Lithuanian declension
Encyclopedia
Declension in the Lithuanian language
is quite sophisticated in a way similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages
, such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. It also is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages.
Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in the Lithuanian language. However at least one case is reduced to adverb
s, and another is extinct in modern language. So the official variant of Lithuanian has seven cases, and an eighth case is used in some dialects and reduced to an adverb in others. The main cases are:
The Lithuanian language has two main grammatical number
s: singular
and plural
. There is also a dual, which is almost unused, except few words, that retain their dual forms. Although grammatically the dual number can be applied to any word, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last century. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, plural and dual inflection
s of the same case always differ among themselves and there's no rule, how to make, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case.
s which are defined by the inflection
in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment (in a train), coupé, are not subject to declension rules.
Each Lithuanian consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ]-[b], [dʲ]-[d], [ɡʲ]-[ɡ] and so on). The consonants preceding vowels [i] and [e] are always moderately palatalized.
The letter i represents either the sound similar to i in the English lit or is a palatalization marker – softens the preceding consonant (ia = like e, iu = ü, io = ö; all samples where i is a softhening marker are ia (ią), iu (iū, ių), io). But i.e. is a diphthong
and there are no combinations ię and iė. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi (this one is used only in foreign words; in Lithuanian-derivation it is present when a word kojinė 'sock, stocking' is pronounced shorter as koinė), ui, au (palatalized iuo, iai, iui, iau; there is no iei combination because ei is already soft and same to iai; a combination i.e. is only a diphthong and in use is succeeded by a consonant).
Feminine nouns ending in -a, and masculine ending in -us has their palatal forms: -ia, -ius (the latter is declined in the first paradigm in its plural). The nominative singular ending -ias (sg. nom.; the first paradigm) alone is a palatal variant of -as, but -ias pattern, differently from -ia, -ius, are not palatalized counterpart for -as (unpalatalized equivalent in sg. nominative) and there is no palatalized counterpart for -as type. The -ias pattern is a type of -ys pattern, its words are declined like -ys words, except sg. nom. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. There are only a few words of -ias type.
There are two consonants in Lithuanian, d and t, which become respectively dž [dʒ] and č [tʃ] when precedes a palatalization marker i (so, this does not include the softer sounds: i, į, y, i.e., ė, e, ę) and they still have to be pronounced softer, like all other consonants preceding the palatalization marker. Examples: masc. sg. nom. svẽčias 'guest', fem. sg. nom. valdžià 'power (on somebody); government', m. sg. nom. skaĩčius 'number'; pavyzdỹs 'example', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį; kėdė̃ 'chair', kėdžių̃ etc.
Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative]
A noun pati has the same form to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself (feminine); itself (for feminine nouns)'. There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is same to the second adjective feminine declension.
The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is the dative singular forms.
The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension.
There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter).
Pronominal forms
s aš (I), tu (you) jis (he, it), ji (she, it) and the reflexive pronoun
savęs are declined as follows:
Note, that the table contains only the objective genitive of pronouns aš, tu, savęs. The possessive genitives of these words are mano, tavo and savo respectively. Compare jis manęs laukia – 'he waits for me' and mano draugas – 'my friend' ('friend ' is in masculine), but in jis mūsų laukia – 'he waits for us' and mūsų draugas – 'our friend' the both genitives coincide as in almost any word.
A word šuo – dog, differs from the other -uo words in that, that its stem is mixed with the suffix -uo and it consequently does not have the suffix -en- in the other cases (š-uo, akm-uo; šu-n-į, akm-en-į), its singular instrumental normal ending is of the third type (šunimi; that can be understood as a part of a meaning: more like an indefinite gender) and its accentuation paradigm is fourth, the sole case for the -uo words.
Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo (other is mėnesis); genitive is mėnesio etc.
The word žmogus – man, human, historically had the nominative singular žmuo (compare Latin homō). Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular (žmogus, žmogaus etc.) and in the third -ė paradigm in plural (žmonės, žmonių etc.).
The words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself (also noun meanings: husband and wife) have also peculiarities. The ending -i (f., sg. nom.) is present only in two words: pati and marti – daughter-in-law. Pats (< patis) is of the third adjectival declensional type, but the singular nominative is different (-s < -is), plural nominative is -ys and the singular genitive -ies, like in nouns of the third declension. Its sg. gen. is also often said pačio.
The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. The dative singular, similarly to the fifth declensional type, differs depending on the gender (-iai f, -iui m), the instrumental singular, differently from the fifth type, is the same for the both genders. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. nom. ending with a long i: -ys. Some of the words having the suffix -uonis (there are few of such words) have parallel forms in the other declensions: palikuonis, -ies (common gender) and palikuonis, -io m, palikuonė, -ės f. Such change can happen after the change of an accent place: if the word is accented on the ending -is, then the change of declension (-is, -ies > -is, -io) does not occur in speech, and if the accent moves from the ending to the stem in singular nominative, then the change of declension sometimes occurs. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake.
The forms from the two more declensions sometimes occur in a speech for the masculine words of the fifth declension: of the third and of the first declensions. Similar case is with the masculine words of the third declension – they are sometimes declined in the first declension (because singular nominative is the same). Such a shift is a mistake of declension. For example a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms (third d.) (sg. nom., sg. gen.) akmenis, akmenies – more like older dialectal not used widely and a little likely to be heard in a speech – and (first d.) akmenis, akmenio; akmenys, akmenio; akmenas, akmeno – sometimes said by the speakers, who don't know the fifth declension well, for example, children. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. The other examples which are sometimes used by some, but not fit are: rudenio (rudens), šunio (šuns, šunies) etc. Examples of migrants from the third declension (-is, -ies) are, for example, dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Such use like akmenas, akmeno; dančio; šunio; rudenio; is a clear mistake and is not accepted. A case of petys, pečio instead of petys, peties is also a mistake, but petys is the only one -ys (instead of -is) form declined in the third declension and consequentely tends to be declined like all other -ys words (of the first declension).
For the word mėnuo / mėnesis the proper form is sg. gen. mėnesio etc. (sg. gen. mėnesies is known in dialects). The genitive of the word pats is paties, but it is also frequently said pačio. Some of the cases of the word pats are of the third adjectival declension, some – sg. nom. -s (< -is), sg. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. nom. -ys – of the third noun declension.
Some of the nouns occur in another declensional type only in one case. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. For example seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; (older) motė, moters, but also a migrant form: (older) motė, motės. The dialectal and older form sesuva (a type of sesuo), for example, can remain in the original paradigm with sg. gen. sesers or shift to the -a declension: sesuva, sesuvos.
The proper forms of the word mėnuo / mėnesis is not of the fifth-third declension and the same is with the word žmogus, which historically had the form žmuo. A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis (they have the same suffix -es- and are declined in the same declension, except sg. nom. of mėnuo / mėnesis).
Dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, sesuo of a different declension and meaning – dukra and sesė are more like informal.
A word palikuonis has two forms of different declensions: one of the third (original) – palikuonis, and other shifted to the first declension – palikuonis, -io palikuonė, -ės. There are few of -uonis words and only several of them have forms other than the original declension, but in a speech some of them are also sometimes declined in the first declension, for example, geluonis, -ies c – sting, can be uderstood as geluonis, -io m.
For the -uo words (except mėnuo) and the -is words (like dantis) the shift to the other declensions would be a mistake. When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake (however, some of the cases are the same, and that is one of the reasons why the shift can occur). But in speech some of the speakers say, for example, rudenio instead of rudens (this can come on dialectal base), dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). A word šuo can also be said šuva (one of dialectal variants).
The words rūgštìs f 3 (1) – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related.
The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The a-paradigm is masculine.
Also note, that inflection of the a-paradigm is different for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in some cases. However not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. Some pronouns as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm use the inflections from the adjective column.
Other features:
Other features:
Notes:
The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The u-paradigm is masculine.
Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases.
Note that:
Other features:
The words in the table:
Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių).
All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm
Other features:
Irregularities:
Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. Its feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly.
Other features:
Irregularities:
Other:
Other features:
Irregularities:
Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. This may be done with feminine active participles of the past tense (or of the past iterative tense) in the singular nominative. So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense.
, Latvian
(in a separate section), Old Prussian
, Gothic
,
Ancient Greek
and Russian
. Since Old Prussian language has left a limited literature with not all the cases of all the stems employed, the Prussian samples are not full in the tables (the cases which existed are most probably already reconstructed from various data by linguists). At the same time there were fewer cases in Prussian than in modern common Lithuanian and mixing the declension patterns was more common, what could develop in a context of a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian, as the Prussians adopted the languages of the others, particularly German. Lithuanian declension varied in dialects.
