A

• Abiotic stress
  Abiotic stress
  Abiotic stress is defined as the negative impact of non-living factors on the living organisms in a specific environment. The non-living variable must influence the environment beyond its normal range of variation to adversely affect the population performance or individual physiology of the...
  
   - Aerial-seeding
  Aerial-seeding
  Aerial seeding is a technique of sowing seeds by spraying them through aerial mechanical means such as an aircraft.The technique is one of the several broadcast seeding techniques. This technique is usually used to grow grasses, legumes or other suitable soil binding plants...
  
   - Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
  Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora
  The Agreed Measures for the Conservation of Antarctic Fauna and Flora is part of the Antarctic Treaty System.Opened for signature - June 2, 1964.Entered into force - November 1, 1982....
  
   - Anti-whaling
  Anti-whaling
  Anti-whaling refers to actions taken by those who seek to end whaling in various forms, whether locally or globally in the pursuit of marine conservation. Such activism is often a response to specific conflicts with pro-whaling countries and organizations that practice commercial whaling and/or...
  
  

B

• Biodegradation
  Biodegradation
  Biodegradation or biotic degradation or biotic decomposition is the chemical dissolution of materials by bacteria or other biological means...
  
   - Biodiversity
  Biodiversity
  Biodiversity is the degree of variation of life forms within a given ecosystem, biome, or an entire planet. Biodiversity is a measure of the health of ecosystems. Biodiversity is in part a function of climate. In terrestrial habitats, tropical regions are typically rich whereas polar regions...
  
   - Biodiversity Action Plan
  Biodiversity Action Plan
  A Biodiversity Action Plan is an internationally recognized program addressing threatened species and habitats and is designed to protect and restore biological systems. The original impetus for these plans derives from the 1992 Convention on Biological Diversity...
  
   - Biodiversity Outcomes Framework
  Biodiversity Outcomes Framework
  Canada's Biodiversity Outcomes Framework was approved by Ministers responsible for Environment, Forests, Parks, Fisheries and Aquaculture, and Wildlife in October 2006...
  
   - Biodiversity hotspot
  Biodiversity hotspot
  A biodiversity hotspot is a biogeographic region with a significant reservoir of biodiversity that is under threat from humans.The concept of biodiversity hotspots was originated by Norman Myers in two articles in “The Environmentalist” , revised after thorough analysis by Myers and others in...
  
   - Biogenic - Biogeography
  Biogeography
  Biogeography is the study of the distribution of species , organisms, and ecosystems in space and through geological time. Organisms and biological communities vary in a highly regular fashion along geographic gradients of latitude, elevation, isolation and habitat area...
  
   - Bioinformatics
  Bioinformatics
  Bioinformatics is the application of computer science and information technology to the field of biology and medicine. Bioinformatics deals with algorithms, databases and information systems, web technologies, artificial intelligence and soft computing, information and computation theory, software...
  
   - Biological integrity
  Biological integrity
  Biological integrity is associated with how “pristine” an environment is and its function relative to the potential or original state of an ecosystem before human alterations were imposed. Biological integrity is built on the assumption that a decline in the values of an ecosystem's functions are...
  
   - Biomagnification
  Biomagnification
  Biomagnification, also known as bioamplification or biological magnification, is the increase in concentration of a substance that occurs in a food chain as a consequence of:* Persistence...
  
   - Biomaterial
  Biomaterial
  A biomaterial is any matter, surface, or construct that interacts with biological systems. The development of biomaterials, as a science, is about fifty years old. The study of biomaterials is called biomaterials science. It has experienced steady and strong growth over its history, with many...
  
   - Biome
  Biome
  Biomes are climatically and geographically defined as similar climatic conditions on the Earth, such as communities of plants, animals, and soil organisms, and are often referred to as ecosystems. Some parts of the earth have more or less the same kind of abiotic and biotic factors spread over a...
  
   - Biomimicry
  Biomimicry
  Biomimicry or biomimetics is the examination of nature, its models, systems, processes, and elements to emulate or take inspiration from in order to solve human problems. The term biomimicry and biomimetics come from the Greek words bios, meaning life, and mimesis, meaning to imitate...
  
   - Biomonitoring
  Biomonitoring
  Aquatic biomonitoring is the science of inferring the ecological condition of rivers, lakes, streams, and wetlands by examining the organisms that live there...
  
   - Biopiracy
  Biopiracy
  - Biopiracy and bioprospecting :Bioprospecting is an umbrella term describing the discovery of new and useful biological samples and mechanisms, typically in less-developed countries, either with or without the help of indigenous knowledge, and with or without compensation...
  
   - Bioregional democracy - Biosafety
  Biosafety
  Biosafety: prevention of large-scale loss of biological integrity, focusing both on ecology and human health .Biosafety is related to several fields:*In ecology ,...
  
   - Biosalinity
  Biosalinity
  Biosalinity is the study and practice of using saline water for irrigating agricultural crops.Many arid and semi-arid areas actually do have sources of water, but the available water is usually brackish or saline . The water may be present in underground aquifers or as seawater along coastal...
  
   - Biosecurity
  Biosecurity
  Biosecurity is a set of preventive measures designed to reduce the risk of transmission of infectious diseases, quarantined pests, invasive alien species, living modified organisms...
  
   - Biosphere
  Biosphere
  The biosphere is the global sum of all ecosystems. It can also be called the zone of life on Earth, a closed and self-regulating system...
  
