List of caliphs
Encyclopedia
This is a List of Caliph
s. All years are according to the Common Era
.
Rashidun
Accepted by Sunni Muslims as the first four pious and rightly guided rulers.
Caliphs of Damascus
Emirs of Córdoba
Caliphs of Córdoba
(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to Spain
and parts of Morocco
)
Caliphs of Baghdad
(Not accepted by the Muslim dominions in the Iberian peninsula
and parts of North Africa
).
(During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan
).
Caliphs of Cairo
(The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk Sultanate
)
(The Fatimids belonged to the Ismaili
branch of Shia Islam
and hence are not recognized by the majority of Sunnis, whether subjects in their dominions, or from neighboring states).
(Not widely accepted, actual dominions were parts of North Africa
and Iberia
)
Caliphs under the Ottoman Empire
Originally the secular, conquering dynasty was just entitled Sultan, soon it started accumulating titles assumed from subjected peoples.
From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch
without executive powers, with the Parliament
consisting of chosen representatives.
Caliph under the Republic of Turkey
The Office of the Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism
that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. The current pretender
to the Imperial House of Osman is Bayezid Osman
.
After the dissolution of the Office of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islam
ic religious authority in the country.
A last attempt at restoring the caliphal office and style with ecumenical recognition was made by al-Husayn ibn `Ali al-Hashimi
, King
of Hejaz
and Sharif of Mecca
, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi
, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.
Caliph
The Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word which means "successor" or "representative"...
s. All years are according to the Common Era
Common Era
Common Era ,abbreviated as CE, is an alternative designation for the calendar era originally introduced by Dionysius Exiguus in the 6th century, traditionally identified with Anno Domini .Dates before the year 1 CE are indicated by the usage of BCE, short for Before the Common Era Common Era...
.
RashidunRashidunThe Rightly Guided Caliphs or The Righteous Caliphs is a term used in Sunni Islam to refer to the first four Caliphs who established the Rashidun Caliphate. The concept of "Rightly Guided Caliphs" originated with the Abbasid Dynasty...
CaliphsRashidun CaliphateThe Rashidun Caliphate , comprising the first four caliphs in Islam's history, was founded after Muhammad's death in 632, Year 10 A.H.. At its height, the Caliphate extended from the Arabian Peninsula, to the Levant, Caucasus and North Africa in the west, to the Iranian highlands and Central Asia...
(632–661)
- Abu BakrAbu BakrAbu Bakr was a senior companion and the father-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad. He ruled over the Rashidun Caliphate from 632-634 CE when he became the first Muslim Caliph following Muhammad's death...
- 632–634 - Umar ibn al-KhattabUmar`Umar ibn al-Khattāb c. 2 November , was a leading companion and adviser to the Islamic prophet Muhammad who later became the second Muslim Caliph after Muhammad's death....
- 634–644 - Uthman ibn Affan - 644–656
- Ali ibn Abi TalibAli' |Ramaḍān]], 40 AH; approximately October 23, 598 or 600 or March 17, 599 – January 27, 661).His father's name was Abu Talib. Ali was also the cousin and son-in-law of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, and ruled over the Islamic Caliphate from 656 to 661, and was the first male convert to Islam...
- 656–661
Caliphs of DamascusDamascusDamascus , commonly known in Syria as Al Sham , and as the City of Jasmine , is the capital and the second largest city of Syria after Aleppo, both are part of the country's 14 governorates. In addition to being one of the oldest continuously inhabited cities in the world, Damascus is a major...
(661–750)
- Muawiyah IMuawiyah IMuawiyah I was the first Caliph of the Umayyad Dynasty. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, Muawiyah's family converted to Islam. Muawiyah is brother-in-law to Muhammad who married his sister Ramlah bint Abi-Sufyan in 1AH...
- 661–680 (Founder of the Umayyad dynasty). - Yazid IYazid IYazīd ibn Mu‘āwiya ibn Abī Sufyān , commonly known as Yazid I, was the second Caliph of the Umayyad Caliphate . He ruled for three years from 680 CE until his death in 683 CE. Many Muslims condemn Yazid's rule as contentious and unjust...
- 680–683 - Muawiyah II - 683–684
- Marwan IMarwan IMarwan ibn al-Hakam was the fourth Umayyad Caliph, who took over the dynasty after Muawiya II abdicated in 684. Marwan's ascension pointed to a shift in the lineage of the Umayyad dynasty from descendants of Abu Sufyan to those of Hakam, both of whom were grandsons of Umayya...
- 684–685 - Abd al-Malik - 685–705
- Al-Walid I - 705–715
- SulaymanSulayman ibn Abd al-MalikSulayman bin Abd al-Malik was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 715 until 717. His father was Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan, and he was a younger brother of the previous caliph, al-Walid I.-Early years:...
- 715–717 - Umar II - 717–720 (Sometimes considered, honorificHonorificAn honorific is a word or expression with connotations conveying esteem or respect when used in addressing or referring to a person. Sometimes, the term is used not quite correctly to refer to an honorary title...
ally as the fifth of the Rashidun). - Yazid IIYazid IIYazid bin Abd al-Malik or Yazid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 720 until his death in 724.According to the medieval Persian historian Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari, Yazid came to power on the death of Umar II on February 10, 720. His forces engaged in battle the Kharijites with whom Umar...
- 720–724 - HishamHisham ibn Abd al-MalikHisham ibn Abd al-Malik 10th Umayyad caliph who ruled from 723 until his death in 743. When he was born in 691 his mother named him after her father....
- 724–743 - Al-Walid IIAl-Walid IIWalid ibn Yazid or Walid II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 743 until 744. He succeeded his uncle, Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik....
- 743–744 - Yazid IIIYazid IIIYazid ibn al-Walid ibn 'Abd al-Malik or Yazid III was an Umayyad caliph. He reigned for six months, from April 15 to October 3 or 4, 744; and died in that office....