The first declension. Sg. nom. ends in -as, sg. acc. – in -ą. Latin words of this stem ends in -us in sg. nom., and -um in sg. acc. When these Latin endings succeeded a labial sound, their vowel was ŏ: equos – horse, equom; servos – slave, serf, servom. Sg. nom. in Prussian and Gothic is shortened: tavs, dags. Such shortening is present in western and northern Lithuanian dialects: tėvas, -o – father, and tėvs, -o; dagas, -o – heat of the sun (from degti – to burn), and dags, -o. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas (Lith. kaimas – village, kiemas – yard). There are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian languages, differently from the other given here: Lith. butas – flat, living place, Prus. butan – the same meaning, Lat. aedificium – building. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal (definite) adjective forms, pronouns: gerù (nom. sg. gẽras – good) and gerúo-ju (nom. sg. geràsis – that good one), juõ (nom. sg. jis / is – he). Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. For dat. sg., an ending -uo is also known in dialects. Lithuanian acc. sg. and gen. pl. are written in the letters with an ogonek: ą and ų. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. Historically these sounds were nasal: vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia
today. Latin pl. dat.-abl. -īs corresponds to Ancient Greek pl. dat. -ois and Lithuanian pl. instr. -ais. Lithuanian sg. gen. corresponds to Slavic, for example, Russian: vilko (also dial. vilkā) and Russian волка. Prussian sg. loc. was probably -ai, -ei: bītai (adverb) – in the evening, kvei – where; compare Lith. namiẽ – at home (namè – in the house).
The second declension. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Narrowed more, it becomes ū. When more open, it is ā; ā was used in Catechisms in Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary. The ą, ę correspond to ų, į in dialects of eastern Lithuania and acc. sg. is kalbų (kalbą), gėlį (gėlę) in these dialects. The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom. sg. liepa (Lith.) – linden, liepa (Latv.), липа / lipa (Rus.) and acc. sg. liepą and liepų (Lith.), liepu (Latv.), липу / lipu (Rus.).
Fifth declension. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. dat. -i, -i.e.: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie. Sg. gen. akmenes, pl. nom. akmenes, akmens. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. nom. cases (sg. acc. emnin instead of emenin). A drop can similarly occur in other languages, for example: Lith. vanduo – water, sg. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. Gothic wato n – water: pl. forms, for example, nom.-acc. watna.
The third declension.
The fourth declension. Prussian sg. nom. -us is known from Elbing vocabulary, it was shortened to -s in Catechisms. Sg. gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. A word сынъ is given in Old Slavonic cases.
The second declension, -ė type. Prussian -ē stems became -i in an unaccented position.
declensional endings in the table below.
Lithuanian language
Lithuanian is the official state language of Lithuania and is recognized as one of the official languages of the European Union. There are about 2.96 million native Lithuanian speakers in Lithuania and about 170,000 abroad. Lithuanian is a Baltic language, closely related to Latvian, although they...
is quite sophisticated in a way similar to declensions in ancient Indo-European languages
Indo-European languages
The Indo-European languages are a family of several hundred related languages and dialects, including most major current languages of Europe, the Iranian plateau, and South Asia and also historically predominant in Anatolia...
, such as Sanskrit, Latin or Ancient Greek. It also is one of the most complicated declension systems among modern Indo-European and modern European languages.
Traditionally, scholars count up to ten case forms in the Lithuanian language. However at least one case is reduced to adverb
Adverb
An adverb is a part of speech that modifies verbs or any part of speech other than a noun . Adverbs can modify verbs, adjectives , clauses, sentences, and other adverbs....
s, and another is extinct in modern language. So the official variant of Lithuanian has seven cases, and an eighth case is used in some dialects and reduced to an adverb in others. The main cases are:
- nominativeNominative caseThe nominative case is one of the grammatical cases of a noun or other part of speech, which generally marks the subject of a verb or the predicate noun or predicate adjective, as opposed to its object or other verb arguments...
: used to identify the inflectionInflectionIn grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
type - genitiveGenitive caseIn grammar, genitive is the grammatical case that marks a noun as modifying another noun...
: used to identify the inflectionInflectionIn grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
type - dativeDative caseThe dative case is a grammatical case generally used to indicate the noun to whom something is given, as in "George gave Jamie a drink"....
- accusativeAccusative caseThe accusative case of a noun is the grammatical case used to mark the direct object of a transitive verb. The same case is used in many languages for the objects of prepositions...
- instrumentalInstrumental caseThe instrumental case is a grammatical case used to indicate that a noun is the instrument or means by or with which the subject achieves or accomplishes an action...
- locativeLocative caseLocative is a grammatical case which indicates a location. It corresponds vaguely to the English prepositions "in", "on", "at", and "by"...
- vocativeVocative caseThe vocative case is the case used for a noun identifying the person being addressed and/or occasionally the determiners of that noun. A vocative expression is an expression of direct address, wherein the identity of the party being spoken to is set forth expressly within a sentence...
-
-
- illativeIllative caseIllative is, in the Finnish language, Estonian language and the Hungarian language, the third of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "into ". An example from Hungarian is "a házba"...
: dialectal - allativeAllative caseAllative case is a type of the locative cases used in several languages. The term allative is generally used for the lative case in the majority of languages which do not make finer distinctions.-Finnish language:In the Finnish language, the allative is the fifth of the locative cases, with the...
: reduced to adverbs
-
- adessiveAdessive caseIn Uralic languages, such as Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian, the adessive case is the fourth of the locative cases with the basic meaning of "on". For example, Estonian laud and laual , Hungarian asztal and asztalnál...
†
- adessive
- illative
-
The Lithuanian language has two main grammatical number
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
s: singular
Grammatical number
In linguistics, grammatical number is a grammatical category of nouns, pronouns, and adjective and verb agreement that expresses count distinctions ....
and plural
Plural
In linguistics, plurality or [a] plural is a concept of quantity representing a value of more-than-one. Typically applied to nouns, a plural word or marker is used to distinguish a value other than the default quantity of a noun, which is typically one...
. There is also a dual, which is almost unused, except few words, that retain their dual forms. Although grammatically the dual number can be applied to any word, in practice it was used quite sporadically during the last century. The singular and the plural are used similarly to many European languages. Singular, plural and dual inflection
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
s of the same case always differ among themselves and there's no rule, how to make, for example, the plural inflection from the singular of the same case.
Nouns
Nouns in Lithuanian language have five declensionDeclension
In linguistics, declension is the inflection of nouns, pronouns, adjectives, and articles to indicate number , case , and gender...
s which are defined by the inflection
Inflection
In grammar, inflection or inflexion is the modification of a word to express different grammatical categories such as tense, grammatical mood, grammatical voice, aspect, person, number, gender and case...
in singular nominative and genitive cases. Only few borrowed words, like taksì – taxi, tabù – taboo, kupė̃ – compartment (in a train), coupé, are not subject to declension rules.
