keeling
      Cocos (Keeling) Islands
      The Territory of the Cocos Islands, also called Cocos Islands and Keeling Islands, is a territory of Australia, located in the Indian Ocean, southwest of Christmas Island and approximately midway between Australia and Sri Lanka....

       and Christmas Islands
    • Andaman and Nicobar Islands
    • Sumatra
      Sumatra
      Sumatra is an island in western Indonesia, westernmost of the Sunda Islands. It is the largest island entirely in Indonesia , and the sixth largest island in the world at 473,481 km2 with a population of 50,365,538...

    • Java
      Java
      Java is an island of Indonesia. With a population of 135 million , it is the world's most populous island, and one of the most densely populated regions in the world. It is home to 60% of Indonesia's population. The Indonesian capital city, Jakarta, is in west Java...

    • Lesser Sunda Islands
      Lesser Sunda Islands
      The Lesser Sunda Islands or Nusa Tenggara are a group of islands in the southern Maritime Southeast Asia, north of Australia. Together with the Greater Sunda Islands to the west they make up the Sunda Islands...

    • Celebes
      Sulawesi
      Sulawesi is one of the four larger Sunda Islands of Indonesia and is situated between Borneo and the Maluku Islands. In Indonesia, only Sumatra, Borneo, and Papua are larger in territory, and only Java and Sumatra have larger Indonesian populations.- Etymology :The Portuguese were the first to...

    • Borneo
      Borneo
      Borneo is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java Island, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia....

    • Philippines
      Philippines
      The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

    • Taiwan
      Taiwan
      Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...


Nearctic Realm

  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Sitkan
    • Oregonian

  • Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
    • Yukon Taiga
    • Canadian Taiga

  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Eastern Forest
    • Austroriparian
      Austroriparian
      The Austroriparian is a biogeographic province in the Southeastern United States. As designated by Miklos Udvardy, it includes the humid coniferous and mixed temperate forests of the Mississippi Alluvial Plain and the Atlantic Coastal Plain from eastern Texas to southeastern Virginia, including all...


  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • California
      California
      California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

      n

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Sonoran
      Sonoran Desert
      The Sonoran Desert is a North American desert which straddles part of the United States-Mexico border and covers large parts of the U.S. states of Arizona and California and the northwest Mexican states of Sonora, Baja California, and Baja California Sur. It is one of the largest and hottest...

    • Chihuahuan
    • Tamaulipa
      Tamaulipa
      Tamaulipa is a genus of flowering plants in the aster family, Asteraceae. The sole species it contains, Tamaulipa azurea, is commonly known as Blue Boneset. The generic name refers the Tamaulipan mezquital of southern Texas and northeastern Mexico, where this species is endemic...

      n

  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
    • Great Basin
      Great Basin
      The Great Basin is the largest area of contiguous endorheic watersheds in North America and is noted for its arid conditions and Basin and Range topography that varies from the North American low point at Badwater Basin to the highest point of the contiguous United States, less than away at the...


  • Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
    • Aleutian Islands
    • Alaskan Tundra
    • Canadian Tundra
    • Arctic Archipelago
    • Greenland Tundra
    • Arctic Desert and Icecap

  • Temperate grasslands
    • Grasslands

  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Rocky Mountains
      Rocky Mountains
      The Rocky Mountains are a major mountain range in western North America. The Rocky Mountains stretch more than from the northernmost part of British Columbia, in western Canada, to New Mexico, in the southwestern United States...

    • Sierra-Cascade
    • Madrean-Cordilleran

  • Lake systems
    • Great Lakes
      Great Lakes
      The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface, coming in second by volume...


