Manchurian Elm
Encyclopedia
Ulmus laciniata Mayr, known variously as the Manchurian, Cut-leaf, or Lobed Elm, is a deciduous
tree native to the humid ravine forests of Japan, Korea, northern China, eastern Siberia
and Sakhalin
, growing alongside Cerciphyllum japonicum, Aesculus turbinata, and Pterocarya rhoifolia
, at elevations between 700 m and 2200 m, though sometimes lower in more northern latitudes, notably in Hokkaido
, eastern Siberia
and Sakhalin
.
The tree is similar to the Wych Elm
Ulmus glabra, and was originally treated as such by Houtzagers
and Augustine Henry
, but later accorded species status of its own largely by reason of the enormous disjunction in their respective areas; U. glabra extending across Europe as far as the Urals, several thousand kilometres from U. laciniata in the Far East
.
. The bark is dark, grey brown and exfoliates in flakes. The branchlets are unwinged. The laciniate leaves are usually obtriangular
, < 18 cm in length. The perfect wind-pollinated apetalous flowers are produced on second-year shoots in April (March in England), followed by elliptic < 20 mm × 14 mm samarae
in May .
Natural populations of U. laciniata have only a marginal resistance to Dutch elm disease
, rated 2 out of 5, below that of the Japanese Elm . Moreover, in trials in Italy and the USA http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm, U. laciniata was severely damaged by elm leaf beetles Xanthogaleruca luteola
, indeed in Italy chemical controls were necessary to ensure the tree's survival, unlike its compatriots U. parvifolia
and U. davidiana var. japonica which survived unscathed. The species is also susceptible to Elm Yellows
..
, arboretum, obtained from the Leon Chenaulthttp://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/botanists?id=178614 nursery in Orléans
, was killed by the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease prevalent in the 1930s. The tree was comprehensively evaluated in the Netherlands in the 1950s as a potential source of anti-fungal genes for use in the Dutch elm hybridization programme, but was found intolerant of all but the most sheltered and humid conditions .
Trees planted at the Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
(sole accession died 2007) and as part of Butterfly Conservation
's elm trials at Great Fontley Farm, Fareham
, England, have confirmed the Dutch assessment .
Trees grown from seed commence flowering in their eighth year. The Dutch elm breeding programme revealed that the tree has a relatively high degree (39 % seed viability) of self-fertility . The species is very difficult to propagate from hardwood cuttings, even under mist, often rooting but failing to develop foliage.
There are no known cultivar
s of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the USA.
- the Nikko Elm.
(Heybroek, 1993), crossing the species with hybrids of U. wallichiana and U. minor to produce Clone no. 560, which in turn was crossed with Clone 720 (itself a complex cross involving U. glabra, U. minor, U. wallichiana, and U. pumila) to produce Clone 1234. None of these clones has been commercially released.
Europe
Deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
tree native to the humid ravine forests of Japan, Korea, northern China, eastern Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
and Sakhalin
Sakhalin
Sakhalin or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast...
, growing alongside Cerciphyllum japonicum, Aesculus turbinata, and Pterocarya rhoifolia
Pterocarya rhoifolia
Pterocarya rhoifolia is a species of tree in the Juglandaceae family that grows in moist areas along riverbanks and mountain streams in Laoshan District, China. It grows to tall, flowering from May-July....
, at elevations between 700 m and 2200 m, though sometimes lower in more northern latitudes, notably in Hokkaido
Hokkaido
, formerly known as Ezo, Yezo, Yeso, or Yesso, is Japan's second largest island; it is also the largest and northernmost of Japan's 47 prefectural-level subdivisions. The Tsugaru Strait separates Hokkaido from Honshu, although the two islands are connected by the underwater railway Seikan Tunnel...
, eastern Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
and Sakhalin
Sakhalin
Sakhalin or Saghalien, is a large island in the North Pacific, lying between 45°50' and 54°24' N.It is part of Russia, and is Russia's largest island, and is administered as part of Sakhalin Oblast...
.
The tree is similar to the Wych Elm
Wych Elm
Ulmus glabra, the Wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle south to the mountains of the Peloponnese in Greece; it is also found in Iran...