| Inflection in singular cases | Examples | Notes | ||||
| Nominative | Genitive | Nominative | Genitive | Meaning | ||
| I | -as, -is, -ys, -ias | -o | výras mẽdis traukinỹs svẽčias |
výro mẽdžio tráukinio svẽčio |
man, male; husband tree train guest |
Main pattern for masculine nouns |
| II | -a, -i¹, -ė | -os, -ės | žmonà šviesà várna pradžià sáulė |
žmonõs šviesõs várnos pradžiõs sáulės |
wife light crow beginning sun |
Main pattern for feminine nouns; few masculine |
| III | -is² | -ies | móteris³ f pilìs f avìs f dantìs m |
móteries piliẽs aviẽs dantiẽs |
woman, female castle sheep tooth |
Rarer, feminine nouns, fewer masculine |
| IV | -us | -aus | žmogùs sūnùs medùs skaĩčius |
žmogaũs sūnaũs medaũs skaĩčiaus |
man (human being) son honey number; digit |
Rare, masculine nouns |
| V | -uo, -ė³ | -en-s, -er-s f | vanduõ akmuõ skaitmuõ sesuõ duktė̃ |
vandeñs akmeñs skaitmeñs seser̃s dukter̃s |
water stone digit sister daughter |
Rare, masculine nouns, four³ feminine; suffixed by -en- m and -er- f. |
Table of noun declension endings
| first declension | second declension | third d. | fourth d. | fifth d. | adjectives | |||||||||||||||||
| masculine | feminine | f | m | m | m | f | I-m | I-f | ||||||||||||||
| -ǎ- | -i- | -o- | -ė- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -o- | ||||||||||||||
| sg. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -as | -is | -ys | -ias | -a | -ia | -ė | -is | -us | -ius | -uo | -as | -a | |||||||||
| Gen. | -o | -io | -os | -ios | -ės | -ies | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | -o | -os | ||||||||||
| Dat. | -ui | -iui | -ai | -iai | -ei | -iai | -iui | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | -am | -ai | |||||||||
| Acc. | -ą | -į | -ią | -ą | -ią | -ę | -į | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | -ą | -ą | |||||||||
| Ins. | -u | -iu | -a | -ia | -e | -imi | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | -u | -a | ||||||||||
| Loc. | -e | -yje | -oje | -ioje | -ėje | -yje | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | -ame | -oje | ||||||||||
| Voc. | -e¹ | -i | -y | -y² | -a | -ia | -e | -i.e. | -au | -iau | -en-i.e. | -er-ie | -as | -a | ||||||||
| pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -ai | -iai | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | -i | -os | ||||||||||
| Gen. | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ių | -ių | -ių³ | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | -ų | -ų | ||||||||||
| Dat. | -ams | -iams | -oms | -ioms | -ėms | -ims | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | -iems | -oms | ||||||||||
| Acc. | -us | -ius | -as | -ias | -es | -is | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | -us | -as | ||||||||||
| Ins. | -ais | -iais | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis | -imis | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | -ais | -omis | ||||||||||
| Loc. | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -iose | -ėse | -yse | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | -uose | -ose | ||||||||||
| Voc. | -ai | -iai | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | -i | -os | ||||||||||
Each Lithuanian consonant (except [j]) has two forms: palatalized and non-palatalized ([bʲ]-[b], [dʲ]-[d], [ɡʲ]-[ɡ] and so on). The consonants preceding vowels [i] and [e] are always moderately palatalized.
The letter i represents either the sound similar to i in the English lit or is a palatalization marker – softens the preceding consonant (ia = like e, iu = ü, io = ö; all samples where i is a softhening marker are ia (ią), iu (iū, ių), io). But i.e. is a diphthong
Diphthong
A diphthong , also known as a gliding vowel, refers to two adjacent vowel sounds occurring within the same syllable. Technically, a diphthong is a vowel with two different targets: That is, the tongue moves during the pronunciation of the vowel...
and there are no combinations ię and iė. Other diphthongs are: uo, ai, ei, oi (this one is used only in foreign words; in Lithuanian-derivation it is present when a word kojinė 'sock, stocking' is pronounced shorter as koinė), ui, au (palatalized iuo, iai, iui, iau; there is no iei combination because ei is already soft and same to iai; a combination i.e. is only a diphthong and in use is succeeded by a consonant).
Feminine nouns ending in -a, and masculine ending in -us has their palatal forms: -ia, -ius (the latter is declined in the first paradigm in its plural). The nominative singular ending -ias (sg. nom.; the first paradigm) alone is a palatal variant of -as, but -ias pattern, differently from -ia, -ius, are not palatalized counterpart for -as (unpalatalized equivalent in sg. nominative) and there is no palatalized counterpart for -as type. The -ias pattern is a type of -ys pattern, its words are declined like -ys words, except sg. nom. -ias and, for some of the words, vocative -iau. There are only a few words of -ias type.
There are two consonants in Lithuanian, d and t, which become respectively dž [dʒ] and č [tʃ] when precedes a palatalization marker i (so, this does not include the softer sounds: i, į, y, i.e., ė, e, ę) and they still have to be pronounced softer, like all other consonants preceding the palatalization marker. Examples: masc. sg. nom. svẽčias 'guest', fem. sg. nom. valdžià 'power (on somebody); government', m. sg. nom. skaĩčius 'number'; pavyzdỹs 'example', pãvyzdžio, pãvyzdžiui, pãvyzdį; kėdė̃ 'chair', kėdžių̃ etc.
- I-st declension. Ending in -as (nom. sg.): rýtas – morning, var̃das – name. Ending in -is: brólis – brother, aũkštis – height. Ending in -ys: pavyzdỹs – example, dagỹs – thistle. Ending in -ias: kẽlias – road, élnias – deer. A word mė́nuo – month, moon, or mė́nesis, which uo ending form is of the V-th declension type, belongs to the first paradigm: nom. sg. mėnuo / mėnesis, gen. sg. mė́nesio etc.
- II. Ending in -a: várna – crow, líepa – linden; July, gijà – thread, ply; palatalized: valià – will, galià – power, pradžià – beginning. Lithuanian vowel o [oː] derives from an older ā [aː]: nom. sg. mótina (mother) < *mātina < *mātinā, gen. sg. mótinos < *mātinās. Ending in -ė: prẽkė – commodity, item, ẽglė – spruce.
- III. Examples: pilìs f – castle, vagìs m – thief. There are many nouns of this paradigm which have -ų in pl. gen.: žąsìs f – žąsų̃ 'goose', naktìs f – naktų̃ 'night', debesìs m – debesų̃ 'cloud'. This declension is very similar to the fifth, except the singular nominative, genitive, instrumental and plural genitive for a part of nouns.
- IV. Ending in -us: sūnùs – son, alùs – beer, rytojus – tomorrow; palatalized: karalius – king, procesorius – processor. The plural forms of the palatalized variant are of the first declension, the same to -is, -ys, -ias.
- V. Nouns of this paradigm has a sg. nom. ending -uo and a suffix -en- in the other cases. Examples: vanduõ – water, akmuõ – stone. Words made with a suffix -m-: duomuõ 'a single item of a data' ← duoti 'to give', skaitmuõ 'digit' ← skaičiuoti 'to count, calculate'. There are two feminine nouns of the fifth declension, sesuõ – sister and duktė̃ – daughter, the second with an irregular ending. A word moteris – woman, having the same suffix as duktė and sesuo is declined in the third declension.
First Declension
-as, -is, -ys (masculine)| vaĩkas = child | brólis = brother | arklỹs = horse | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vaikas | vaikai | brolis | broliai | arklys | arkliai |
| Genitive | vaiko | vaikų | brolio | brolių | arklio | arklių |
| Dative | vaikui | vaikams | broliui | broliams | arkliui | arkliams |
| Accusative | vaiką | vaikus | brolį | brolius | arklį | arklius |
| Instrumental | vaiku | vaikais | broliu | broliais | arkliu | arkliais |
| Locative | vaike | vaikuose | brolyje | broliuose | arklyje | arkliuose |
| Vocative | vaike | vaikai | broli | broliai | arkly | arkliai |
Note that the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative]
Second Declension
-a, -ė, -ti (feminine)| mótina = mother | katė̃ = cat | patì = wife | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | motina | motinos | katė | katės | pati | pačios |
| Genitive | motinos | motinų | katės | kačių | pačios | pačių |
| Dative | motinai | motinoms | katei | katėms | pačiai | pačioms |
| Accusative | motiną | motinas | katę | kates | pačią | pačias |
| Instrumental | motina | motinomis | kate | katėmis | pačia | pačiomis |
| Locative | motinoje | motinose | katėje | katėse | pačioje | pačiose |
| Vocative | motina | motinos | kate | katės | pati (or pačia) | pačios |
A noun pati has the same form to a pronoun pati 'herself; myself (feminine); itself (for feminine nouns)'. There are only two nouns ending in -i: pati 'wife' and marti 'daughter-in-law'. Their declension is same to the second adjective feminine declension.
Third Declension
-is (masculine and feminine)| vagìs = thief (masculine) | akìs = eye (feminine) | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vagis | vagys | akis | akys |
| Genitive | vagies | vagių | akies | akių |
| Dative | vagiui | vagims | akiai | akims |
| Accusative | vagį | vagis | akį | akis |
| Instrumental | vagimi | vagimis | akimi | akimis |
| Locative | vagyje | vagyse | akyje | akyse |
| Vocative | vagi.e. | vagys | aki.e. | akys |
The only difference in masculine and feminine nouns of this declension is the dative singular forms.
Fourth Declension
-us, -ius (masculine)| sūnùs = son | ius = professor | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | sūnus | sūnūs | ius | iai |
| Genitive | sūnaus | sūnų | iaus | ių |
| Dative | sūnui | sūnums | iui | iams |
| Accusative | sūnų | sūnus | ių | ius |
| Instrumental | sūnumi | sūnumis | iumi | iais |
| Locative | sūnuje | sūnuose | iuje | iuose |
| Vocative | sūnau | sūnūs | iau | iai |
The palatalized variant of this declension has the forms of the first declension.