- 744 - IbrahimIbrahim ibn al-WalidIbrahim ibn Al-Walid was an Umayyad caliph. He only ruled for a short time in 744 before he abdicated, and went into hiding out of fear of his political opponents. The shortness of this time and his incomplete acceptance led Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari to state that he did not succeed in...
- 744 - Marwan IIMarwan IIMarwan ibn Muhammad ibn Marwan or Marwan II was an Umayyad caliph who ruled from 744 until 750 when he was killed. He was the last Umayyad ruler to rule from Damascus.In A.H. 114 Caliph Hisham appointed Marwan governor of Armenia and Azerbaijan. In A.H...
- 744–750
Emirs of CórdobaCórdoba, Spain-History:The first trace of human presence in the area are remains of a Neanderthal Man, dating to c. 32,000 BC. In the 8th century BC, during the ancient Tartessos period, a pre-urban settlement existed. The population gradually learned copper and silver metallurgy...
(756–929)
- Abd ar-Rahman IAbd ar-Rahman IAbd al-Rahman I, or, his full name by patronymic record, Abd al-Rahman ibn Mu'awiya ibn Hisham ibn Abd al-Malik ibn Marwan was the founder of the Umayyad Emirate of Córdoba , a Muslim dynasty that ruled the greater part of Iberia for nearly three centuries...
- 756–788 - Hisham I - 788–796
- al-Hakam IAl-Hakam IAl-Hakam Ibn Hisham Ibn Abd-ar-Rahman I was Umayyad Emir of Cordoba from 796 until 822 in the Al-Andalus .Al-Hakam was the second son of his father, his older brother having died at an early age. When he came to power, he was challenged by his uncles Sulayman and Abdallah, sons of Abd ar-Rahman I...
- 796–822 - Abd ar-Rahman IIAbd ar-Rahman IIAbd ar-Rahman II was Umayyad Emir of Córdoba in the Al-Andalus from 822 until his death.He was born in Toledo, the son of Emir Al-Hakam I...
- 822–852 - Muhammad IMuhammad I of CórdobaMuhammad I was the Umayyad emir of Córdoba from 852 to 886 in the Al-Andalus .-Biography:Muhammad was born in Córdoba...
- 852–886 - al-MundhirAl-MundhirAl-Mundhir was Emir of Córdoba from 886 to 888. He was a member of the Umayyad dynasty of Al-Andalus , the son of Muhamad bin Abd al-Rahman.-Biography:...
- 886–888 - Abdallah ibn Muhammad - 888–912
- Abd-ar-Rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman III was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus. Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah , he ascended the throne in his early 20s, and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia...
- 912–929 (Declared himself Caliph)
Caliphs of CórdobaCaliphate of CórdobaThe Caliphate of Córdoba ruled the Iberian peninsula and part of North Africa, from the city of Córdoba, from 929 to 1031. This period was characterized by remarkable success in trade and culture; many of the masterpieces of Islamic Iberia were constructed in this period, including the famous...
(929–1031)
(Not universally accepted; actual authority confined to SpainSpain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
and parts of Morocco
Morocco
Morocco , officially the Kingdom of Morocco , is a country located in North Africa. It has a population of more than 32 million and an area of 710,850 km², and also primarily administers the disputed region of the Western Sahara...
)
- Abd-ar-Rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman IIIAbd-ar-Rahman III was the Emir and Caliph of Córdoba of the Ummayad dynasty in al-Andalus. Called al-Nasir li-Din Allah , he ascended the throne in his early 20s, and reigned for half a century as the most powerful prince of Iberia...
- 929–961 - Al-Hakam IIAl-Hakam IIAl-Hakam II was the second Caliph of Cordoba, in Al-Andalus , and son of Abd-ar-rahman III . He ruled from 961 to 976....
- 961–976 - Hisham II al-Hakam - 976–1009
- Muhammad IIMuhammad II of CórdobaMohammed II al-Mahdi was the fourth Caliph of Cordoba, of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus ....
- 1009 - Sulayman ibn al-HakamSulayman ibn al-HakamSulayman II ibn al-Hakam was the fifth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, ruling from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016 in the Al-Andalus .-Biography:...
- 1009–1010 - Hisham II al-Hakam, restored - 1010–1013
- Sulayman ibn al-HakamSulayman ibn al-HakamSulayman II ibn al-Hakam was the fifth Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba, ruling from 1009 to 1010, and from 1013 to 1016 in the Al-Andalus .-Biography:...
, restored - 1013–1016 - Abd ar-Rahman IVAbd ar-Rahman IVAbd ar-Rahman IV Mortada was the Caliph of Cordoba in the Umayyad dynasty of the Al-Andalus , succeeding Suleiman II, in 1018. That same year, he was murdered at Cadiz while fleeing from a battle in which he had been deserted by the very supporters which had brought him into power...
- 1021–1022 - Abd ar-Rahman VAbd ar-Rahman VAbd ar-Rahman V was an Umayyad Caliph of Córdoba.In the agony of the Umayyad dynasty in the Al-Andalus , two princes of the house were proclaimed Caliph of Cordoba for a very short time, Abd-ar-Rahman IV Mortada , and Abd-ar-Rahman V Mostadir . Both were the mere puppets of factions, who deserted...
- 1022–1023 - Muhammad IIIMuhammad III of CórdobaMuhammad bin 'Abd ar-Rahman bin 'Obayd Allah , known as Muhammad III was an Umayyad Caliph of Cordoba in the Al-Andalus . He ruled after the death of Abd ar-Rahman V from 1024 to 1025 when the people of Córdoba revolted against him and he was forced to leave the city. It is believed that he died...
- 1023–1024 - Hisham III - 1027–1031
Caliphs of BaghdadBaghdadBaghdad is the capital of Iraq, as well as the coterminous Baghdad Governorate. The population of Baghdad in 2011 is approximately 7,216,040...
(750–1258)
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
and parts of North Africa
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
).