Ulmus glabra, and was originally treated as such by Houtzagers
Gysbertus Houtzagers
Gysbertus Houtzagers was a Dutch botanist employed as Professor of Sylviculture at the De Dorschkamp Research Institute :nl:Dorschkamp and best known for his work on the taxonomy of Poplar, the subject of his PhD.- Works :...
and Augustine Henry
Augustine Henry
Augustine Henry was an Irish plantsman and sinologist. He is best known for sending over 15,000 dry specimens and seeds and 500 plant samples to Kew Gardens in the United Kingdom. By 1930, he was a recognised authority and was honoured with society membership in Belgium, Czechoslovakia, Finland,...
, but later accorded species status of its own largely by reason of the enormous disjunction in their respective areas; U. glabra extending across Europe as far as the Urals, several thousand kilometres from U. laciniata in the Far East
Far East
The Far East is an English term mostly describing East Asia and Southeast Asia, with South Asia sometimes also included for economic and cultural reasons.The term came into use in European geopolitical discourse in the 19th century,...
.
Description
Ulmus laciniata is chiefly distinguished by its leaves, often regularly incised to form between three and seven apical lobes, giving rise to its common synonym, the Cut-leaf Elm http://www.asianflora.com/Ulmaceae/Ulmus-laciniata.htm. The tree can reach a height of 27 m, although the trunk rarely exceeds 0.5 m d.b.hDiameter at breast height
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements....
. The bark is dark, grey brown and exfoliates in flakes. The branchlets are unwinged. The laciniate leaves are usually obtriangular
Leaf shape
In botany, leaf shape is characterised with the following terms :* Acicular : Slender and pointed, needle-like* Acuminate : Tapering to a long point...
, < 18 cm in length. The perfect wind-pollinated apetalous flowers are produced on second-year shoots in April (March in England), followed by elliptic < 20 mm × 14 mm samarae
Samara (fruit)
A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A samara is a simple dry fruit and indehiscent . It is a winged achene...
in May .
Pests and diseases
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease is a disease caused by a member of the sac fungi category, affecting elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native...
, rated 2 out of 5, below that of the Japanese Elm . Moreover, in trials in Italy and the USA http://www.sunshinenursery.com/survey.htm, U. laciniata was severely damaged by elm leaf beetles Xanthogaleruca luteola
Xanthogaleruca luteola
Xanthogaleruca luteola, commonly known as the Elm Leaf Beetle, is a serious pest of the elm. Indigenous to Europe, it was accidentally introduced to North America. Both the imagines and larvae feed on the emergent leaves of the elm...
, indeed in Italy chemical controls were necessary to ensure the tree's survival, unlike its compatriots U. parvifolia
Ulmus parvifolia
Ulmus parvifolia, commonly known as the Chinese Elm or Lacebark Elm, is a species native to China, Japan, North Korea and Vietnam...
and U. davidiana var. japonica which survived unscathed. The species is also susceptible to Elm Yellows
Elm Yellows
Elm Yellows is a plant disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts. Elm Yellows, also known as Elm Phloem Necrosis, is very aggressive, with no known cure. Elm Yellows occurs in the Eastern United States and southern Ontario in Canada. It is caused by phytoplasmas which...
..
Cultivation
The species was introduced to the West in 1905, but remains uncommon in cultivation. A specimen at the Ryston Hall, NorfolkNorfolk
Norfolk is a low-lying county in the East of England. It has borders with Lincolnshire to the west, Cambridgeshire to the west and southwest and Suffolk to the south. Its northern and eastern boundaries are the North Sea coast and to the north-west the county is bordered by The Wash. The county...
, arboretum, obtained from the Leon Chenaulthttp://asaweb.huh.harvard.edu:8080/databases/botanists?id=178614 nursery in Orléans
Orléans
-Prehistory and Roman:Cenabum was a Gallic stronghold, one of the principal towns of the Carnutes tribe where the Druids held their annual assembly. It was conquered and destroyed by Julius Caesar in 52 BC, then rebuilt under the Roman Empire...
, was killed by the earlier strain of Dutch elm disease prevalent in the 1930s. The tree was comprehensively evaluated in the Netherlands in the 1950s as a potential source of anti-fungal genes for use in the Dutch elm hybridization programme, but was found intolerant of all but the most sheltered and humid conditions .