Neotropical Realm

  • Tropical humid forests
    • Campeche
      Campeche
      Campeche is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. Located in Southeast Mexico, it is bordered by the states of Yucatán to the north east, Quintana Roo to the east, and Tabasco to the south west...

      an
    • Panamanian
    • Colombian Coastal
    • Guayanan
    • Amazonian
    • Madeira
      Madeira
      Madeira is a Portuguese archipelago that lies between and , just under 400 km north of Tenerife, Canary Islands, in the north Atlantic Ocean and an outermost region of the European Union...

      n
    • Serra do Mar
      Serra do Mar
      Serra do Mar is a 1,500 km long system of mountain ranges and escarpments in Southeastern Brazil, which runs in parallel to the Atlantic Ocean coast from the state of Espírito Santo to southern Santa Catarina, although some include Serra Geral in the Serra do Mar, in which case this range...

       (Bahian coast)

  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Brazilian Rainforest (Brazilian Deciduous Forest)
    • Brazilian Planalto (Brazilian Araucaria Forest)
    • Valdivian Forest (Chilean Temperate Rain Forest)
    • Chilean Nothofagus

  • Tropical dry or deciduous forests (incl. Monsoon forests) or woodlands
    • Everglades
      Everglades
      The Everglades are subtropical wetlands in the southern portion of the U.S. state of Florida, comprising the southern half of a large watershed. The system begins near Orlando with the Kissimmee River, which discharges into the vast but shallow Lake Okeechobee...

    • Sinaloa
      Sinaloa
      Sinaloa officially Estado Libre y Soberano de Sinaloa is one of the 31 states which, with the Federal District, comprise the 32 Federal Entities of Mexico. It is divided in 18 municipalities and its capital city is Culiacán Rosales....

      n
    • Guerreran
    • Yucatecan (Yucatan)
    • Central America
      Central America
      Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...

      n (Carib-Pacific)
    • Venezuelan Dry Forest
    • Venezuelan Deciduous Forest
    • Ecuadoran Dry Forest
    • Caatinga
      Caatinga
      Caatinga is a type of vegetation, and an ecoregion characterized by this vegetation in the northeastern part of Brazil. The name "Caatinga" is a Tupi word meaning "white forest" or "white vegetation"...

    • Gran Chaco
      Gran Chaco
      The Gran Chaco is a sparsely populated, hot and semi-arid lowland region of the Río de la Plata basin, divided among eastern Bolivia, Paraguay, northern Argentina and a portion of the Brazilian states of Mato Grosso and Mato Grosso do Sul, where it is connected with the Pantanal region...


  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Chilean Araucaria Forest

  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Chilean Sclerophyll

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Pacific Desert (Peruvian and Atacama Desert)
    • Monte (Argentinian Thorn-scrub)

  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
    • Patagonia
      Patagonia
      Patagonia is a region located in Argentina and Chile, integrating the southernmost section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean and from the east of the cordillera to the valleys it follows south through Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean...

      n

  • Tropical grasslands and savannas
    • Llanos
      Llanos
      The Llanos is a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia and Venezuela, in northwestern South America. It is an ecoregion of the Flooded grasslands and savannas Biome....

    • Campos Limpos (Guyana highlands)
    • Babacu
      Maranhão Babaçu forests
      The Maranhão Babaçu forests is a tropical moist broadleaf forest ecoregion of north-central Brazil.-Setting:The Maranhão Babaçu forests cover an area of , extending across northeastern and central Maranhão state and northern Piauí state. The forests form a transition between the equatorial forests...

    • Campos Cerrados (Campos)

  • Temperate grasslands
    • Argentinian Pampas (Pampas)
    • Uruguayan Pampas

  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Northern Andean
    • Colombian Montane
    • Yungas
      Yungas
      The Yungas is a stretch of forest along the eastern slope of the Andes Mountains from southeastern Peru through central Bolivia. It is a transitional zone between the Andean highlands and the eastern forests. Like the surrounding areas, it has characteristics of the Neotropic ecozone...

       (Andean cloud forest)
    • Puna
      Puna grassland
      The Puna grassland ecoregion, of the montane grasslands and shrublands biome, is found in the central Andes Mountains of South America. It is considered one of the eight Natural Regions in Peru, but extends south as far as northern Argentina and Chile....