- As-SaffahAs-SaffahAbu al-`Abbās `Abdu'llāh ibn Muhammad as-Saffāh, or Abul `Abbas al-Saffah , was the first Abbasid caliph .As-Saffah was the head of one branch of the Banu Hashim, who traced their lineage to Hashim, a great-grandfather of...
- 750–754 (Founder of the Abbasid dynasty). - Al-MansurAl-MansurAl-Mansur, Almanzor or Abu Ja'far Abdallah ibn Muhammad al-Mansur was the second Abbasid Caliph from 136 AH to 158 AH .-Biography:...
- 754–775 - Al-MahdiAl-MahdiMuhammad ibn Mansur al-Mahdi , was the third Abbasid Caliph who reigned from 158 AH to 169 AH . He succeeded his father, al-Mansur....
- 775–785 - Al-HadiAl-HadiAbu Abdullah Musa ibn Mahdi al-Hadi was the fourth Abbasid caliph who succeeded his father Al-Mahdi and ruled from 169 AH until his death in 170 AH ....
- 785–786 - Harun al-RashidHarun al-RashidHārūn al-Rashīd was the fifth Arab Abbasid Caliph in Iraq. He was born in Rey, Iran, close to modern Tehran. His birth date remains a point of discussion, though, as various sources give the dates from 763 to 766)....
- 786–809 - Al-AminAl-AminMuhammad ibn Harun al-Amin , Abbasid Caliph. He succeeded his father, Harun al-Rashid in 809 and ruled until he was killed in 813.-Caliph:...
- 809–813 - Al-Ma'munAl-Ma'munAbū Jaʿfar Abdullāh al-Māʾmūn ibn Harūn was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 813 until his death in 833...
- 813–833 - Al-Mu'tasimAl-Mu'tasimAbu Ishaq 'Abbas al-Mu'tasim ibn Harun was an Abbasid caliph . He succeeded his half-brother al-Ma'mun...
- 833–842 - Al-WathiqAl-WathiqAl-Wathiq ibn Mutasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned from 842 until 847 AD .-Biography:...
- 842–847 - Al-MutawakkilAl-MutawakkilAl-Mutawakkil ʻAlā Allāh Jaʻfar ibn al-Muʻtasim was an Abbasid caliph who reigned in Samarra from 847 until 861...
- 847–861 - Al-MuntasirAl-MuntasirAl-Muntasir was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 861 to 862. His pious title means He that Triumphs in the Lord.Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari records that in A.H. 236 al-Muntasir led the pilgrimage. The previous year al-Mutawakkil had named his three son's heirs and seeming to favour al-Muntasir...
- 861–862 - Al-Musta'inAl-Musta'inAl-Musta'in was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 862 to 866. After the death of previous Caliph, al-Muntasir, the Turkish chiefs held a council to select his successor; they would have none of al-Mu'tazz, nor his brothers; so they elected him, another grandson of al-Mu'tasim.The Arabs and...
- 862–866 - Al-Mu'tazzAl-Mu'tazzAl-Mu'tazz was the title of the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 866 to 869. Placed upon the throne by the Turks, he proved but too apt a pupil of his Turkish masters.He became the caliph at 19 he was the youngest Abbasaid Caliph to assume power. He was surrounded by parties each jealous of the other...
- 866–869 - Al-MuhtadiAl-MuhtadiAl-Muhtadi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 869 to 870.After the death of al-Mu'tazz, the Turks chose his cousin, al-Muhtadi, son of al-Wathiq by a Grecian slave-girl, as the new Caliph. Al-Muhtadi turned out be firm and virtuous compared to the last few Caliphs...
- 869–870 - Al-Mu'tamidAl-Mu'tamidThis article is about the Abbasid Caliph al-Mu'tamid of Baghdad. For the Andalusi Arabic poet who was also the Abbadid king of Seville, see Muhammad Ibn Abbad Al Mutamid...
- 870–892 - Al-Mu'tadidAl-Mu'tadidAl-Mu'tadid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 892 to 902. As the son and heir of the powerful vizier and virtual regent Al-Muwaffaq , Mu'tadid was already in possession of supreme power even before he was appointed Caliph, and continued as Caliph to ably administer the Government...
- 892–902 - Al-MuktafiAl-MuktafiAl-Muktafi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 902 to 908. He was the son of the previous Caliph, al-Mu'tadid, by a Turkish slave-girl. In command of ar Raqqah at the time of his father's death, he at once returned to the Capital, where he became a favorite of the people for his generosity,...
- 902–908 - Al-MuqtadirAl-MuqtadirAl-Muqtadir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 908 AD to 932 AD .After the previous Caliph, al-Muktafi, was confined for several months to his sick-bed, intrigue was made for some time as to his successor...
- 908–932 - Al-QahirAl-QahirAl-Qahir bi'llah Abu Mansour Muhammad Al Qahir Bellah was the 19th Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 932 to 934. He was born 286 Hijri and 899 C.E...
- 932–934 - Ar-RadiAr-RadiAr-Radi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 934 to his death at the age of thirty-three in 940.The seven years' reign of ar-Radi, son of al-Muqtadir, was but a succession of misfortune. Praised for his piety, he became the mere tool of the chief minister of the day. The authority of the Caliph...
- 934–940 - Al-MuttaqiAl-MuttaqiAl-Muttaqi was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 940 to 944.Of such little importance the Caliphate had become by now that when the previous Caliph al-Radi died, Bajkam, Amir al-Umara , contented himself with despatching to Baghdad his secretary, who assembled the chief men to elect a successor...
- 940–944 - Al-MustakfiAl-MustakfiAl-Mustakfi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 944 to 946. He was installed by Tuzun, a Turkish general who disposed and blinded the previous Caliph al-Muttaqi....
- 944–946 - Al-MutiAl-MutiAl-Muti was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 946 to 974. He had long aspired to the office. Between him and the previous Caliph, al-Mustakfi, bitter enmity existed, which led him to retire into hiding....