Trees planted at the Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
Sir Harold Hillier Gardens
The Sir Harold Hillier Gardens is an arboretum comprising 72 hectares accommodating over 42,000 trees and shrubs in about 12,000 taxa, notably a collection of oaks, camellia, magnolia and rhododendron....
(sole accession died 2007) and as part of Butterfly Conservation
Butterfly Conservation
Butterfly Conservation is an insect conservation organisation in the United Kingdom. It is one of the largest insect conservation organisations in the world.-History of the Organisation:...
's elm trials at Great Fontley Farm, Fareham
Fareham
The market town of Fareham lies in the south east of Hampshire, England, between the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth, roughly in the centre of the South Hampshire conurbation.It gives its name to the borough comprising the town and the surrounding area...
, England, have confirmed the Dutch assessment .
Trees grown from seed commence flowering in their eighth year. The Dutch elm breeding programme revealed that the tree has a relatively high degree (39 % seed viability) of self-fertility . The species is very difficult to propagate from hardwood cuttings, even under mist, often rooting but failing to develop foliage.
There are no known cultivar
Cultivar
A cultivar'Cultivar has two meanings as explained under Formal definition. When used in reference to a taxon, the word does not apply to an individual plant but to all those plants sharing the unique characteristics that define the cultivar. is a plant or group of plants selected for desirable...
s of this taxon, nor is it known to be in commerce beyond the USA.
Subspecies & varieties
A variety was recognized by Rehder: Ulmus laciniata var. nikkoensisUlmus laciniata var. nikkoensis
The Manchurian or Laciniate Elm Ulmus laciniata variety nikkoensis Rehder, commonly known as the Nikko Elm, was discovered as a seedling near Lake Chuzenji, near Nikkō, Japan, and obtained by the Arnold Arboretum in 1905. The taxonomy of the tree remains a matter of contention, and has been...
- the Nikko Elm.
Hybrid cultivars
Several hybrid cultivars were raised as part of the Dutch elm breeding programme at WageningenWageningen
' is a municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is famous for Wageningen University, which specializes in life sciences. The city has 37,414 inhabitants , of which many thousands are students...
(Heybroek, 1993), crossing the species with hybrids of U. wallichiana and U. minor to produce Clone no. 560, which in turn was crossed with Clone 720 (itself a complex cross involving U. glabra, U. minor, U. wallichiana, and U. pumila) to produce Clone 1234. None of these clones has been commercially released.
Accessions
North America- Arnold Arboretum. Acc. no. 17909 wild collected, 250-2001 wild collected in Korea.
- Denver Botanic GardensDenver Botanic GardensThe Denver Botanic Gardens is a public botanical garden located in Denver, Colorado in the Cheesman Park neighborhood. The park contains a conservatory, a variety of theme gardens and a sunken amphitheater, which hosts various concerts in the summer...
. Neither acc. no. nor origin disclosed. - Morton ArboretumMorton ArboretumThe Morton Arboretum, in Lisle, Illinois, covers 1,700 acres and is made up of gardens of various plant types and collections of trees from specific taxonomical and geographical areas. It includes native woodlands and a restored Illinois prairie. The Arboretum has over 4,100 different species of...
. Acc. no. 50-95 wild collected, Liaoning Province, China. - U S National ArboretumUnited States National ArboretumThe United States National Arboretum is an arboretum in Washington, D.C., operated by the United States Department of Agriculture's Agricultural Research Service as a division of the Henry A. Wallace Beltsville Agricultural Research Center...
http://www.usna.usda.gov/index.htm, Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C.Washington, D.C., formally the District of Columbia and commonly referred to as Washington, "the District", or simply D.C., is the capital of the United States. On July 16, 1790, the United States Congress approved the creation of a permanent national capital as permitted by the U.S. Constitution....
, USA. Acc. nos.76252, 68989.
Europe
- Grange Farm ArboretumGrange Farm ArboretumThe Grange Farm Arboretum is a small private arboretum comprising 3 hectares accommodating over 800 trees, mostly native and ornamental species or cultivars, notably oaks, ashes, walnuts and elms, growing on a calcareous loam....