    • Southern Andean

  • Mixed island systems
    • Bahamas-Bermuda
      Bermuda
      Bermuda is a British overseas territory in the North Atlantic Ocean. Located off the east coast of the United States, its nearest landmass is Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, about to the west-northwest. It is about south of Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada, and northeast of Miami, Florida...

      n
    • Cuba
      Cuba
      The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...

      n
    • Greater Antillean (Jamaica, Hispaniola and Puerto Rico)
    • Lesser Antillean
      Lesser Antilles
      The Lesser Antilles are a long, partly volcanic island arc in the Western Hemisphere. Most of its islands form the eastern boundary of the Caribbean Sea with the Atlantic Ocean, with the remainder located in the southern Caribbean just north of South America...

    • Revilla Gigedo Island
    • Cocos Island
      Cocos Island
      Cocos Island is an uninhabited island located off the shore of Costa Rica . It constitutes the 11th district of Puntarenas Canton of the province of Puntarenas. It is one of the National Parks of Costa Rica...

    • Galapagos Islands
      Galápagos Islands
      The Galápagos Islands are an archipelago of volcanic islands distributed around the equator in the Pacific Ocean, west of continental Ecuador, of which they are a part.The Galápagos Islands and its surrounding waters form an Ecuadorian province, a national park, and a...

    • Fernando de Noronja Island
    • South Trindade Island

  • Lake systems
    • Lake Titicaca
      Lake Titicaca
      Lake Titicaca is a lake located on the border of Peru and Bolivia. It sits 3,811 m above sea level, making it the highest commercially navigable lake in the world...


Oceanian Realm

  • Mixed island systems
    • Papuan
      New Guinea
      New Guinea is the world's second largest island, after Greenland, covering a land area of 786,000 km2. Located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, it lies geographically to the east of the Malay Archipelago, with which it is sometimes included as part of a greater Indo-Australian Archipelago...

    • Micronesia
      Micronesia
      Micronesia is a subregion of Oceania, comprising thousands of small islands in the western Pacific Ocean. It is distinct from Melanesia to the south, and Polynesia to the east. The Philippines lie to the west, and Indonesia to the southwest....

      n
    • Hawaiian
      Hawaiian Islands
      The Hawaiian Islands are an archipelago of eight major islands, several atolls, numerous smaller islets, and undersea seamounts in the North Pacific Ocean, extending some 1,500 miles from the island of Hawaii in the south to northernmost Kure Atoll...

    • Southeastern Polynesian
    • Central Polynesian
    • New Caledonia
      New Caledonia
      New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of Australia and about from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of...

      n
    • East Melanesian

Palearctic Realm

  • Subtropical and temperate rain forests or woodlands
    • Chinese Subtropical Forest
    • Japanese Evergreen Forest (Japanese Subtropical Forest)

  • Temperate needle-leaf forests or woodlands
    • West Eurasian Taiga
    • East Siberian Taiga
      East Siberian taiga
      The East Siberian taiga ecoregion, in the Taiga and Boreal forests Biome, is a very large biogeographic region in eastern Russia.-Setting:This vast ecoregion is located in the heart of Siberia, stretching over 20° of latitude and 50° of longitude. The climate in the East Siberian taiga is...


  • Temperate broad-leaf forests or woodlands, and subpolar deciduous thickets
    • Iceland
      Iceland
      Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

      ian
    • Subarctic Birchwoods
    • Kamchatkan
    • British Isles
      British Isles
      The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...