   - Biosphere reserve
  Biosphere reserve
  The Man and the Biosphere Programme of UNESCO was established in 1971 to promote interdisciplinary approaches to management, research and education in ecosystem conservation and sustainable use of natural resources.-Development:...
  
   - Biostatistics
  Biostatistics
  Biostatistics is the application of statistics to a wide range of topics in biology...
  
   - Biosurvey
  Biosurvey
  A biosurvey, or biological survey, is a scientific study of organisms to assess the condition of an ecological resource, such as a water body.-Overview:...
  
   - Biotechnology
  Biotechnology
  Biotechnology is a field of applied biology that involves the use of living organisms and bioprocesses in engineering, technology, medicine and other fields requiring bioproducts. Biotechnology also utilizes these products for manufacturing purpose...
  
   - Bioterrorism
  Bioterrorism
  Bioterrorism is terrorism involving the intentional release or dissemination of biological agents. These agents are bacteria, viruses, or toxins, and may be in a naturally occurring or a human-modified form. For the use of this method in warfare, see biological warfare.-Definition:According to the...
  
   - Biotransference - Bird conservation
  Bird conservation
  Bird conservation is a field in the science of conservation biology related to threatened birds. Humans have had a profound effect on many bird species...
  
   - Blue-listed
  Blue-listed
  Blue-listed species includes any indigenous species or subspecies considered to be vulnerable in their locale. Vulnerable taxa are of special concern because of characteristics that make them particularly sensitive to human activities or natural events. Blue-listed taxa are at risk, but are not...
  
   - Bottom trawling
  Bottom trawling
  Bottom trawling is trawling along the sea floor. It is also often referred to as "dragging".The scientific community divides bottom trawling into benthic trawling and demersal trawling...
  
  

C

• Captive breeding
  Captive breeding
  Captive breedingis the process of breeding animals in human controlled environments with restricted settings, such as wildlife reserves, zoos and other conservation facilities; sometimes the process is construed to include release of individual organisms to the wild, when there is sufficient...
  
   - Charismatic megafauna
  Charismatic megafauna
  Charismatic megafauna are large animal species with widespread popular appeal that environmental activists use to achieve conservation goals well beyond just those species...
  
   - CITES - Community-based conservation
  Community-based conservation
  Community-based conservation is a res conservation movements that emerged in the 1980s through escalating protests and subsequent dialogue with local communities affected by international attempts to protect the biodiversity of the earth. Older conservation movements disregarded the interests of...
  
   - Conservation area
  Conservation area
  A conservation areas is a tract of land that has been awarded protected status in order to ensure that natural features, cultural heritage or biota are safeguarded...
  
   - Conservation authority - Conservation biology
  Conservation biology
  Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction...
  
   - Conservation Commons
  Conservation Commons
  The Conservation Commons is the expression of a cooperative effort of non-governmental organizations, international and multi-lateral organizations, governments, academia, and the private sector, to improve open access to and unrestricted use of, data, information and knowledge related to the...
  
   - Conservation Dependent
  Conservation Dependent
  Conservation Dependent was an IUCN category assigned to species or lower taxa which were dependent on conservation efforts to prevent the taxon becoming threatened with extinction...
  
   - Conservation agriculture
  Conservation agriculture
  Conservation agriculture [CA] can be defined by a statement given by the as “a concept for resource-saving agricultural crop production that strives to achieve acceptable profits together with high and sustained production levels while concurrently conserving the environment” .Agriculture...
  
   - Conservation and Neocolonialism
  Conservation and Neocolonialism
  Conservation and Neocolonialism refers to the conservation movement as taken up today by international organizations such as the World Wide Fund for Nature, which has inadvertently set up a neocolonialist relationship with underdeveloped nations in a manner consistent with Immanuel Wallerstein’s...
  
   - Conservation development
  Conservation development
  Conservation development, also known as Conservation design, is a controlled-growth land use development that adopts the principle for allowing limited sustainable development while protecting the area’s natural environmental features in perpetuity, including preserving open space landscape and...
  
   - Conservation ecology - Conservation ethic
  Conservation ethic
  Conservation is an ethic of resource use, allocation, and protection. Its primary focus is upon maintaining the health of the natural world: its, fisheries, habitats, and biological diversity. Secondary focus is on materials conservation and energy conservation, which are seen as important to...
  
   - Conservation designation
  Conservation designation
  A conservation designation is a name and/or acronym which explains the status of an area of land in terms of conservation or protection.-United Kingdom:*Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty *Environmentally Sensitive Area*Local Nature Reserve...
  
   - Conservation grazing
  Conservation grazing
  Conservation grazing is the use of semi-feral or domesticated grazing livestock to maintain and increase the biodiversity of natural or semi-natural grasslands, heathlands, wood pasture, wetlands and many other habitats....
  
   - Conservation headland
  Conservation headland
  A Conservation Headland is a strip along the edge of an agricultural field, where pesticides is sprayed only in a selective manner. This increases the number and type of weed and insect species present, and benefits the bird species that depend on them...
  
   - Conservation management system
  Conservation management system
  A conservation management system is a procedure for maintaining a species or habitat in a particular state. It is a means whereby humankind secures wildlife in a favourable condition for contemplation, education or research, in perpetuity. It is an important topic in cultural ecology, where...
  