- 946–974 - At-Ta'iAt-Ta'iAl-Ta'i was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 974 to 991. Very little is known about his personal and official life. During his Caliphate, Syria was torn by contending factions — Fatimid, Turkish, and Carmathian; while the Buwayhid dynasyty was split up into parties that were fighting among...
- 974–991 - Al-QadirAl-QadirAl-Qadir was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 991 to 1031. Grandson of al-Muqtadir, he was chosen in place of the deposed Caliph, at-Taʾi, his cousin. Banished from the Capital earlier, he was now recalled and appointed to the office he had long desired. He held the Caliphate for 40 years...
- 991–1031 - Al-Qa'imAl-Qa'im (caliph)Al-Qa'im was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1031 to 1075. He was the son of the previous Caliph al-Qadir. During the first half of al-Qa'im's long reign, hardly a day passed in the capital without turmoil. Frequently the city was left without a ruler; the Buwayhid ruler was often forced to...
- 1031–1075 - Al-MuqtadiAl-MuqtadiAl-Muqtadi was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1075 to 1094.He was honored by the Seljuk Sultan Malik Shah, during whose reign the Caliphate was recognized throughout the extending range of Seljuk conquest. Arabia, with the Holy Cities now recovered from the Fatimids, acknowledged again the...
- 1075–1094 - Al-MustazhirAl-MustazhirAl-Mustadhir was the Abbasid caliph in Baghdad from 1094 to 1118. He succeeded his father al-Muqtadi. During his twenty-four year incumbency he was politically irrelevant, despite the civil strife at home and the appearance of the First Crusade in Syria. An attempt was even made by crusader...
- 1094–1118 - Al-MustarshidAl-MustarshidAl-Mustarshid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1118 to 1135.Son of the preceding Caliph, he achieved more independence as a ruler while the Seljuq sultan Mahmud II was engaged in war in the East....
- 1118–1135 - Ar-Rashid - 1135–1136
- Al-Muqtafi - 1136–1160
- Al-MustanjidAl-MustanjidAl-Mustanjid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1160 to 1170. He was the son of previous Caliph al-Muqtafi. One of al-Muqtafi's wives wanted her own son to succeed. She gained over many Amirs to her side, and had their slave-girls armed with daggers to kill the new Caliph...
- 1160–1170 - Al-MustadiAl-MustadiHassan al-Mustadi Ibn Yusuf al-Mustanjid was the Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1170 to 1180. Like his predecessor, he continued to occupy a more or less independent position, with a Vazir and courtly surroundings, and supported by only a small force sufficient for an occasional local campaign...
- 1170–1180 - An-NasirAn-NasirAn-Nasir li-Din Allah was the 34th Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1180 until his death. His laqab literally means The Victor for the Religion of God. He attempted to restore the Caliphate to its ancient dominant role and achieved a surprising amount of success, despite the fact that the...
- 1180–1225 - Az-Zahir - 1225–1226
- Al-MustansirAl-MustansirAl-Mustansir was the penultimate Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad from 1226 to 1242. He was the son of az-Zahir and the grandson of an-Nasir. His lasting contribution was the founding of the Mustansiriya Madrasah on the banks of the Tigris in 1233....
- 1226–1242 - Al-Musta'simAl-Musta'simAl-Musta'sim Billah was the last Abbasid Caliph in Baghdad; he ruled from 1242 until his death.-Biography:...
- 1242–1258 (last Abbasid Caliph at Baghdad)
(During the latter period of Abbasid rule, Muslim rulers began using other titles, such as Sultan
Sultan
Sultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...
).
Caliphs of CairoCairoCairo , is the capital of Egypt and the largest city in the Arab world and Africa, and the 16th largest metropolitan area in the world. Nicknamed "The City of a Thousand Minarets" for its preponderance of Islamic architecture, Cairo has long been a centre of the region's political and cultural life...
(1261–1517)
(The Cairo Abbasids were largely ceremonial Caliphs under the patronage of the Mamluk SultanateMamluk Sultanate (Cairo)
The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was the final independent Egyptian state prior to the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1805. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, Arabised...
)
- Al-Mustansir II - 1261–1262
- Al-Hakim IAl-Hakim I (Cairo)Al-Hakim I of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1262 and 1302.-Bibliography:...
- 1262–1302 - Al-Mustakfi IAl-Mustakfi I of CairoAl-Mustakfi I of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1302 and 1340.-Bibliography:...
- 1302–1340 - Al-Hakim IIAl-Hakim II-Bibliography:...
- 1341–1352 - Al-Mu'tadid IAl-Mu'tadid IAl-Mu'tadid I of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1352 and 1362. He is most infamous for cutting the head off of famous infidel Al-Mahk Muhammed.-Bibliography:...
- 1352–1362 - Al-Mutawakkil IAl-Mutawakkil IAl-Mutawakkil I of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1362 and 1383.The global Muslim population had climbed to about 8 per cent as against the Christian population of 14 per cent by 1400.-Bibliography:...
- 1362–1383 - Al-Wathiq IIAl-Wathiq IIAl-Watiq II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1383 and 1386.-Bibliography:...
- 1383–1386 - Al-Mu'tasimAl-Mu'tasim (Cairo)Al-Musta'sim , also known as Al-Mu'tasim , served twice as Abbasid caliph of Cairo under the tutelage of Mamluk sultans.-Bibliography:...
- 1386–1389 - Al-Mutawakkil IAl-Mutawakkil IAl-Mutawakkil I of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1362 and 1383.The global Muslim population had climbed to about 8 per cent as against the Christian population of 14 per cent by 1400.-Bibliography:...
(restored) - 1389–1406 - Al-Musta'inAl-Musta'in (Cairo)Al-Musta'in Billah was the tenth Abbasid "shadow" caliph of Cairo, reigning under the tutelage of the Mamluk sultans from 1406 to 1414. He was the only Cairo-based Abbasid caliph to hold political power as Sultan of Egypt, albeit for only six months in 1412...