Fifth Declension
-uo (masculine)There are also two feminine nouns of the fifth declension: sesuo (sister) and duktė (daughter).
| vanduõ = water | sesuõ = sister | duktė̃ = daughter | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| singular | plural | singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vanduo | vandenys | sesuo | seserys | duktė | dukterys |
| Genitive | vandens | vandenų | sesers | seserų | dukters | dukterų |
| Dative | vandeniui | vandenims | seseriai | seserims | dukteriai | dukterims |
| Accusative | vandenį | vandenis | seserį | seseris | dukterį | dukteris |
| Instrumental | vandeniu | vandenimis | seserimi | seserimis | dukterimi | dukterimis |
| Locative | vandenyje | vandenyse | seseryje | seseryse | dukteryje | dukteryse |
| Vocative | vandenie | vandenys | seserie | seserys | dukterie | dukterys |
Adjectives
In Lithuanian language adjectives have three declensions determined by the singular and plural nominative case inflections. Adjectives are matched with nouns in terms of numbers, genders, and cases. Unlike nouns, which have two genders – masculine and feminine, adjectives have three (except -is, -ė adjectives), but the neuter adjectives (the third example in the table) have only one form, are not inflected.| Declension | Singular nom. inflection | Plural nom. inflection | Examples | ||
| Masculine | Feminine | Masculine | Feminine | ||
| I | -(i)as | -(i)a | -i | -(i)os | šáltas, šaltà, (šálta) – cold; šlápias, šlapià, (šlápia) – wet, soppy; |
| II | -us | -i | -ūs | -ios | gražùs, gražì, (gražù) – pretty, beautiful; malonùs, malonì, (malonù) – pleasant; |
| III | -is | -ė | -iai | -ės | varìnis, varìnė – copper; laukìnis, laukìnė – wild; |
| -is | -ė | -i | -ės | dìdelis, dìdelė – big; dešinỹs, dešinė̃ – right; kairỹs, kairė̃ – left. | |
Table of adjective declension endings
| Masculine adjectives of the III-rd paradigm are of two types, they differ in plural nominative and dative: varinis – copper, brazen, laukinis – wild have pl. nom. variniai, laukiniai and pl. dat. variniams, laukiniams; an example of the second type: didelis (big), dideli in pl. nom. and dideliems in pl. dat. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pronominal forms
| Pronominal, or definite, form of an adjective is formed by merging adjectives with third person personal pronouns: mažas 'small' + jis (is) 'he' = mažasis, maža + ji 'she' = mažoji. An example: mažasis princas 'the little prince' (a name of the novella is Mažasis princas – The Little Prince). And a normal form: mažas princas 'a little prince'. Several forms have not only a pronoun added, but have different respective to non-pronominal adjectives ending syllable – longer sound retained: feminine singular nominative -o-ji, masculine singular instrumental and plural accusative, respectively -uo-ju, -uos-ius (the respective forms of a pronoun jis are juo, juos) and one with ogonek, feminine singular instrumental: -ą-ja, -ią-ja; or has a sound -m- not doubled: masculine singular dative and locative, masculine plural dative, feminine plural dative and instrumental, for example -a-jam, -a-jame, -ies-iems, not non-existing -am-jam, -ame-jame, -iems-iems. | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Examples
| geras = good | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | |||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | geras | geri | gera | geros |
| Genitive | gero | gerų | geros | gerų |
| Dative | geram | geriems | gerai | geroms |
| Accusative | gerą | gerus | gerą | geras |
| Instrumental | geru | gerais | gera | geromis |
| Locative | gerame | geruose | geroje | gerose |
| gražus = beautiful | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | |||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | gražus | gražūs | graži | gražios |
| Genitive | gražaus | gražių | gražios | gražių |
| Dative | gražiam | gražiems | gražiai | gražioms |
| Accusative | gražų | gražius | gražią | gražias |
| Instrumental | gražiu | gražiais | gražia | gražiomis |
| Locative | gražiame | gražiuose | gražioje | gražiose |
| vidutinis = middle | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | |||
| singular | plural | singular | plural | |
| Nominative | vidutinis | vidutiniai | vidutinė | vidutinės |
| Genitive | vidutinio | vidutinių | vidutinės | vidutinių |
| Dative | vidutiniam | vidutiniams | vidutinei | vidutinėms |
| Accusative | vidutinį | vidutinius | vidutinę | vidutines |
| Instrumental | vidutiniu | vidutiniais | vidutine | vidutinėmis |
| Locative | vidutiniame | vidutiniuose | vidutinėje | vidutinėse |
Pronouns
Personal pronounPersonal pronoun
Personal pronouns are pronouns used as substitutes for proper or common nouns. All known languages contain personal pronouns.- English personal pronouns :English in common use today has seven personal pronouns:*first-person singular...
s aš (I), tu (you) jis (he, it), ji (she, it) and the reflexive pronoun
Reflexive pronoun
A reflexive pronoun is a pronoun that is preceded by the noun, adjective, adverb or pronoun to which it refers within the same clause. In generative grammar, a reflexive pronoun is an anaphor that must be bound by its antecedent...
savęs are declined as follows:
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Instrumental | Locative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Singular | 1st Person | aš | manęs | man | mane | manimi | manyje | |
| 2nd Person | tu | tavęs | tau | tave | tavimi | tavyje | ||
| 3rd Person | Masculine | jis | jo | jam | jį | juo | jame | |
| Feminine | ji | jos | jai | ją | ja | joje | ||
| Reflexive pronoun | – | savęs | sau | save | savimi | savyje | ||
| Plural | 1st Person | mes | mūsų | mums | mus | mumis | mumyse | |
| 2nd Person | jūs | jūsų | jums | jus | jumis | jumyse | ||
| 3rd Person | Masculine | jie | jų | jiems | juos | jais | juose | |
| Feminine | jos | jų | joms | jas | jomis | jose | ||
Note, that the table contains only the objective genitive of pronouns aš, tu, savęs. The possessive genitives of these words are mano, tavo and savo respectively. Compare jis manęs laukia – 'he waits for me' and mano draugas – 'my friend' ('friend ' is in masculine), but in jis mūsų laukia – 'he waits for us' and mūsų draugas – 'our friend' the both genitives coincide as in almost any word.
| Nominative | Genitive | Dative | Accusative | Instrumental | Locative | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dual | 1st Person | Masculine | mudu | mudviejų | mudviem | mudu | mudviem | mudviese |
| Feminine | mudvi | mudvi | ||||||
| 2nd Person | Masculine | judu | judviejų | judviem | judu | judviem | judviese | |
| Feminine | judvi | judvi | ||||||
| 3rd Person | Masculine | juodu or jiedu | jųdviejų | jiedviem | juodu | jiedviem | juodviese | |
| Feminine | jiedvi | jųdviejų | jodviem | jiedvi | jodviem | jiedviese | ||
Irregular declension
Duktė – daughter, and sesuo – sister, are the only two feminine words of the fifth declension, they have the suffix -er- in the other cases. One word, moteris – woman, female, is both of the fifth and the third declensions, because it has variant genitive singular, both variants of which (-s and -ies) are equally apt, and it has a gen. pl. -ų. Two more words, dieveris m (older) – brother-in-law, and obelis f – apple tree, are the same case as moteris. The word dieveris, -ies (-ers) m, having more close meaning to a proper one, possibly has the fifth-type-like masculine singular instrumental (dieveriu), which is taken from the first declension, while the words of the third declension have -imi (dantimi, vagimi), without a gender distinction. But -imi is normal as well for the masculine nouns of the fifth declension, for example – akmenimi / akmeniu.A word šuo – dog, differs from the other -uo words in that, that its stem is mixed with the suffix -uo and it consequently does not have the suffix -en- in the other cases (š-uo, akm-uo; šu-n-į, akm-en-į), its singular instrumental normal ending is of the third type (šunimi; that can be understood as a part of a meaning: more like an indefinite gender) and its accentuation paradigm is fourth, the sole case for the -uo words.
Mėnuo – month, moon, is of the first declension -is type, the only fifth type form is one of the two equal variants of singular nominative: mėnuo (other is mėnesis); genitive is mėnesio etc.
The word žmogus – man, human, historically had the nominative singular žmuo (compare Latin homō). Today žmogus is declined in the fourth paradigm in singular (žmogus, žmogaus etc.) and in the third -ė paradigm in plural (žmonės, žmonių etc.).