   - Conservation movement
  Conservation movement
  The conservation movement, also known as nature conservation, is a political, environmental and a social movement that seeks to protect natural resources including animal, fungus and plant species as well as their habitat for the future....
  
   - Conservation park
  Conservation park
  Conservation park is a type of specially protected status for land held by the Crown for conservation purposes.In New Zealand this land is administered by the Department of Conservation and was set up under the Conservation Act 1987. As of 31 March 2005, New Zealand's Conservation parks consisted...
  
   - Conservation status
  Conservation status
  The conservation status of a group of organisms indicates whether the group is still extant and how likely the group is to become extinct in the near future...
  
   - Convention on Biological Diversity
  Convention on Biological Diversity
  The Convention on Biological Diversity , known informally as the Biodiversity Convention, is an international legally binding treaty...
  
   - COTES
  COTES
  Control of International Trade in Endangered Species also known as COTES is an organisation which complies with CITES.COTES is used in the United Kingdom to convict wildlife crimes involving protected and endangered species....
  
   - Critically endangered species - Cross-fostering
  Cross-fostering
  Cross-fostering is a technique used in animal husbandry, animal science, genetic and nature versus nurture studies, and conservation, whereby offspring are removed from their biological parents at birth and raised by surrogates. This can also occasionally occur in nature.-Animal...
  
  

E

• Ecoregion
  Ecoregion
  An ecoregion , sometimes called a bioregion, is an ecologically and geographically defined area that is smaller than an ecozone and larger than an ecosystem. Ecoregions cover relatively large areas of land or water, and contain characteristic, geographically distinct assemblages of natural...
  
   - Ecosystem restoration
  Ecosystem restoration
  Ecosystem restoration is the return of a damaged ecological system to a stable, healthy, and sustainable state, often together with associated ecosystem services-Rationale:There are many reasons to restore ecosystems. Some include:...
  
   - Ecosystem services
  Ecosystem services
  Humankind benefits from a multitude of resources and processes that are supplied by natural ecosystems. Collectively, these benefits are known as ecosystem services and include products like clean drinking water and processes such as the decomposition of wastes...
  
   - Ecological crisis
  Ecological crisis
  An ecological crisis occurs when the environment of a species or a population changes in a way that destabilizes its continued survival. There are many possible causes of such crises:...
  
   - Ecological island
  Ecological island
  An ecological island is not necessarily an island surrounded by water, but is an area of land, isolated by natural or artificial means from the surrounding land, where a natural micro-habitat exists amidst a larger differing ecosystem....
  
   - Ecological niche
  Ecological niche
  In ecology, a niche is a term describing the relational position of a species or population in its ecosystem to each other; e.g. a dolphin could potentially be in another ecological niche from one that travels in a different pod if the members of these pods utilize significantly different food...
  
   - Ecological selection
  Ecological selection
  Ecological selection refers to natural selection minus sexual selection, i.e. strictly ecological processes that operate on a species' inherited traits without reference to mating or secondary sex characteristics...
  
   - Ecozone
  Ecozone
  An ecozone is the broadest biogeographic division of the Earth's land surface, based on distributional patterns of terrestrial organisms.Ecozones delineate large areas of the Earth's surface within which organisms have been evolving in relative isolation over long periods of time, separated from...
  
   - Edge effect
  Edge effect
  The edge effect in ecology is the effect of the juxtaposition or placing side by side of contrasting environments on an ecosystem.This term is commonly used in conjunction with the boundary between natural habitats, especially forests, and disturbed or developed land. Edge effects are especially...
  
   - Endangered species
  Endangered species
  An endangered species is a population of organisms which is at risk of becoming extinct because it is either few in numbers, or threatened by changing environmental or predation parameters...
  
   - Evolutionarily Significant Unit - Extinction
  Extinction
  In biology and ecology, extinction is the end of an organism or of a group of organisms , normally a species. The moment of extinction is generally considered to be the death of the last individual of the species, although the capacity to breed and recover may have been lost before this point...
  
   - Extinction event
  Extinction event
  An extinction event is a sharp decrease in the diversity and abundance of macroscopic life. They occur when the rate of extinction increases with respect to the rate of speciation...
  
   - Ex-situ conservation
  Ex-situ conservation
  Ex-situ conservation means literally, "off-site conservation". It is the process of protecting an endangered species of plant or animal outside of its natural habitat; for example, by removing part of the population from a threatened habitat and placing it in a new location, which may be a wild...
  
   - Extinct birds
  Extinct birds
  Since 1500, over 190 species of birds have become extinct, and this rate of extinction seems to be increasing. The situation is exemplified by Hawaii, where 30% of all known recently extinct bird taxa originally lived...
  
   - Extinct in the Wild
  Extinct in the Wild
  Extinct in the Wild is a conservation status assigned to species or lower taxa, the only known living members of which are being kept in captivity or as a naturalized population outside its historic range.-Examples:...
  
   - Extinction threshold
  Extinction threshold
  Extinction threshold is a term used in conservation biology to explain the point at which a species, population or metapopulation, experiences an abrupt change in density or number because of an important parameter, such as habitat loss...
  
  

G

• Gaia theory (science) - Gaia philosophy
  Gaia philosophy
  Gaia philosophy is a broadly inclusive term for related concepts that living organisms on a planet will affect the nature of their environment in order to make the environment more suitable for life. This set of theories holds that all organisms on an extraterrestrial life-giving planet regulate...
  