- 1406–1414 - Al-Mu'tadid IIAl-Mu'tadid IIAl-Mu'tadid II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1414 and 1441.-Bibliography:...
- 1414–1441 - Al-Mustakfi IIAl-Mustakfi IIAl-Mustakfi II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1441 and 1451.-Bibliography:...
- 1441–1451 - Al-Qa'imAl-Qa'im (Cairo)Al-Qa'im of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1451 and 1455.-Bibliography:...
- 1451–1455 - Al-MustanjidAl-Mustanjid (Cairo)Al-Muatanjid of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1455 and 1479.-Bibliography:...
- 1455–1479 - Al-Mutawakkil IIAl-Mutawakkil IIAl-Mutawakkil II of Cairo was an Abbasid Caliph of Cairo, Egypt for the Mamluk Sultans between 1479 and 1497.-Bibliography:...
- 1479–1497 - Al-MustamsikAl-MustamsikAl-Mustamsik of Cairo was an Abbasid caliph based in Cairo, Egypt under the tutelage of the Mamluk sultans. He served as caliph twice .-Bibliography:...
- 1497–1508 - Al-Mutawakkil IIIAl-Mutawakkil IIIAl-Mutawakkil III was caliph from 1508 to 1516, and again in 1517. He was the last caliph of the later, Egyptian-based period of the Abbasid dynasty...
- 1508–1517 (surrendered the title to Selim ISelim ISelim I, Yavuz Sultân Selim Khan, Hâdim-ül Haramain-ish Sharifain , nicknamed Yavuz "the Stern" or "the Steadfast", but often rendered in English as "the Grim" , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to...
, below)
Fatimid Caliphs (910–1171)
Ismaili
' is a branch of Shia Islam. It is the second largest branch of Shia Islam, after the Twelvers...
branch of Shia Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
and hence are not recognized by the majority of Sunnis, whether subjects in their dominions, or from neighboring states).
- Ubayd Allah al-Mahdi BillahUbayd Allah al-Mahdi BillahAbdullah al-Mahdi Billah , often referred to as Ubayd Allah, is the founder of the Fatimid dynasty, the only major Shi'a caliphate in Islam, and established Fatimid rule throughout much of North Africa.- History :...
- 910–934 (Founder of the Fatimid dynasty). - Muhammad al-Qa'im Bi-AmrillahMuhammad al-Qa'im Bi-AmrillahMuhammad al-Qaim Bi-Amrillah was the second Caliph of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya and ruled from 934 to 946. He is the 12th Imam according to Isma'ili Fatemi faith.- History :...
- 934–946 - Ismail al-MansurIsmail al-MansurIsmāʿīl al-Manṣūr was the third Caliph of the Fatimids in Ifriqiya .- History :Ismāʿīl was born in 913 in Raqqada near Kairouan and succeeded his father Abū l-Qāṣim al-Qā'im in 946. The Fatimid realm found itself deep in crisis due to the revolt of Abū Yazīd...
- 946–953 - Al-Muizz Lideenillah - 953–975 (Egypt is conquered during his reign).
- Abu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz BillahAbu Mansoor Nizar al-Aziz BillahAl-Aziz was the fifth Caliph of the Fatimids .- History :Since Abdallah, the heir to the throne, had died before his father Ma'ad al-Muizz Li-Deenillah , his brother Abu Mansur Nizar al-Azizbillah acceded to the Caliphate with the help of Jawhar as-Siqilli...
- 975–996 - Al-Hakim bi-Amr AllahAl-Hakim bi-Amr AllahAbu ‘Ali Mansur Tāriqu l-Ḥākim, called Al-Hakim bi Amr al-Lāh , was the sixth Fatimid caliph and 16th Ismaili imam .- History :...
- 996–1021 - Ali az-ZahirAli az-ZahirʻAlī az-Zāhir was the Seventh Caliph of the Fātimids . Az-Zāhir assumed the Caliphate after the disappearance of his father Tāriqu l-Ḥakīm bi Amr al-Lāh...
- 1021–1036 - Ma'ad al-Mustansir Billah - 1036–1094
- Al-Musta'liAl-Musta'liAḥmad al-Musta‘lī was the ninth Fatimid Caliph, and believed by the Mustaali Ismaili sect to be the 19th imam. Al-Musta‘lī was made caliph by Regent al-Afdal Shahanshah as the successor to al-Mustansir...
- 1094–1101 (Quarrels over his succession led to the NizariNizari'The Shī‘a Imami Ismā‘īlī Tariqah also referred to as the Ismā‘īlī or Nizārī , is a path of Shī‘a Islām, emphasizing social justice, pluralism, and human reason within the framework of the mystical tradition of Islam. The Nizari are the second largest branch of Shia Islam and form the majority...
split). - Al-AmirAl-AmirAl-Āmir bi'Aḥkāmi l-Lah was the tenth Fatimid Caliph , and recognised as the 20th imam by the Mustaali Ismaili Shi'a sect....
- 1101–1130 (The Fatimid rulers of Egypt after him are not recognized as Imams by Mustaali TaiyabiMustaaliThe Musta‘lī Ismā'īlī Muslims are so named because they accept Al-Musta'li as the nineteenth Fatimid caliph and legitimate successor to his father, al-Mustansir...
Ismailis). - al-HafizAl-HafizAl-Ḥāfiz was the eleventh Caliph of the Fāṭimids Al-Ḥāfiz assumed the caliphate as the cousin of the murdered Al-Amir . Since al-Amir had not named an heir when he died, the succession of al-Ḥāfiz was not uncontested - a group of Shī‘ah recognised al-Amīr's son Ṭayyib Abī al-Qāṣim as rightful...