The words pats m, pati f – one/my/him/her/itself (also noun meanings: husband and wife) have also peculiarities. The ending -i (f., sg. nom.) is present only in two words: pati and marti – daughter-in-law. Pats (< patis) is of the third adjectival declensional type, but the singular nominative is different (-s < -is), plural nominative is -ys and the singular genitive -ies, like in nouns of the third declension. Its sg. gen. is also often said pačio.
The words of the third declension (-is, -ies) have either -ių or -ų in the genitive plural. The dative singular, similarly to the fifth declensional type, differs depending on the gender (-iai f, -iui m), the instrumental singular, differently from the fifth type, is the same for the both genders. One noun of the third type, petys, peties, has the sg. nom. ending with a long i: -ys. Some of the words having the suffix -uonis (there are few of such words) have parallel forms in the other declensions: palikuonis, -ies (common gender) and palikuonis, -io m, palikuonė, -ės f. Such change can happen after the change of an accent place: if the word is accented on the ending -is, then the change of declension (-is, -ies > -is, -io) does not occur in speech, and if the accent moves from the ending to the stem in singular nominative, then the change of declension sometimes occurs. For most of -uonis words, declining in the first declension is considered to be a mistake.
Shifts in declension
There are few words which are sometimes declined mistakenly in other declensions. But some of the shifts are not rare: a word pats besides sg. gen. paties is often said pačio and these two forms of sg. gen. are equal. Some words have parallel forms from other declensions with a little change in a meaning: dukra, dukros; sesė, sesės; palikuonis, -io, palikuonė, -ės. The forms sesė and dukra are more like unformal, than duktė, -ers and sesuo, -ers. For the word moteris the form motera were existent in dialects, but it is, differently from dukra, sesė cases, only a formal shift of declension without a meaning variation and such word would be perceived as a vernacularism and obsolete.The forms from the two more declensions sometimes occur in a speech for the masculine words of the fifth declension: of the third and of the first declensions. Similar case is with the masculine words of the third declension – they are sometimes declined in the first declension (because singular nominative is the same). Such a shift is a mistake of declension. For example a word akmuo, akmens can have the forms (third d.) (sg. nom., sg. gen.) akmenis, akmenies – more like older dialectal not used widely and a little likely to be heard in a speech – and (first d.) akmenis, akmenio; akmenys, akmenio; akmenas, akmeno – sometimes said by the speakers, who don't know the fifth declension well, for example, children. But these variants are possibly also present as dialectal forms. The other examples which are sometimes used by some, but not fit are: rudenio (rudens), šunio (šuns, šunies) etc. Examples of migrants from the third declension (-is, -ies) are, for example, dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Such use like akmenas, akmeno; dančio; šunio; rudenio; is a clear mistake and is not accepted. A case of petys, pečio instead of petys, peties is also a mistake, but petys is the only one -ys (instead of -is) form declined in the third declension and consequentely tends to be declined like all other -ys words (of the first declension).
For the word mėnuo / mėnesis the proper form is sg. gen. mėnesio etc. (sg. gen. mėnesies is known in dialects). The genitive of the word pats is paties, but it is also frequently said pačio. Some of the cases of the word pats are of the third adjectival declension, some – sg. nom. -s (< -is), sg. gen. -ies (also -io, like in respective adjectives) and pl. nom. -ys – of the third noun declension.
Some of the nouns occur in another declensional type only in one case. All these cases are more like dialectal and older. For example seseris can be said seseria in dialects, but the genitive remains sesers; (older) motė, moters, but also a migrant form: (older) motė, motės. The dialectal and older form sesuva (a type of sesuo), for example, can remain in the original paradigm with sg. gen. sesers or shift to the -a declension: sesuva, sesuvos.
Tables
In the tables below the words from the fifth and the third declensions are compared with the words from the other declensions. Table cells with the correct forms written are coloured (not white). In the right outside column the variant forms within the fifth and third declensions are given. They are older, dialectal and not used or used only in small areas. For example, among the variant forms of singular nominative sesuo within the fifth declension are archaic sesuoj, sesuon, sesuva. The first column is for the words of the fifth (-uo, -ens / -ers) declension and the second for the third (-is, -ies). These declensions are very similar. The words are given in the same column, when the forms are same. The column to the right from these, are for the forms of the first (-as, -is, -ys, -ias) and second (-a (-ia), -ė) declensions; one word, žmogus, is of the fourth in singular.The proper forms of the word mėnuo / mėnesis is not of the fifth-third declension and the same is with the word žmogus, which historically had the form žmuo. A word judesys – move, is included for comparison with mėnesis (they have the same suffix -es- and are declined in the same declension, except sg. nom. of mėnuo / mėnesis).
Dukra and sesė are variants of duktė, sesuo of a different declension and meaning – dukra and sesė are more like informal.
A word palikuonis has two forms of different declensions: one of the third (original) – palikuonis, and other shifted to the first declension – palikuonis, -io palikuonė, -ės. There are few of -uonis words and only several of them have forms other than the original declension, but in a speech some of them are also sometimes declined in the first declension, for example, geluonis, -ies c – sting, can be uderstood as geluonis, -io m.
For the -uo words (except mėnuo) and the -is words (like dantis) the shift to the other declensions would be a mistake. When the shift is from the fifth to the third declension it can be understood as minor variation, but the shift to the first declension would be a clear mistake (however, some of the cases are the same, and that is one of the reasons why the shift can occur). But in speech some of the speakers say, for example, rudenio instead of rudens (this can come on dialectal base), dantis, dančio instead of dantis, danties. Besides these cases, there are shifts, which occur commonly in a speech: pačio instead of paties, pečio instead of peties (the original variants are not used less). A word šuo can also be said šuva (one of dialectal variants).
The words rūgštìs f 3 (1) – acid, and rū̃gštis 2 – sourness; acidity, are two words of different declensions, their meanings are different, but related.
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
a-paradigm
The a-paradigm is used to decline:- nouns of the first declension
- adjectives of the first declension (masculine forms)
- adjectives of the third declension (masculine forms, palatalized sub-paradigm)
- all pronouns (masculine forms), except the pronoun pats – 'own, self'
- all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradigm) participles (masculine, - active participles have their specific nominatives)
- all ordinal numbers (masculine forms, adjective inflections)
- significant part of cardinal numbers (masculine, see the list below)
The a-paradigm is the most complex declension paradigm in Lithuanian. It has two different sub-paradigms, one of which is the main paradigm. The second sub-paradigm is called "palatalized", which means that the last consonant of the stem before the inflection is always palatalized. Note that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The a-paradigm is masculine.
Also note, that inflection of the a-paradigm is different for nouns, adjectives, and pronouns in some cases. However not every pronoun is declined, using the inflections from the pronoun column in the table below. Some pronouns as well as every numeral of the a-paradigm use the inflections from the adjective column.
The main sub-paradigm
- Tas - 'that', rudas - 'brown', namas - 'house'.
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronoun | adjective | noun | pronoun | adjective | noun | |
| Nominative | tas | rudas | namas | ti.e. | rudi | namai |
| Genitive | to | rudo | namo | tų | rudų | namų |
| Dative | tam | rudam | namui | tiems | rudiems | namams |
| Accusative | tą | rudą | namą | tuos | rudus | namus |
| Instrumental | tuo | rudu | namu | tais | rudais | namais |
| Locative | tame | rudame | name | tuose | ruduose | namuose |
| (Illative) | tan | rudan | naman | tuosna | ruduosna | namuosna |
| Vocative | name | (namai) | ||||
Other features:
- the -e ending for the vocative singular applies only to common nouns; proper nouns take the ending -ai. So, for example Jonas = John [nominative] and Jonai! = John! [vocative])
The palatalized sub-paradigm
- Šis - 'this', žalias - 'green', uosis - 'ash' (a tree).
| singular | plural | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronoun | adjective | noun | pronoun | adjective | noun | |
| Nominative | šis | žalias | uosis | ši.e. | žali | uosiai |
| Genitive | šio | žalio | uosio | šių | žalių | uosių |
| Dative | šiam | žaliam | uosiui | šiems | žaliems | uosiams |
| Accusative | šį | žalią | uosį | šiuos | žalius | uosius |
| Instrumental | šiuo | žaliu | uosiu | šiais | žaliais | uosiais |
| Locative | šiame | žaliame | uosyje | šiuose | žaliuose | uosiuose |
| (Illative) | šian | žalian | uosin | šiuosna | žaliuosna | uosiuosna |
| Vocative | uosi | (uosiai) | ||||
Other features:
- The inflection of noun for singular nominative can be -is, -ys or -ias, depending on word. Pronouns however always have the inflection -is, but adjectives never have -ys in this case.