   - Gaian
  Gaian
  Gaian may refer to:* the Gaian, Gaiist, Gaia-som , Gaia-sa , Gaia-se ** an adherent of Gaianism — an Earth-centered spiritual inclination with diverse and evolving religious expression whose central reference is Gaia as personification of the Earth as Mother to all life upon the planet...
  
   - Game Warden
  Game warden
  A game warden is an employee who has the role of protecting wildlife. Game wardens may also be referred to as conservation officers or wildlife officers...
  
   - GPS Wildlife Tracking
  GPS wildlife tracking
  GPS wildlife tracking is a process whereby biologists, scientific researchers or conservation agencies can remotely observe relatively fine-scale movement or migratory patterns in a free-ranging wild animal using the Global Positioning System and optional environmental sensors or automated...
  
   - GRANK
  GRANK
  GRANK, or Global Rank is a ranking of the rarity of a species, and is a useful tool in determining conservation needs.Global Ranks are derived from a consensus of various conservation data centres, natural heritage programmes, scientific experts and The Nature Conservancy.They are based on the...
  
   - Gap analysis (conservation)
  Gap analysis (conservation)
  Gap analysis is a tool used in wildlife conservation to identify gaps in conservation lands or other wildlands where significant plant and animal species and their habitat or important ecological features occur....
  
   - Genetic pollution
  Genetic pollution
  Genetic pollution is a controversial term for uncontrolled gene flow into wild populations. This gene flow is undesirable according to some environmentalists and conservationists, including groups such as Greenpeace, TRAFFIC, and GeneWatch UK.-Usage:...
  
   - Genetic erosion
  Genetic erosion
  Genetic erosion is a process whereby an already limited gene pool of an endangered species of plant or animal diminishes even more when individuals from the surviving population die off without getting a chance to meet and breed with others in their endangered low population.Genetic erosion occurs...
  
   - Global strategy for plant conservation
  Global strategy for plant conservation
  The Global Strategy for Plant Conservation is a program of the UN's Convention on Biological Diversity. The GSPC sought to slow the pace of plant extinction around the world by 2010. The GSPC began as a grass-roots movement in 1999 with discussions at the 16th International Botanical Congress in...
  
   - Greenprinting
  Greenprinting
  Greenprinting relates to the conservation of land. Greenprinting is the creation of conservation scenarios that help communities make informed conservation decisions....
  
  

H

• Habitat (ecology)
  Habitat (ecology)
  A habitat is an ecological or environmental area that is inhabited by a particular species of animal, plant or other type of organism...
  
   - Habitat fragmentation
  Habitat fragmentation
  Habitat fragmentation as the name implies, describes the emergence of discontinuities in an organism's preferred environment , causing population fragmentation...
  
   - Habitat conservation
  Habitat conservation
  Habitat conservation is a land management practice that seeks to conserve, protect and restore, habitat areas for wild plants and animals, especially conservation reliant species, and prevent their extinction, fragmentation or reduction in range...
  
   - Habitat destruction
  Habitat destruction
  Habitat destruction is the process in which natural habitat is rendered functionally unable to support the species present. In this process, the organisms that previously used the site are displaced or destroyed, reducing biodiversity. Habitat destruction by human activity mainly for the purpose of...
  
   - Habitat fragmentation
  Habitat fragmentation
  Habitat fragmentation as the name implies, describes the emergence of discontinuities in an organism's preferred environment , causing population fragmentation...
  
   - Habitats Directive

I

• Illegal logging
  Illegal logging
  Illegal logging is the harvest, transportation, purchase or sale of timber in violation of laws. The harvesting procedure itself may be illegal, including using corrupt means to gain access to forests; extraction without permission or from a protected area; the cutting of protected species; or the...
  
   - In-situ conservation
  In-situ conservation
  In-situ conservation is on-site conservation or the conservation of genetic resources in natural populations of plant or animal species, such as forest genetic resources in natural populations of tree species...
  
   - Index of biological integrity
  Index of biological integrity
  An Index of Biological Integrity , also called an Index of Biotic Integrity, is a scientific tool used to identify and classify water pollution problems...
  
   - Indianapolis Prize
  Indianapolis Prize
  The Indianapolis Prize is an award given every other year to an individual who has made significant strides in conservation efforts involving an animal species or multiple animal species.-The prize:...
  
   - The Institute for Bird Populations
  The Institute for Bird Populations
  The Institute for Bird Populations, based in Marin County, California, is a non-profit organization dedicated to studying and monitoring bird populations, and providing land managers and policy makers with information needed to better manage those populations....
  
   - Integrated Conservation and Development Project
  Integrated Conservation and Development Project
  Integrated conservation and development projects are biodiversity conservation projects with rural development components. This is an approach that aspires to combine social development with conservation goals. These projects look to deal with biodiversity conservation objectives through the use...
  
   - Invader potential
  Invader potential
  In conservation biology, invader potential is the qualitative and quantitative measure of a given invasive species probability to invade a given ecosystem. Exotic species with high invader potential are ones with high tolerance of different climates, dissolved oxygen content , high propagule...
  
   - Island restoration
  Island restoration
  The ecological restoration of islands, or island restoration, is the application of the principles of ecological restoration to islands and island groups. Islands, due to their isolation, are home to many of the world's endemic species, as well as important breeding grounds for seabirds and some...
  