- 1130–1149 - al-ZafirAl-ZafirAl-Zafir was a Fatimid imam and caliph from 1149 to 1154, in Cairo. He was considered an imam by the Hafizi Ismaili sect, now extinct, but not by the Mustaali.-See also:*List of rulers of Egypt...
- 1149–1154 - Al-FaizAl-FaizAl-Fā'iz biAmri l-Lāh was the thirteenth and penultimate Caliph of the Fatimid dynasty. He was believe by the Hafizi Ismailis to be an imam.He succeed his father az-Zafir as a child with vizir Tali ibn Russik as regent...
- 1154–1160 - Al-Azid - 1160–1171
Almohad Caliphs (1145–1269)
North Africa
North Africa or Northern Africa is the northernmost region of the African continent, linked by the Sahara to Sub-Saharan Africa. Geopolitically, the United Nations definition of Northern Africa includes eight countries or territories; Algeria, Egypt, Libya, Morocco, South Sudan, Sudan, Tunisia, and...
and Iberia
Iberian Peninsula
The Iberian Peninsula , sometimes called Iberia, is located in the extreme southwest of Europe and includes the modern-day sovereign states of Spain, Portugal and Andorra, as well as the British Overseas Territory of Gibraltar...
)
- Abd al-Mu'minAbd al-Mu'minAbd al-Mu'min also known as Abdelmoumen El Goumi was a Zenata Berber prominent member of the Almohad movement. He became the first Caliph of the Almohad Empire .- Early life :...
- 1145–1163 - Abu Yaqub Yusuf IAbu Yaqub YusufAbu Ya`qub Yusuf or Yusuf I was the second Almohad Amir or caliph. He reigned from 1163 until 1184. He had the Giralda in Seville built....
- 1163–1184 - Yaqub al-Mansur - 1184–1199
- Muhammad an-NasirMuhammad an-NasirMuhammad an-Nasir was the Almohad caliph from 1198 until his death.- Biography :...
- 1199–1213 - Abu Ya'qub Yusuf IIYusuf II, Almohad CaliphYusuf II was Caliph of Morocco from 1213 until his death. Son of the previous caliph, Muhammad an-Nasir, Yusuf assumed the throne following his father's death, at the age of only sixteen years....
- 1213–1224 - Abd al-Wahid IAbdul-Wahid I, Almohad CaliphAbu Muhammad Abdul-Wahid I was Caliph of Morocco for less than a year in 1224. Soon after succeeding his father, the Almohad Caliph Yusuf II, to the throne, Abdul-Wahid I was strangled...
- 1224 - Abdallah al-Adil 1224–1227
- YahyaYahya, Almohad CaliphYahya al-Mu `tasim was an Almohad rival caliph who reigned in Marrakech from 1227.At the death of Abdallah al-Adil, he was supported by the sheikhs of Marrakech, but two years later he was turned down by other pretender, Idris I. At the latter's death in 1232, Yahya renewed his pretenses, but Abd...
- 1227–1235 - Idris IIdris I, Almohad CaliphAbu al-Ala Idris al-Mamun was an Almohad rival caliph who reigned in part of the empire from 1227 until his death.At the death of his brother Abdallah al-Adil, a civil war broke out between Idris and Yahya al-Mutasim, who had the support of the capital Marrakech...
- 1227–1232 - Abdul-Wahid II - 1232–1242
- Ali - 1242–1248
- Umar - 1248–1266
- Idris IIIdris II, Almohad CaliphAbu al-Ula al-Wathiq Idris was an Almohad caliph who reigned in Marrakech from 1266 until his death.Marrakech had been besieged for a first time by the Marinid sultan Abu Yusuf Yaqub ibn Abd Al-Haqq before 1266, although unsuccessfully...
- 1266–1269
Caliphs under the Ottoman EmpireOttoman EmpireThe Ottoman EmpireIt was usually referred to as the "Ottoman Empire", the "Turkish Empire", the "Ottoman Caliphate" or more commonly "Turkey" by its contemporaries...
(1451–1922)
- Mehmed (Muhammed) IIMehmed IIMehmed II , was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire for a short time from 1444 to September 1446, and later from...
(the Conqueror of Constantinople, afterwards Istanbul) - 1451–1481 (actively used numerous titles such as of Caliph and CaesarCaesar (title)Caesar is a title of imperial character. It derives from the cognomen of Julius Caesar, the Roman dictator...
) - Bayezid IIBayezid IIBayezid II or Sultân Bayezid-î Velî was the oldest son and successor of Mehmed II, ruling as Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1481 to 1512...
- 1481–1512 - Selim ISelim ISelim I, Yavuz Sultân Selim Khan, Hâdim-ül Haramain-ish Sharifain , nicknamed Yavuz "the Stern" or "the Steadfast", but often rendered in English as "the Grim" , was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1512 to...
- 1512–1520 (induced al-Mutawakkil IIIAl-Mutawakkil IIIAl-Mutawakkil III was caliph from 1508 to 1516, and again in 1517. He was the last caliph of the later, Egyptian-based period of the Abbasid dynasty...
to formally surrender the Caliphate after defeating the Mamluk SultanateMamluk Sultanate (Cairo)The Mamluk Sultanate of Egypt was the final independent Egyptian state prior to the establishment of the Muhammad Ali Dynasty in 1805. It lasted from the overthrow of the Ayyubid Dynasty until the Ottoman conquest of Egypt in 1517. The sultanate's ruling caste was composed of Mamluks, Arabised...
in 1517; actively used the title) - Suleiman the MagnificentSuleiman the MagnificentSuleiman I was the tenth and longest-reigning Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, from 1520 to his death in 1566. He is known in the West as Suleiman the Magnificent and in the East, as "The Lawgiver" , for his complete reconstruction of the Ottoman legal system...
- 1520–1566 - Selim IISelim IISelim II Sarkhosh Hashoink , also known as "Selim the Sot " or "Selim the Drunkard"; and as "Sarı Selim" or "Selim the Blond", was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1566 until his death in 1574.-Early years:He was born in Constantinople a son of Suleiman the...