, Sutton St JamesSutton St JamesSutton St James is a village and civil parish in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England, about south west of Long Sutton.Lying in the Lincolnshire Fens, Sutton St James did not exist at the time of Domesday Book of 1086...
, Spalding, LincolnshireSpalding, LincolnshireSpalding is a market town with a population of 30,000 on the River Welland in the South Holland district of Lincolnshire, England. Little London is a hamlet directly south of Spalding on the B1172 road....
, UK. Grafted tree, acc. no. 701. - Great Fontley Farm, FarehamFarehamThe market town of Fareham lies in the south east of Hampshire, England, between the cities of Southampton and Portsmouth, roughly in the centre of the South Hampshire conurbation.It gives its name to the borough comprising the town and the surrounding area...
, UK, Butterfly ConservationButterfly ConservationButterfly Conservation is an insect conservation organisation in the United Kingdom. It is one of the largest insect conservation organisations in the world.-History of the Organisation:...
Elm Trials plantation, Platts M 10, (from seed collected Hokkaido University campus, Sapporo, Japan). - Hortus Botanicus Nationalis, SalaspilsSalaspilsSalaspils is a town in Latvia, the administrative centre of Salaspils municipality. The town is situated on the northern bank of the Daugava River 18 kilometers to the south-east of the city of Riga.-History:...
, LatviaLatviaLatvia , officially the Republic of Latvia , is a country in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by Estonia , to the south by Lithuania , to the east by the Russian Federation , to the southeast by Belarus and shares maritime borders to the west with Sweden...
. Acc. no. 18132,3,4,5,8. - Linnaean Gardens of UppsalaLinnaean GardenThe Linnaean Garden or Linnaeus' Garden is the oldest of the botanical gardens belonging to Uppsala University in Sweden. It has been restored and is kept as an 18th century botanical garden, according to the specifications of Carolus Linnaeus.The garden was originally planned and planted by Olaus...
, Sweden. Acc. no. 2001-1660, obtained from South KoreaSouth KoreaThe Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
. - Oxford University Botanic Garden, Harcourt Arboretum, UK. Acc. no. 1981061.1, from seed obtained from the Moscow Botanical GardenMoscow Botanical Garden of Academy of SciencesTsytsin Main Moscow Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in April 1945, is the largest in Europe. It covers a territory of approximately 3.61 km², bordering the All-Russian Exhibition Center, and contains a live exhibition of more than twenty thousand different species of plants...
http://www.moscow.info/parks/botanical-gardens.aspx in 1981. 5 specimens, all @ 3 m tall (2008), in Bluebell Wood. - Royal Botanic Garden EdinburghRoyal Botanic Garden EdinburghThe Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Originally founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies four sites across Scotland — Edinburgh,...
, UK. Acc. nos. 20022150 (grown from seed, Lawyer Nursery, USA); 20030906 and 20030907, both wild collected in South KoreaSouth KoreaThe Republic of Korea , , is a sovereign state in East Asia, located on the southern portion of the Korean Peninsula. It is neighbored by the People's Republic of China to the west, Japan to the east, North Korea to the north, and the East China Sea and Republic of China to the south...
. - TallinnTallinnTallinn is the capital and largest city of Estonia. It occupies an area of with a population of 414,940. It is situated on the northern coast of the country, on the banks of the Gulf of Finland, south of Helsinki, east of Stockholm and west of Saint Petersburg. Tallinn's Old Town is in the list...
Botanic Garden, EstoniaEstoniaEstonia , officially the Republic of Estonia , is a state in the Baltic region of Northern Europe. It is bordered to the north by the Gulf of Finland, to the west by the Baltic Sea, to the south by Latvia , and to the east by Lake Peipsi and the Russian Federation . Across the Baltic Sea lies...
http://www.tba.ee/index.php?lang=eng. No accession details available.
Nurseries
North America- Sunshine Nursery http://www.sunshinenursery.com/catalogue.htm, Clinton, OklahomaClinton, OklahomaClinton is a city in Custer and Washita counties in the U.S. state of Oklahoma. The population was 9,033 at the 2010 census.-History:The community began in 1899 when two men, J.L. Avant and E.E...
.