  

L

• Landscape scale conservation
  Landscape scale conservation
  Landscape scale conservation is a concept that has arisen, primarily in the UK since the mid-1990s, in response to both the challenges of climate change and a perceived excessive focus on site based conservation...
  
   - List of solar energy topics - List of threatened species of the Philippines - Local Nature Reserve
  Local Nature Reserve
  Local nature reserve or LNR is a designation for nature reserves in the United Kingdom. The designation has its origin in the recommendations of the Wild Life Conservation Special Committee which established the framework for nature conservation in the United Kingdom and suggested a national suite...
  
   - Logging
  Logging
  Logging is the cutting, skidding, on-site processing, and loading of trees or logs onto trucks.In forestry, the term logging is sometimes used in a narrow sense concerning the logistics of moving wood from the stump to somewhere outside the forest, usually a sawmill or a lumber yard...
  
   - Latent extinction risk
  Latent extinction risk
  In conservation biology, latent extinction risk is a measure of the potential for a species to become threatened.Latent risk can most easily be described as the difference, or discrepancy, between the current observed extinction risk of a species and the theoretical extinction risk of a species...
  
   - Lower Risk
  Lower Risk
  An animal with the conservation status of Lower Risk is one with populations sufficiently high so as to ensure its survival in the long run. Animals with this status do not qualify as being Vulnerable, Endangered or Critically Endangered....
  
  

M

• Marine Protected Area
  Marine Protected Area
  Marine Protected Areas, like any protected area, are regions in which human activity has been placed under some restrictions in the interest of conserving the natural environment, it's surrounding waters and the occupant ecosystems, and any cultural or historical resources that may require...
  
   - Marine conservation
  Marine conservation
  Marine conservation, also known as marine resources conservation, is the protection and preservation of ecosystems in oceans and seas. Marine conservation focuses on limiting human-caused damage to marine ecosystems, and on restoring damaged marine ecosystems...
  
   - Marine park
  Marine park
  A marine park is a park consisting of an area of sea sometimes protected for recreational use, but more often set aside to preserve a specific habitat and ensure the ecosystem is sustained for the organisms that exist there...
  
   - Marine reserve
  Marine reserve
  For the United States Marine Corps Reserve see: Marine Forces ReserveA marine reserve is an area of the sea which has legal protection against fishing or development. This is to be distinguished from a marine park, but there is some overlap in usage...
  
   - Marxan
  Marxan
  MARXAN is software designed to aid systematic reserve design on conservation planning. With the use of stochastic optimisation routines it generates spatial reserve systems that achieve particular biodiversity representation goals with reasonable optimality.Computationally, MARXAN provides...
  
   - Millennium Seed Bank Project
  Millennium Seed Bank Project
  The Millennium Seed Bank Project is an international conservation project coordinated by the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Launched in the year 2000 and housed in the Wellcome Trust Millennium Building situated in the grounds of Wakehurst Place, West Sussex, its purpose is to provide an "insurance...
  
   - Minimal impact code - Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation
  Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation
  The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service has a number of programs aimed at Mission blue butterfly habitat conservation, which include lands traditionally inhabited by the mission blue butterfly, an endangered species. A recovery plan, drawn up by the U.S...
  
  

N

• National marine conservation area
  National marine conservation area
  National marine conservation areas are areas along the coast that are intended to preserve flora and fauna. They are, in essence, a combination of marine park and nature reserve....
  
   - National Nature Reserve
  National Nature Reserve
  For details of National nature reserves in the United Kingdom see:*National Nature Reserves in England*National Nature Reserves in Northern Ireland*National Nature Reserves in Scotland*National Nature Reserves in Wales...
  
   - National park
  National park
  A national park is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or owns. Although individual nations designate their own national parks differently A national park is a reserve of natural, semi-natural, or developed land that a sovereign state declares or...
  
   - NATURA 2000
  Natura 2000
  Natura 2000 is an ecological network of protected areas in the territory of the European Union.-Origins:In May 1992, the governments of the European Communities adopted legislation designed to protect the most seriously threatened habitats and species across Europe. This legislation is called the...
  
   - Natural heritage
  Natural heritage
  Natural heritage is the legacy of natural objects and intangible attributes encompassing the countryside and natural environment, including flora and fauna, scientifically known as biodiversity, and geology and landforms ....
  
   - Nature reserve
  Nature reserve
  A nature reserve is a protected area of importance for wildlife, flora, fauna or features of geological or other special interest, which is reserved and managed for conservation and to provide special opportunities for study or research...
  
   - Nest box
  Nest box
  A nest box, also spelled nestbox is a man-made box provided for animals to nest in. Nest boxes are most frequently utilized for wild and domesticated birds, in which case they are also called birdhouses, but some mammalian species may also use them. Birdhouses are the most common types of nest...
  
   - North American Game Warden Museum
  North American Game Warden Museum
  The North American Game Warden Museum is a museum in the International Peace Garden on the Canada–United States international border between the Canadian province of Manitoba and the U.S. state of North Dakota. The museum is located on the American side of the border...
  
  

R

• Rare species
  Rare species
  A rare species is a group of organisms that are very uncommon or scarce. This designation may be applied to either a plant or animal taxon, and may be distinct from the term "endangered" or "threatened species" but not "extinct"....
  