- The inflection in singular accusative depends on the inflection in singular nominative. If the singular nominative ends with -ias, a word has -ią in singular accusative, otherwise it has the inflection -į.
- Significant part of adjectives, that end with -is in the singular nominative (adjectives of the third declension), have noun inflections in plural.
- The inflection in singular vocative follows the inflection of the singular nominative too:
nominative vocative -is -i -ys -y -ias -e or -iau
Pronouns
- Part of pronouns (kas - 'who, what', kažkas - 'somebody, something', tas - 'that', šitas - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (jis - 'he', šis - 'this', kuris- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
- Pronouns koks - 'what' (quality), kažkoks - 'somewhat', toks - 'such', šitoks - 'such'(demonstrative) , kitoks - 'different, other' have the inflection -s instead of the regular -is in the singular nominative.
- Pronoun kitas - 'another, other' is declined using adjectival inflections.
- There are few pronouns, that don't use the a-paradigm:
- Personal pronouns aš - 'I', tu - 'you, thou', mes - 'we', jūs - 'you' (plural), that formally are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
- Pronoun pats - 'own, self' uses the i-paradigm.
- Note, that pronouns kas - 'who, what' or kažkas - 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, do use the a-paradigm.
Numbers
- The a-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in masculine and with all collective numbers.
- The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in masculine.
- Cardinal numbers that use the adjectival a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in plural (as they're plural only) are:
- keturi - 'four'
- penki - 'five'
- šeši - 'six'
- septyni - 'seven'
- aštuoni - 'eight'
- devyni - 'nine'
- Cardinal numbers that use inflections of nouns of the a-paradigm both in singular and in plural are:
- šimtas - 'a hundred'
- tūkstantis - 'a thousand'
- milijonas - 'a million'
- milijardas - 'a billion'
- ...
- and other internationally accepted words for big numbers.
- Some cardinal numbers have their own specific paradigms:
- a number du - 'two' uses a paradigm of the dual number.
- a number trys - 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.
- a number dešimt - 'ten' is undeclinable (however it's a shortened word from dešimtis - 'ten', which is of the i-paradigm).
List of numbers, that don't use the a-paradigm
Here is a list of numerals that don't use the a-paradigm in the masculine. See the o-paradigm for feminine numbers.- du - 'two' (dual numberDual numberIn linear algebra, the dual numbers extend the real numbers by adjoining one new element ε with the property ε2 = 0 . The collection of dual numbers forms a particular two-dimensional commutative unital associative algebra over the real numbers. Every dual number has the form z = a + bε with a and...
, has a special paradigm) - trys - 'three' (the i-paradigm)
- vienuolika - '11'
- dvylika - '12'
- trylika - '13'
- keturiolika - '14'
- penkiolika - '15'
- šešiolika - '16'
- septyniolika - '17'
- aštuoniolika - '18'
- devyniolika - '19' (numbers 'vienuolika' - 'devyniolika' are singular words of the o-paradigm)
- dešimt - 'ten' (undeclinable, sometimes "dešimtis" as a word of the i-paradigm)
Nominatives of the active participles
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| short | long | short | long | |
| Present tense | -ąs | -antis | -ą | -antys |
| Present tense (palatalized) |
-iąs | -iantis | -ią | -iantys |
| Past tense | -ęs | -ę | ||
| Future tense | -siąs | -siantis | -sią | -siantys |
Notes:
- Short forms of the nominatives skip the active participle suffix -(i)ant-, e. g.
miegantis 'sleeping' (masculine singular, the long form) - miegąs (idem, the short form),
sakantys 'saying' (masculine plural, the long form) - saką (idem, the short form).
This is valid in the masculine nominative only. - The past tense doesn't have the long forms.
u-paradigm
The u-paradigm is used to decline:- nouns of the fourth declension
- adjectives of the second declension (their masculine forms)
The u-paradigm has two different sub-paradigms, the main and the palatalized. Note, that in this case the palatalization mark (the letter "i") is marked as a part of the inflection. The u-paradigm is masculine.
Inflections of the u-paradigm differ between nouns and adjectives in some cases.
The main sub-paradigm
- Drąsus - 'brave', sūnus - 'son'.
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjective | noun | adjective | noun | |
| Nominative | drąsus | sūnus | drąsūs | sūnūs |
| Genitive | drąsaus | sūnaus | drąsių | sūnų |
| Dative | drąsiam | sūnui | drąsiems | sūnums |
| Accusative | drąsų | sūnų | drąsius | sūnus |
| Instrumental | drąsiu | sūnumi | drąsiais | sūnumis |
| Locative | drąsiame | sūnuje | drąsiuose | sūnuose |
| (Illative) | drąsian | sūnun | drąsiuosna | sūnuosna |
| Vocative | sūnau | (sūnūs) | ||
The palatalized sub-paradigm
- Narsus - 'brave, hardy', karalius - 'king'.
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| adjective | noun | adjective | noun | |
| Nominative | narsus | karalius | narsūs | karaliai |
| Genitive | narsaus | karaliaus | narsių | karalių |
| Dative | narsiam | karaliui | narsiems | karaliams |
| Accusative | narsų | karalių | narsius | karalius |
| Instrumental | narsiu | karaliumi | narsiais | karaliais |
| Locative | narsiame | karaliuje | narsiuose | karaliuose |
| (Illative) | narsian | karaliun | narsiuosna | karaliuosna |
| Vocative | karaliau | (karaliai) | ||
Note that:
- The sub-paradigm for adjectives is fully identical with the main sub-paradigm and is mixed-type, with some inflections palatalized and others not.
- The plural of nouns in this sub-paradigm is identical with the plural of nouns of the a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm).
o-paradigm
The o-paradigm is used to decline:- part of nouns of the second declension (whose singular nominative ends with -a or -i)
- adjectives of the first declension (their feminine forms)
- adjectives of the second declension (their feminine forms, the palatalized sub-paradigm)
- all pronouns (their feminine forms)
- all passive (the main sub-paradigm) or active (the palatalized sub-paradgm) participles (feminine)
- all ordinal numbers (feminine forms, the main sub-paradigm)
- cardinal numbers from vienuolika - 'eleven', dvylika - 'twelve' to devyniolika - 'nineteen' (in singular!)
- (feminine) cardinal numbers, that are used in plural, except a number trys - 'three'.
The main sub-paradigm
- Ta - 'that', ruda - 'brown', meška - 'bear'.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ta ruda meška | tos rudos meškos |
| Genitive | tos rudos meškos | tų rudų meškų |
| Dative | tai rudai meškai | toms rudoms meškoms |
| Accusative | tą rudą mešką | tas rudas meškas |
| Instrumental | ta ruda meška | tomis rudomis meškomis |
| Locative | toje rudoje meškoje | tose rudose meškose |
| (Illative) | ton rudon meškon | tosna rudosna meškosna |
| Vocative | meška | (meškos) |
The palatalized sub-paradigm
- Ši - 'this', stipri - 'strong, potent' , galia - 'power'.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | ši stipri galia | šios stiprios galios |
| Genitive | šios stiprios galios | šių stiprių galių |
| Dative | šiai stipriai galiai | šioms stiprioms galioms |
| Accusative | šią stiprią galią | šias stiprias galias |
| Instrumental | šia stipria galia | šiomis stipriomis galiomis |
| Locative | šioje stiprioje galioje | šiose stipriose galiose |
| (Illative) | šion stiprion galion | šiosna stipriosna galiosna |
| Vocative | galia | (galios) |
Other features:
- Words of the palatalized sub-paradigm may have -i or -ia in the singular nominative. This doesn't affect other inflections.
- Adjectives of the first declension have -ia, but adjectives of the second declension have -i in the singular nominative.
Pronouns
- Part of pronouns (ta - 'that', šita - 'this' etc.) use the main sub-paradigm, but others (ji - 'he', ši - 'this', kuri- 'which' etc.) the palatalized.
- There are few pronouns, that don't use the o-paradigm:
- Personal pronouns aš - 'I', tu - 'you, thou', mes - 'we', jūs - 'you' (plural), that are of the indefinite gender, each has its own specific paradigm.
- Pronouns kas - 'who, what' or kažkas - 'somebody, something', that have the indefinite gender only, use the a-paradigm.
Numbers
- The i-paradigm (the main sub-paradigm) is used with all ordinal numbers in feminine.
- The a-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) is used with all numbers-for-plural-only in feminine.
- Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine plural (as they're plural only) are:
- keturios - 'four'
- penkios - 'five'
- šešios - 'six'
- septynios - 'seven'
- aštuonios - 'eight'
- devynios - 'nine'
- Cardinal numbers, that use the o-paradigm (the palatalized sub-paradigm) in feminine singular are:
- vienuolika - '11'
- dvylika - '12'
- trylika - '13'
- keturiolika - '14'
- penkiolika - '15'
- šešiolika - '16'
- septyniolika - '17'
- aštuoniolika - '18'
- devyniolika - '19'
-
- Numbers vienuolika to devyniolika have the inflexion -a instead of -ą in the (singular) accusative.
- Some cardinal numbers have their specific paradigms:
- a number dvi - 'two' (feminine) uses a paradigm of the dual number.
- a number trys - 'three' uses a specific paradigm, similar to the i-paradigm.
ė-paradigm
The ė-paradigm is used to decline:- part of nouns of the second declension (that end with -ė in the singular nominative)
- adjectives of the third declension (their feminine forms)
The words in the table:
- Didelė - 'big', upė - 'river'.
| singular | plural | |
|---|---|---|
| Nominative | didelė upė | didelės upės |
| Genitive | didelės upės | didelių upių |
| Dative | didelei upei | didelėms upėms |
| Accusative | didelę upę | dideles upes |
| Instrumental | didele upe | didelėmis upėmis |
| Locative | didelėje upėje | didelėse upėse |
| (Illative) | didelėn upėn | didelėsna upėsna |
| Vocative | upe | (upės) |
Note, that the inflection of the plural genitive is palatalized (-ių).
i-paradigm
The i-paradigm is used to decline:- nouns of the third declension, which are mostly feminine (dantis - 'tooth', debesis - 'cloud', vagis - thief and few nouns that end with -uonis in the singular nominative are masculine exceptions)
- nouns of the fifth declension, which are mostly masculine (duktė - 'daughter', sesuo - 'sister' are feminine exceptions)
- pronoun pats - 'own, self' (masculine form)
- number trys - 'three' (has the plural only)
All these words use the unsuffixed sub-paradigm, except the nouns of the first declension, which apply the suffixed sub-paradigm
Unsuffixed sub-paradigm
The words in the table:- pilis - 'castle', vagis - 'thief'.
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| feminine | masculine | feminine | masculine | |
| Nominative | pilis | vagis | pilys | vagys |
| Genitive | pilies | vagies | pilių | vagių |
| Dative | piliai | vagiui | pilims | vagims |
| Accusative | pilį | vagį | pilis | vagis |
| Instrumental | pilimi | vagimi | pilimis | vagimis |
| Locative | pilyje | vagyje | pilyse | vagyse |
| (Illative) | pilin | vagin | pilysna | vagysna |
| Vocative | pili.e. | vagie | (pilys) | (vagys) |
Other features:
- Many words have -ų instead of -ių in the plural genitive, for example, žąsis - žąsų 'goose', naktis-naktų 'night', debesis - debesų 'cloud'.
Irregularities:
- Words pats - 'own, self' and trys - 'three' are declined as following:
| singular | plural | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| pronoun | number | pronoun | |
| Nominative | pats | trys | patys |
| Genitive | paties | trijų | pačių |
| Dative | pačiam | trims | patiems |
| Accusative | patį | tris | pačius |
| Instrumental | pačiu | trimis | pačiais |
| Locative | pačiame | m. trijuose / f. trijose | pačiuose |
| (Illative) | pačian | m. trijuosna / f. trijosna | pačiuosna |
Note, that the word pats is declined only in masculine in this table. Its feminine form pati is declined with the o-paradigm regularly.
Suffixed sub-paradigm
The words in the table:- akmuo - 'stone', sesuo - 'sister'.
| singular | plural | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| masculine | feminine | masculine | feminine | |
| Nominative | akmuo | sesuo | akmenys | seserys |
| Genitive | akmens | sesers | akmenų | seserų |
| Dative | akmeniui | seseriai | akmenims | seserims |
| Accusative | akmenį | seserį | akmenis | seseris |
| Instrumental | akmeniu | seserimi | akmenimis | seserimis |
| Locative | akmenyje | seseryje | akmenyse | seseryse |
| (Illative) | akmenin | seserin | akmenysna | seserysna |
| Vocative | akmeni.e. | seserie | (akmenys) | (seserys) |
Other features:
- Other cases than the singular nominative always have a suffix, -en- for masculine words and -er- for feminine words. There are only two feminine words, using the suffixed sub-paradigm, duktė - 'daughter' and sesuo - 'sister'.
Irregularities:
- A word duktė - 'daughter' has the inflexion -ė instead of -uo in singular nominative.
- A word šuo - 'dog' has a suffix -un- instead of -en-. The rootRoot (linguistics)The root word is the primary lexical unit of a word, and of a word family , which carries the most significant aspects of semantic content and cannot be reduced into smaller constituents....
of this word formally is a single š-, but historically it was šu-, that subsequently amalgamated with the suffix, and the further cases are šuns, šuniui, šunį and so on.
Other:
- A word sesuo - 'sister' has a synonim sesė, that's used in vocative ('sese!') more often, than the first ('seserie!'). The synonym sesė is of the ė-paradigm.
Dual number
The dual number has its specific inflections, that are similar with plural inflections with some specific differencies:- Nominative, accusative or vocative: masculine words end with -(i)u, feminine with -i
- Genitive and locatives are the same as in the plural.
- Dative has the inflection of the plural dative, but without the final -s, so -(i)ams, -iems, -(i)oms, -ėms, -ims in the plural give -(i)am, -iem, -(i)om, -ėm, -im in the dual respectively
- Instrumental has the same inflections as the dual dative, but they are pronounced in different intonation.
Other features:
- It depends on the paradigm, whether -(i) in the brackets is used or not. The masculine i-paradigm always has -iu as the nominative inflection.
Irregularities:
- A word du - 'two' has three modifications of the stem, d- (in nominative and accusative), dv- (in dative and instrumental) and dviej- (in genitive and locatives)
- Words mudu - 'we (both)', judu - 'you (both)', juodu - 'they (both)' (masculine), jiedvi - 'they (both)' (feminine), as well as šiuodu - 'these (both)', tuodu - 'that (both)', abudu - 'both' and their feminine counterparts have a specific paradigm, based on declension of a word du - 'two' (see an example in the paragraph about pronouns).
Shortened inflections
Inflections, that have two or more syllables, are often shortened in Lithuanian, eliding the final short vowel. Shortened inflections are especially used in the spoken language, while in the written language full inflections are preferred. The elision occur in:- Singular locative. Inflections -ame, -yje, -oje, -ėje may be shortened to -am, -y(j), -oj, -ėj. Note, that a one-syllable inflection -e of the a-paradigm isn't a subject of the rule.
- Plural instrumental. Feminine inflections -omis, -ėmis, -imis may be shortened to -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number.
- Plural dative has one-syllable inflections, but sometimes they are shortened, skipping the final -s, to -am, -iem, -om, -ėm, -im. These inflections coincide with respective inflections of the dual number too.
- Plural locative. A masculine inflections -uose may be shortened to -uos. What however doesn't pertain to inflections -yse, -ose, -ėse, whose shortened variants would coincide with inflections of other cases.
Also there's just one occasion, when the whole one-syllable inflection may be skipped. This may be done with feminine active participles of the past tense (or of the past iterative tense) in the singular nominative. So a word dariusi - 'who was making, who has made' can be said as darius. Note, that this shortened form coincides with the sub-participle of the past tense.
Noun declension inter-linguistic comparison
The declension of Lithuanian nouns of the different declensional patterns are given compared with LatinLatin declension
Latin is an inflected language, and as such has nouns, pronouns, and adjectives that must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension. There are five declensions, which are numbered and grouped by ending and...
, Latvian
Latvian declension
Latvian declension describes the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals in the Latvian language. There is a system of seven cases in Latvian.-Nouns:...
(in a separate section), Old Prussian
Old Prussian language
Prussian is an extinct Baltic language, once spoken by the inhabitants of the original territory of Prussia in an area of what later became East Prussia and eastern parts of...
, Gothic
Gothic declension
Gothic is an inflected language, and as such its nouns, pronouns, and adjectives must be declined in order to serve a grammatical function. A set of declined forms of the same word pattern is called a declension...
,
Ancient Greek
Ancient Greek grammar
Ancient Greek grammar is morphologically complex and preserves several features of Proto-Indo-European morphology. Nouns, adjectives, pronouns, articles, numerals and especially verbs are all highly inflected. This article is an introduction to this morphological complexity.-Diacritics:The...
and Russian
Russian grammar
Russian grammar encompasses:* a highly synthetic morphology* a syntax that, for the literary language, is the conscious fusion of three elements:** a Church Slavonic inheritance;...