- 1566–1574 - Murad IIIMurad IIIMurad III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1574 until his death.-Biography:...
- 1574–1595 - Mehmed (Muhammed) IIIMehmed IIIMehmed III Adli was sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1595 until his death.-Biography:...
- 1595–1603 - Ahmed IAhmed IAhmed I or Ahmed Bakhti was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1603 until his death in 1617.-Biography:...
- 1603–1617 - Mustafa IMustafa IMustafa I Deli , son of Mehmed III, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. His mother was Valide Sultan Handan Sultan, an ethnic Greek originally named Helena....
- 1617–1618 - Osman IIOsman IISultan Osman II or Othman II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1618 until his death on 20 May 1622...
- 1618–1622 - Mustafa IMustafa IMustafa I Deli , son of Mehmed III, was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1617 to 1618 and from 1622 to 1623. His mother was Valide Sultan Handan Sultan, an ethnic Greek originally named Helena....
, restored - 1622–1623 - Murad IVMurad IVMurad IV Ghazi was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1623 to 1640, known both for restoring the authority of the state and for the brutality of his methods...
- 1623–1640 - Ibrahim IIbrahim IIbrahim I was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1640 until 1648. He was born in Istanbul the son of Ahmed I by Valide Sultan Kadinefendi Kösem Sultan, an ethnic Greek originally named Anastasia...
- 1640–1648 - Mehmed (Muhammed) IVMehmed IVMehmed IV Modern Turkish Mehmet was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1648 to 1687...
- 1648–1687 - Suleiman IISuleiman IISuleiman II was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1687 to 1691...
- 1687–1691 - Ahmed IIAhmed IIAhmed II Khan Ghazi was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1691 to 1695...
- 1691–1695 - Mustafa IIMustafa IIMustafa II Ghazi was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1695 to 1703.-Life:...
- 1695–1703 - Ahmed IIIAhmed IIIAhmed III was Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and a son of Sultan Mehmed IV . His mother was Mâh-Pâre Ummatullah Râbi'a Gül-Nûş Valide Sultan, originally named Evmania Voria, who was an ethnic Greek. He was born at Hajioglupazari, in Dobruja...
- 1703–1730 - Mahmud IMahmud IMahmud I , called the Hunchback was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1730 to 1754.-Biography:...
- 1730–1754 - Osman IIIOsman IIIOsman III or Othman IIIText not available was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1754 to 1757.-Biography:...
- 1754–1757 - Mustafa IIIMustafa IIIMustafa III was the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1757 to 1774. He was a son of Sultan Ahmed III and was succeeded by his brother Abdul Hamid I . He was born in Edirne...
- 1757–1774 - Abdul Hamid I - 1774–1789
- Selim IIISelim IIISelim III was the reform-minded Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1789 to 1807. The Janissaries eventually deposed and imprisoned him, and placed his cousin Mustafa on the throne as Mustafa IV...
- 1789–1807 - Mustafa IVMustafa IVMustafa IV was sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1807 to 1808.-Biography:...
- 1807–1808 - Mahmud IIMahmud IIMahmud II was the 30th Sultan of the Ottoman Empire from 1808 until his death in 1839. He was born in the Topkapi Palace, Istanbul, the son of Sultan Abdulhamid I...
- 1808–1839 - Abdülmecid IAbdülmecid ISultan Abdülmecid I, Abdul Mejid I, Abd-ul-Mejid I or Abd Al-Majid I Ghazi was the 31st Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and succeeded his father Mahmud II on July 2, 1839. His reign was notable for the rise of nationalist movements within the empire's territories...
- 1839–1861 - AbdülazizAbdülâzizAbdülaziz I or Abd Al-Aziz, His Imperial Majesty was the 32nd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire and reigned between 25 June 1861 and 30 May 1876...
- 1861–1876 - Murad VMurad VMurad V was the 33rd Sultan of the Ottoman Empire who reigned from 30 May to 31 August 1876.He was born at Istanbul , Topkapı Palace. His father was Abdülmecid I...
- 1876 - Abdul Hamid IIAbdul Hamid IIHis Imperial Majesty, The Sultan Abdülhamid II, Emperor of the Ottomans, Caliph of the Faithful was the 34th sultan of the Ottoman Empire...
- 1876–1909 (actively used title of Caliph)
From 1908 onwards the Ottoman Sultan was considered the equivalent of a constitutional monarch
Constitutional monarchy
Constitutional monarchy is a form of government in which a monarch acts as head of state within the parameters of a constitution, whether it be a written, uncodified or blended constitution...
without executive powers, with the Parliament
Parliament of the Ottoman Empire
The Parliament of the Ottoman Empire was the first attempt at representative democracy at the imperial level in the Ottoman Empire. It was composed of two houses, the lower Chamber of Deputies and the upper "Committee of Leaders". It was first constituted in 1876, and initially lasted until 1878,...
consisting of chosen representatives.
- Mehmed (Muhammed) VMehmed VMehmed V Reshad was the 35th Ottoman Sultan. He was the son of Sultan Abdülmecid I. He was succeeded by his half-brother Mehmed VI.-Birth:...
- 1909–1918 - Mehmed (Muhammed) VIMehmed VIMehmet VI was the 36th and last Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, reigning from 1918 to 1922...
- 1918–1922
Caliph under the Republic of TurkeyTurkeyTurkey , known officially as the Republic of Turkey , is a Eurasian country located in Western Asia and in East Thrace in Southeastern Europe...
(1922–1924)
- Abdülmecid II - 1922–1924 (ceremonial Caliph under the patronage of the Republic of Turkey and its PresidentPresident of TurkeyThe President of Turkey is the head of state of the Republic of Turkey. The presidency is largely a ceremonial office but has some important functions...