   - Recovery Plan - Red-listed
  Red-listed
  Red-listed species includes any indigenous species or subspecies considered to be extirpated, endangered, or threatened in their locale. Extirpated taxa no longer exist in the wild in the locale in which they are listed , but do occur elsewhere. Endangered taxa are facing imminent extirpation or...
  
   - Regional Forest Agreement
  Regional Forest Agreement
  The Regional Forest Agreements are 20 year plans for the conservation and sustainable management of Australia's native forests, and are intended to provide certainty to commercial forestry operations while protecting environmental values. The 10 RFA's were progressively signed between 1997 and 2001...
  
   - Regional Red List
  Regional Red List
  A Regional Red List is a report of the threatened status of species within a certain country or region. It is based on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, an inventory of the conservation status of species on a global scale...
  
   - Reforestation
  Reforestation
  Reforestation is the natural or intentional restocking of existing forests and woodlands that have been depleted, usually through deforestation....
  
   - Reintroduction
  Reintroduction
  Reintroduction is the deliberate release of a species into the wild in zones formerly inhabited by said species but where it has disappeared from for a number of reasons, from captivity or relocated from other areas where the species still survives in...
  
   - Resource management
  Resource management
  In organizational studies, resource management is the efficient and effective deployment of an organization's resources when they are needed. Such resources may include financial resources, inventory, human skills, production resources, or information technology...
  
   - Restoration ecology
  Restoration ecology
  -Definition:Restoration ecology is the scientific study and practice of renewing and restoring degraded, damaged, or destroyed ecosystems and habitats in the environment by active human intervention and action, within a short time frame...
  
   - Roadless area conservation
  Roadless area conservation
  Roadless area conservation is a conservation policy limiting road construction and the resulting environmental impact on designated areas of public land. In the United States, roadless area conservation has centered on U.S. Forest Service areas known as inventoried roadless areas...
  
  

S

• Seedbank
  Seedbank
  A seedbank stores seeds as a source for planting in case seed reserves elsewhere are destroyed. It is a type of gene bank. The seeds stored may be food crops, or those of rare species to protect biodiversity. The reasons for storing seeds may be varied...
  
   - Small population size
  Small population size
  Small populations behave differently from larger populations. They often result in population bottlenecks, which have harmful consequences for the survival of that population.-Demographic effects:...
  
   - Soil salination
  Soil salination
  Soil salinity is the salt content in the soil.- Causes of soil salinity :Salt-affected soils are caused by excess accumulation of salts, typically most pronounced at the soil surface. Salts can be transported to the soil surface by capillary transport from a salt laden water table and then...
  
   - Soils retrogression and degradation
  Soils retrogression and degradation
  Soil retrogression and degradation are two regressive evolution processes associated with the loss of equilibrium of a stable soil. Retrogression is primarily due to erosion and corresponds to a phenomenon where succession reverts back to pioneer conditions . Degradation is an evolution,...
  
   - Solar air conditioning
  Solar air conditioning
  Solar air conditioning refers to any air conditioning system that uses solar power.This can be done through passive solar, solar thermal energy conversion and photovoltaic conversion . The U.S...
  
   - Solar energy - Solar thermal energy
  Solar thermal energy
  Solar thermal energy is a technology for harnessing solar energy for thermal energy . Solar thermal collectors are classified by the United States Energy Information Administration as low-, medium-, or high-temperature collectors. Low-temperature collectors are flat plates generally used to heat...
  
   - Scaling pattern of occupancy
  Scaling pattern of occupancy
  In spatial ecology and macroecology, scaling pattern of occupancy , also known as the area-of-occupancy is the way in which species distribution changes across spatial scales. In physical geography and image analysis, it is similar to the modifiable areal unit problem. Simon A...
  
   - Shifting baseline syndrome - Site based conservation
  Site based conservation
  Site based conservation is an approach to nature conservation that relies on the designation of important or representative examples of sites supporting key habitats or species...
  
   - Site of Nature Conservation Interest
  Site of Nature Conservation Interest
  Site of Nature Conservation Interest is a designation used in many parts of the United Kingdom to protect areas of importance for wildlife and geology at a county scale...
  
   - Site of Special Scientific Interest
  Site of Special Scientific Interest
  A Site of Special Scientific Interest is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the United Kingdom. SSSIs are the basic building block of site-based nature conservation legislation and most other legal nature/geological conservation designations in Great Britain are based upon...
  
   - Special Area of Conservation
  Special Area of Conservation
  A Special Area of Conservation is defined in the European Union's Habitats Directive , also known as the Directive on the Conservation of Natural Habitats and of Wild Fauna and Flora...
  
  - Special Protection Area
  Special Protection Area
  A Special Protection Area or SPA is a designation under the European Union Directive on the Conservation of Wild Birds.Under the Directive, Member States of the European Union have a duty to safeguard the habitats of migratory birds and certain particularly threatened birds.Together with Special...
  
   - Soil conservation
  Soil conservation
  Soil conservation is a set of management strategies for prevention of soil being eroded from the Earth’s surface or becoming chemically altered by overuse, acidification, salinization or other chemical soil contamination...
  
   - Source-sink dynamics
  Source-sink dynamics
  Source-sink dynamics is a theoretical model used by ecologists to describe how variation in habitat quality may affect the population growth or decline of organisms....
  
   - Species richness
  Species richness
  Species richness is the number of different species in a given area. It is represented in equation form as S.Species richness is the fundamental unit in which to assess the homogeneity of an environment. Typically, species richness is used in conservation studies to determine the sensitivity of...
  