. Since Old Prussian language has left a limited literature with not all the cases of all the stems employed, the Prussian samples are not full in the tables (the cases which existed are most probably already reconstructed from various data by linguists). At the same time there were fewer cases in Prussian than in modern common Lithuanian and mixing the declension patterns was more common, what could develop in a context of a slow decline in the use of Old Prussian, as the Prussians adopted the languages of the others, particularly German. Lithuanian declension varied in dialects.
|
|
|
The first declension. Sg. nom. ends in -as, sg. acc. – in -ą. Latin words of this stem ends in -us in sg. nom., and -um in sg. acc. When these Latin endings succeeded a labial sound, their vowel was ŏ: equos – horse, equom; servos – slave, serf, servom. Sg. nom. in Prussian and Gothic is shortened: tavs, dags. Such shortening is present in western and northern Lithuanian dialects: tėvas, -o – father, and tėvs, -o; dagas, -o – heat of the sun (from degti – to burn), and dags, -o. In Prussian there existed only a shortened form, and it developed one step further in a part of the nouns: kaimis / kaimⁱs – village < kaims < kaimas (Lith. kaimas – village, kiemas – yard). There are no neuter nouns in Lithuanian and Latvian languages, differently from the other given here: Lith. butas – flat, living place, Prus. butan – the same meaning, Lat. aedificium – building. Lithuanian instrumental -u derives from an older -uo, what is seen, for example, in pronominal (definite) adjective forms, pronouns: gerù (nom. sg. gẽras – good) and gerúo-ju (nom. sg. geràsis – that good one), juõ (nom. sg. jis / is – he). Lithuanian diphthong uo corresponds to Latin ō. For dat. sg., an ending -uo is also known in dialects. Lithuanian acc. sg. and gen. pl. are written in the letters with an ogonek: ą and ų. An ogonek indicates that the sound is long. Historically these sounds were nasal: vilką < vilkan, vilkų < vilkun. The form with a sound -n is used in some places in north-west Samogitia
Samogitia
Samogitia is one of the five ethnographic regions of Lithuania. It is located in northwestern Lithuania. Its largest city is Šiauliai/Šiaulē. The region has a long and distinct cultural history, reflected in the existence of the Samogitian dialect...
today. Latin pl. dat.-abl. -īs corresponds to Ancient Greek pl. dat. -ois and Lithuanian pl. instr. -ais. Lithuanian sg. gen. corresponds to Slavic, for example, Russian: vilko (also dial. vilkā) and Russian волка. Prussian sg. loc. was probably -ai, -ei: bītai (adverb) – in the evening, kvei – where; compare Lith. namiẽ – at home (namè – in the house).
The second declension. Lithuanian and Prussian o denotes a long ō. Narrowed more, it becomes ū. When more open, it is ā; ā was used in Catechisms in Prussian, o – in Elbing vocabulary. The ą, ę correspond to ų, į in dialects of eastern Lithuania and acc. sg. is kalbų (kalbą), gėlį (gėlę) in these dialects. The case of -ų corresponds to Latvian and Slavic languages: nom. sg. liepa (Lith.) – linden, liepa (Latv.), липа / lipa (Rus.) and acc. sg. liepą and liepų (Lith.), liepu (Latv.), липу / lipu (Rus.).
|
|
Fifth declension. Among variant declensional forms are known: sg. dat. -i, -i.e.: akmeni, akmenie, seseri, seserie. Sg. gen. akmenes, pl. nom. akmenes, akmens. In a case of Old Prussian emen – name, e is dropped in other than sg. nom. cases (sg. acc. emnin instead of emenin). A drop can similarly occur in other languages, for example: Lith. vanduo – water, sg. gen. variants: vandens, vandenies, vandinies, vandenio, vandinio, vandnio. Gothic wato n – water: pl. forms, for example, nom.-acc. watna.
|
|
|
The third declension.
|
|
|
The fourth declension. Prussian sg. nom. -us is known from Elbing vocabulary, it was shortened to -s in Catechisms. Sg. gen. -us is an innovative form, known from Catechisms, the older form was -aus. A word сынъ is given in Old Slavonic cases.
The second declension, -ė type. Prussian -ē stems became -i in an unaccented position.
Lithuanian and Latvian
Lithuanian declensional endings are given compared with LatvianLatvian declension
Latvian declension describes the declension of nouns, adjectives, pronouns and numerals in the Latvian language. There is a system of seven cases in Latvian.-Nouns:...
declensional endings in the table below.
| first declension | second declension | third d. | fourth d. | fifth d. | adjectives | |||||||||||||||||
| masculine | feminine | f | m | m | m | f | m | f | ||||||||||||||
| -ǎ- | -i- | -o- | -ė- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -o- | ||||||||||||||
| sg. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -as | -is | -ys | -ias | -a | -ia | -ė | -is | -us | -ius | -uo | -as | -a | |||||||||
| Gen. | -o | -io | -os | -ios | -ės | -ies | -aus | -iaus | -en-s | -er-s | -o | -os | ||||||||||
| Dat. | -ui | -iui | -ai | -iai | -ei | -iai | -iui | -ui | -iui | -en-iui | -er-iai | -am | -ai | |||||||||
| Acc. | -ą | -į | -ią | -ą | -ią | -ę | -į | -ų | -ių | -en-į | -er-į | -ą | -ą | |||||||||
| Ins. | -u | -iu | -a | -ia | -e | -imi | -umi | -iumi | -en-iu | -er-imi | -u | -a | ||||||||||
| Loc. | -e | -yje | -oje | -ioje | -ėje | -yje | -uje | -iuje | -en-yje | -er-yje | -ame | -oje | ||||||||||
| Voc. | -e | -i | -y | -a | -ia | -e | -i.e. | -au | -iau | -en-i.e. | -er-ie | -as | -a | |||||||||
| pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -ai | -iai | -os | -ios | -ės | -ys | -ūs | -iai | -en-ys | -er-ys | -i | -os | ||||||||||
| Gen. | -ų | -ių | -ų | -ių | -ių | -ių | -ų | -ių | -en-ų | -er-ų | -ų | -ų | ||||||||||
| Dat. | -ams | -iams | -oms | -ioms | -ėms | -ims | -ums | -iams | -en-ims | -er-ims | -iems | -oms | ||||||||||
| Acc. | -us | -ius | -as | -ias | -es | -is | -us | -ius | -en-is | -er-is | -us | -as | ||||||||||
| Ins. | -ais | -iais | -omis | -iomis | -ėmis | -imis | -umis | -iais | -en-imis | -er-imis | -ais | -omis | ||||||||||
| Loc. | -uose | -iuose | -ose | -iose | -ėse | -yse | -uose | -iuose | -en-yse | -er-yse | -uose | -ose | ||||||||||
| Latvian: | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| I (m) | II (m) | IV (f) | V (f) | VI (f) | III (m) | II (m) | m | f | ||||||||||||||
| -ǎ- | -i- | -ā- | -ē- | -i- | -u- | -i- | -ǎ- | -ā- | ||||||||||||||
| sg. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -s, -š | -is | -a | -e | -s | -us | -en-s | -s, -š | -a | |||||||||||||
| Gen. | -a | -a* | -as | -es | -s | -us | -en-s | -a | -as | |||||||||||||
| Dat. | -am | -im | -ai | -ei | -ij | -um | -en-im | -am | -ai | |||||||||||||
| Acc. | -u | -i | -u | -i | -i | -u | -en-i | -u | -u | |||||||||||||
| Ins. | -u | -i | -u | -i | -i | -u | -en-i | -u | -u | |||||||||||||
| Loc. | -ā | -ī | -ā | -ē | -ī | -ū | -en-ī | -ā | -ā | |||||||||||||
| pl. | ||||||||||||||||||||||
| Nom. | -i | -i* | -as | -es | -is | -i | -eņ-i* | -i | -as | |||||||||||||
| Gen. | -u | -u* | -u | -u* | -u | -u | -eņ-u* | -u | -u | |||||||||||||
| Dat. | -iem | -iem* | -ām | -ēm | -īm | -iem | -eņ-iem* | -iem | -ām | |||||||||||||
| Acc. | -us | -us* | -as | -es | -is | -us | -eņ-us* | -us | -as | |||||||||||||
| Dat. | -iem | -iem* | -ām | -ēm | -īm | -iem | -eņ-iem* | -iem | -ām | |||||||||||||
| Loc. | -os | -os* | -ās | -ēs | -īs | -os | -eņ-os* | -os | -ās | |||||||||||||