Gazi Mustafa Kemal Pasha (Atatürk)Mustafa Kemal AtatürkMustafa Kemal Atatürk was an Ottoman and Turkish army officer, revolutionary statesman, writer, and the first President of Turkey. He is credited with being the founder of the Republic of Turkey....
)
The Office of the Caliphate was transferred to the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey , usually referred to simply as the Meclis , is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the Turkish War of Independence...
which dissolved the office on March 3, 1924, in keeping with the policies of secularism
Secularism in Turkey
Secularism in Turkey defines the relationship between religion and state in the country of Turkey. Secularism was first introduced with the 1928 amendment of the Constitution of 1924, which removed the provision declaring that the "Religion of the State is Islam", and with the later reforms of...
that were adopted in the early years of the Republic of Turkey. The current pretender
Pretender
A pretender is one who claims entitlement to an unavailable position of honour or rank. Most often it refers to a former monarch, or descendant thereof, whose throne is occupied or claimed by a rival, or has been abolished....
to the Imperial House of Osman is Bayezid Osman
Bayezid Osman
Osman Bayezid Osmanoğlu is the 44th Head of the Imperial House of Osman, which ruled the Ottoman Empire from 1281 to 1922. The monarchy was abolished in 1922, with the modern Republic of Turkey replacing it. He is the second son of Sultan Abdülmecid I's grandson Ibrahim Tevfik by his fourth wife...
.
After the dissolution of the Office of the Caliphate, the Grand National Assembly of Turkey
Grand National Assembly of Turkey
The Grand National Assembly of Turkey , usually referred to simply as the Meclis , is the unicameral Turkish legislature. It is the sole body given the legislative prerogatives by the Turkish Constitution. It was founded in Ankara on 23 April 1920 in the midst of the Turkish War of Independence...
founded the Presidency of Religious Affairs as the new highest Islam
Islam
Islam . The most common are and . : Arabic pronunciation varies regionally. The first vowel ranges from ~~. The second vowel ranges from ~~~...
ic religious authority in the country.
Sharifian Caliphate (1924)
Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca
Sayyid Hussein bin Ali, GCB was the Sharif of Mecca, and Emir of Mecca from 1908 until 1917, when he proclaimed himself King of Hejaz, which received international recognition. He initiated the Arab Revolt in 1916 against the increasingly nationalistic Ottoman Empire during the course of the...
, King
Kingdom of Hejaz
The Kingdom of Hejaz was a state in the Hejaz region, ruled by the Hashemite family. The kingdom was annexed by Nejd and merged into the Kingdom of Nejd and Hejaz in the mid 1920s, which would eventually be known as Saudi Arabia in 1932.-Kings of Hejaz:...
of Hejaz
Hejaz
al-Hejaz, also Hijaz is a region in the west of present-day Saudi Arabia. Defined primarily by its western border on the Red Sea, it extends from Haql on the Gulf of Aqaba to Jizan. Its main city is Jeddah, but it is probably better known for the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina...
and Sharif of Mecca
Sharif of Mecca
The Sharif of Mecca or Hejaz was the title of the former governors of Hejaz and a traditional steward of the holy cities of Mecca and Medina...
, who assumed both on 11 March 1924 and held them until 3 October 1924, when he passed the kingship to his son `Ali ibn al-Husayn al-Hashimi
Ali of Hejaz
Ali bin Hussein, GBE was King of Hejaz and Grand Sharif of Mecca from October 1924 until December 1925. He was the eldest son of Sharif Hussein bin Ali, the first modern King of Hejaz, and a scion of the Hashemite family...
, who did not adopt the caliphal office and style.
See also
- CaliphCaliphThe Caliph is the head of state in a Caliphate, and the title for the ruler of the Islamic Ummah, an Islamic community ruled by the Shari'ah. It is a transcribed version of the Arabic word which means "successor" or "representative"...
- CaliphateCaliphateThe term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph " , refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah...
- EmirEmirEmir , meaning "commander", "general", or "prince"; also transliterated as Amir, Aamir or Ameer) is a title of high office, used throughout the Muslim world...
- History of Islam
- Khilafah (CaliphateCaliphateThe term caliphate, "dominion of a caliph " , refers to the first system of government established in Islam and represented the political unity of the Muslim Ummah...
) - MuhammadMuhammadMuhammad |ligature]] at U+FDF4 ;Arabic pronunciation varies regionally; the first vowel ranges from ~~; the second and the last vowel: ~~~. There are dialects which have no stress. In Egypt, it is pronounced not in religious contexts...
- ShahShahShāh is the title of the ruler of certain Southwest Asian and Central Asian countries, especially Persia , and derives from the Persian word shah, meaning "king".-History:...
- Sheikh ul-IslamSheikh ul-IslamShaykh al-Islām is a title of superior authority in the issues of Islam....
- Shi'a IslamShi'a IslamShia Islam is the second largest denomination of Islam. The followers of Shia Islam are called Shi'ites or Shias. "Shia" is the short form of the historic phrase Shīʻatu ʻAlī , meaning "followers of Ali", "faction of Ali", or "party of Ali".Like other schools of thought in Islam, Shia Islam is...
- Succession to MuhammadSuccession to MuhammadThe Succession to Muhammad concerns the various aspects of successorship of Muhammad after his death, comprising who might be considered as his successor to lead the Muslims, how that person should be elected, the conditions of legitimacy, and the role of successor...
- SultanSultanSultan is a title with several historical meanings. Originally, it was an Arabic language abstract noun meaning "strength", "authority", "rulership", and "dictatorship", derived from the masdar سلطة , meaning "authority" or "power". Later, it came to be used as the title of certain rulers who...
- Sunni IslamSunni IslamSunni Islam is the largest branch of Islam. Sunni Muslims are referred to in Arabic as ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah wa āl-Ǧamāʿah or ʾAhl ūs-Sunnah for short; in English, they are known as Sunni Muslims, Sunnis or Sunnites....