   - Species Survival Plan
  Species Survival Plan
  The American Species Survival Plan or SSP program was developed in 1981 by the Association of Zoos and Aquariums to help ensure the survival of selected species in zoos and aquariums, most of which are threatened or endangered in the wild....
  
   - Species of Concern
  Species of Concern
  In wildlife conservation, Species of Concern is an informal term, not defined in the federal Endangered Species Act. The term commonly refers to species that are declining or appear to be in need of concentrated conservation actions. Many agencies and organizations maintain lists of these at-risk...
  
   - Choice of Species for Conservation and sustainable development - Species translocation
  Species translocation
  Species translocation is an effective management strategy and important topic in conservation biology. Translocation is the movement of a species, by people, from one area to another...
  
   - Stewardship Cessation
  Stewardship Cessation
  Stewardship Cessation is a concept useful in System Engineering. Certain systems remain hazardous for a considerable period after their useful life, and will usually be managed to ensure that the public and the environment is not exposed to the hazard...
  
   - Subnational rank
  Subnational rank
  SRANK or Subnational Rank seeks to ascertain the rarity of species within subnational boundaries .Below is the ranking definitions used by the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources, and will vary by province or state....
  
   - Sustainability
  Sustainability
  Sustainability is the capacity to endure. For humans, sustainability is the long-term maintenance of well being, which has environmental, economic, and social dimensions, and encompasses the concept of union, an interdependent relationship and mutual responsible position with all living and non...
  
   - Sustainable forestry - Sustainable forest management
  Sustainable forest management
  Sustainable forest management is the management of forests according to the principles of sustainable development. Sustainable forest management uses very broad social, economic and environmental goals...
  
   - Sustainable habitat
  Sustainable habitat
  A sustainable habitat is an ecosystem that produces food and shelter for people and other organisms, without resource depletion and in such a way that no external waste is produced. Thus the habitat can continue into future time without external infusions of resource...
  
   - Sustainable industries
  Sustainable industries
  The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a Japanese group reforesting a tropical forest to help create sustainable industries for the local populace. The earliest mention of the phrase sustainable industries appeared in 1990 in a story about a...
  
   - Sustainable procurement
  Sustainable procurement
  Sustainable procurement ' is a spending and investment process typically associated with public policy, although it is equally applicable to the private sector...
  
   - Sustainable seafood
  Sustainable seafood
  Sustainable seafood is seafood from either fished or farmed sources that can maintain or increase production in the future without jeopardizing the ecosystems from which it was acquired...
  
   - Sustainable yield
  Sustainable yield
  The sustainable yield of natural capital is the ecological yield that can be extracted without reducing the base of capital itself, i.e. the surplus required to maintain ecosystem services at the same or increasing level over time. This yield usually varies over time with the needs of the...
  
  

T

• Terraforming
  Terraforming
  Terraforming of a planet, moon, or other body is the hypothetical process of deliberately modifying its atmosphere, temperature, surface topography or ecology to be similar to those of Earth, in order to make it habitable by terrestrial organisms.The term is sometimes used more generally as a...
  
   - Terrestrial ecoregion - Threatened species
  Threatened species
  Threatened species are any speciesg animals, plants, fungi, etc.) which are vulnerable to endangerment in the near future.The World Conservation Union is the foremost authority on threatened species, and treats threatened species not as a single category, but as a group of three categories,...
  
   - Translocation (Wildlife conservation)
  Translocation (Wildlife conservation)
  Translocation in wildlife conservation means capture, transport and release or introduction of species, habitats or other ecological material from one location to another...
  
  

V

• Variable retention
  Variable retention
  Variable retention is a relatively new silvicultural system that retains forest structural elements for at least one rotation in order to preserve environmental values associated with structurally complex forests...
  
   - Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology
  Vulnerability and susceptibility in conservation biology
  In conservation biology, susceptibility is the extent to which an organism or ecological community would suffer from a threatening process or factor if exposed, without regard to the likelihood of exposure...
  
   - Vulnerable species
  Vulnerable species
  On 30 January 2010, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species identified 9694 Vulnerable species, subspecies and varieties, stocks and sub-populations.-References:...
  
  

W

• Waterway restoration
  Waterway restoration
  Waterway restoration is the activity of restoring a canal or river, including special features such as warehouse buildings, locks, boat lifts, and boats. In the United Kingdom, Canada and the United States, the focus of waterway restoration is on improving navigability, while in Australia the term...
  
   - Weed
  Weed
  A weed in a general sense is a plant that is considered by the user of the term to be a nuisance, and normally applied to unwanted plants in human-controlled settings, especially farm fields and gardens, but also lawns, parks, woods, and other areas. More specifically, the term is often used to...
  
   - Wildlife corridor
  Wildlife corridor
  A wildlife corridor or green corridor is an area of habitat connecting wildlife populations separated by human activities . This allows an exchange of individuals between populations, which may help prevent the negative effects of inbreeding and reduced genetic diversity that often occur within...
  
   - Wildlife reserve - Woodland management - Water Conservation Order
  Water Conservation Order
  A water conservation order is a legal ruling to protect aspects of water bodies. It may be to protect the quantity of the water itself or for any issues relating to the water body as a whole.-New Zealand:...
  