       (British and Irish Forest)
    • Atlantic (West European Forest)
    • Boreonemoral (Baltic Lowland)
    • Middle European Forest (East European Mixed Forest)
    • Pannonia
      Pannonia
      Pannonia was an ancient province of the Roman Empire bounded north and east by the Danube, coterminous westward with Noricum and upper Italy, and southward with Dalmatia and upper Moesia....

      n (Danubian Steppe)
    • West Anatolian
    • Manchu-Japanese Mixed Forest
    • Oriental Deciduous Forest

  • Evergreen sclerophyllous forests, scrubs or woodlands
    • Iberian Highlands
    • Mediterranean Sclerophyll

  • Warm deserts and semideserts
    • Sahara
      Sahara
      The Sahara is the world's second largest desert, after Antarctica. At over , it covers most of Northern Africa, making it almost as large as Europe or the United States. The Sahara stretches from the Red Sea, including parts of the Mediterranean coasts, to the outskirts of the Atlantic Ocean...

    • Arabian Desert
      Arabian Desert
      The Arabian Desert is a vast desert wilderness stretching from Yemen to the Persian Gulf and Oman to Jordan and Iraq. It occupies most of the Arabian Peninsula, with an area of...

       (Arabia)
    • Anatolian-Iranian Desert (Turkish-Iranian Scrub-steppe)

  • Cold-winter (continental) deserts and semideserts
    • Turania
      Turania
      Turania is a comune in the Province of Rieti in the Italian region Latium, located about 50 km northeast of Rome and about 30 km southeast of Rieti. As of 31 December 2004, it had a population of 260 and an area of 8.6 km²....

      n (Kazakh Desert Scrub-steppe)
    • Talka-Makan-Gobi Deserrt
    • Tibet
      Tibet
      Tibet is a plateau region in Asia, north-east of the Himalayas. It is the traditional homeland of the Tibetan people as well as some other ethnic groups such as Monpas, Qiang, and Lhobas, and is now also inhabited by considerable numbers of Han and Hui people...

      an
    • Iranian Desert

  • Tundra communities and barren Arctic desert
    • Arctic Desert
    • Higharctic Tundra
    • Lowarctic Tundra

  • Temperate grasslands
    • Atlas Steppe (Atlas Highlands)
    • Pontian Steppe (Ukraine-Kazakh Steppe)
    • Mongolian-Manchurian Steppe (Gobi-Manchurian Steppe)

  • Mixed mountain and highland systems with complex zonation
    • Scottish Highlands
      Scottish Highlands
      The Highlands is an historic region of Scotland. The area is sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Highlands". It was culturally distinguishable from the Lowlands from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands...

    • Central European Highlands
      Central European Highlands
      Central European in broader sense comprises high mountains of the Alpine Mountains and the Carpathian Mountains systems as well as mountainous ranges of medium elevation , e.g. those belonging to the Bohemian massive, still prevailingly of mountainous character. Both types of mountains act as...

    • Balkan Highlands
    • Caucaso-Iranian Highlands (Caucasus and Kurdistan-Iran Highlands)
    • Altai Highlands
    • Pamir-Tian Shan Highlands
    • Hindu Kush Highlands
    • Himalayan Highlands
    • Szechwan Highlands

  • Mixed island systems
    • Macaronesian Islands
    • Ryukyu Islands
      Ryukyu Islands
      The , also known as the , is a chain of islands in the western Pacific, on the eastern limit of the East China Sea and to the southwest of the island of Kyushu in Japan. From about 1829 until the mid 20th century, they were alternately called Luchu, Loochoo, or Lewchew, akin to the Mandarin...


  • Lake systems
    • Lake Ladoga
      Lake Ladoga
      Lake Ladoga is a freshwater lake located in the Republic of Karelia and Leningrad Oblast in northwestern Russia, not far from Saint Petersburg. It is the largest lake in Europe, and the 14th largest lake by area in the world.-Geography:...

    • Aral Sea
      Aral Sea
      The Aral Sea was a lake that lay between Kazakhstan in the north and Karakalpakstan, an autonomous region of Uzbekistan, in the south...

    • Lake Baikal
      Lake Baikal
      Lake Baikal is the world's oldest at 30 million years old and deepest lake with an average depth of 744.4 metres.Located in the south of the Russian region of Siberia, between Irkutsk Oblast to the northwest and the Buryat Republic to the southeast, it is the most voluminous freshwater lake in the...

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