   - Waterbar
  Waterbar
  A water bar or interceptor dyke is a road construction feature that is used to prevent erosion on sloping roads, cleared paths through woodland , or other accessways by reducing flow length...
  
   - Wilderness area - Wildlife Conservation Society
  Wildlife Conservation Society
  The Wildlife Conservation Society based at the Bronx Zoo was founded in 1895 as the New York Zoological Society and currently manages some of wild places around the world, with over 500 field conservation projects in 60 countries, and 200 scientists on staff...
  
   - Wildlife trade
  Wildlife trade
  The international wildlife trade is a serious conservation problem, addressed by the United Nations' Convention of International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora CITES, which currently has 175 member countries called Parties. The 15th meeting of the Parties took place in Doha,...
  
   - World Commission on Protected Areas
  World Commission on Protected Areas
  The World Commission on Protected Areas is one of six Commissions of the IUCN . WCPA is the world's premier network of protected area expertise...
  
   - World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival
  World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival
  The World Conference on Breeding Endangered Species in Captivity as an Aid to their Survival is the world's first conference on Captive breeding...
  
   - World Network of Biosphere Reserves
  World Network of Biosphere Reserves
  The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves covers internationally-designated protected areas, known as biosphere reserves, that are meant to demonstrate a balanced relationship between man and nature The UNESCO World Network of Biosphere Reserves covers internationally-designated protected...
  
  

Conventions, protocols, panels and summits

• Biosafety protocol -- Montreal
  Montreal
  Montreal is a city in Canada. It is the largest city in the province of Quebec, the second-largest city in Canada and the seventh largest in North America...
  
   2000
• Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
  Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas
  The Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas is an agreement that was designed to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern...
  
  
• Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES)
• United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea
  The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea , also called the Law of the Sea Convention or the Law of the Sea treaty, is the international agreement that resulted from the third United Nations Conference on the Law of the Sea , which took place from 1973 through 1982...
  
  
• Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat - Ramsar Convention
  Ramsar Convention
  The Ramsar Convention is an international treaty for the conservation and sustainable utilization of wetlands, i.e., to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural,...
  
   - Ramsar Site
• Earth Summit 2002
  Earth Summit 2002
  The World Summit on Sustainable Development, WSSD or Earth Summit 2002 took place in Johannesburg, South Africa, from 26 August to 4 September 2002. It was convened to discuss sustainable development by the United Nations. WSSD gathered a number of leaders from business and non-governmental...
  
   (World summit on Sustainable Development), Johannesburg
  Johannesburg
  Johannesburg also known as Jozi, Jo'burg or Egoli, is the largest city in South Africa, by population. Johannesburg is the provincial capital of Gauteng, the wealthiest province in South Africa, having the largest economy of any metropolitan region in Sub-Saharan Africa...
  
   2002
• Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
  The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change is a scientific intergovernmental body which provides comprehensive assessments of current scientific, technical and socio-economic information worldwide about the risk of climate change caused by human activity, its potential environmental and...
  
  
• International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
  International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling
  The International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling is an international environmental agreement signed in 1946 in order to "provide for the proper conservation of whale stocks and thus make possible the orderly development of the whaling industry"...
  
  
• International Seabed Authority
  International Seabed Authority
  The International Seabed Authority is an intergovernmental body based in Kingston, Jamaica, that was established to organize and control all mineral-related activities in the international seabed area beyond the limits of national jurisdiction, an area underlying most of the world’s oceans...
  
  
• International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
  International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture
  The International Treaty on Plant Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture , popularly known as the International Seed Treaty, is a comprehensive international agreement in harmony with the Convention on Biological Diversity, which aims at guaranteeing food security through the conservation,...
  
  
• International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
  International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983
  The International Tropical Timber Agreement is an agreement to provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their...
  
  
• World Commission on Protected Areas
  World Commission on Protected Areas
  The World Commission on Protected Areas is one of six Commissions of the IUCN . WCPA is the world's premier network of protected area expertise...
  
   - WCPA
• World Wilderness Congress
  World Wilderness Congress
  The World Wilderness Congress is the longest-running, public international environmental forum and is the flagship project of .The 1st WWC was held in South Africa in 1977 and has had a total of 8 meetings. It was founded by South African conservationist Dr Ian Player and Laurens van der Post...
  
  

United Nations bodies

• United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization
• United Nations Environment Programme
  United Nations Environment Programme
  The United Nations Environment Programme coordinates United Nations environmental activities, assisting developing countries in implementing environmentally sound policies and practices. It was founded as a result of the United Nations Conference on the Human Environment in June 1972 and has its...
  
   (UNEP)
• UNEP World Conservation Monitoring Centre (WCMC)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
  The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change is an international environmental treaty produced at the United Nations Conference on Environment and Development , informally known as the Earth Summit, held in Rio de Janeiro from June 3 to 14, 1992...
  
  

See also

• List of conservation issues
• List of invasive species
• List of endangered species
• List of environmental issues
• Index of environmental articles
  Index of environmental articles
  The natural environment, commonly referred to simply as the environment, includes all living and non-living things occurring naturally on Earth....
  
  
• Environmental agreements
• Environmentalism
  Environmentalism
  Environmentalism is a broad philosophy, ideology and social movement regarding concerns for environmental conservation and improvement of the health of the environment, particularly as the measure for this health seeks to incorporate the concerns of non-human elements...