Wych Elm
Encyclopedia
Ulmus glabra, the Wych elm or Scots elm, has the widest range of the European elm species, from Ireland
eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle
south to the mountains of the Peloponnese
in Greece
; it is also found in Iran
. A large, deciduous
tree
, it is essentially a montane
species, growing at elevations <1500 m, preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia
, and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N
at Beiarn
in Norway. Wych elm has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq
, near the southern tip of Greenland
(61°N
).
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the British Isles
, and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably British native elm species. Closely related species, such as Bergmann's Elm U. bergmanniana
and Manchurian Elm U. laciniata
, native to northeast Asia
, were once sometimes included in Ulmus glabra; another close relative is the Himalayan or Kashmir Elm U. wallichiana.
and weak. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, it was occasionally known as the 'Scotch (sic) Elm', the name Loch Lomond
, a corruption of the Gaelic Lac Leaman, or 'Lake of the Elms'.
http://www.jstor.org/view/00400262/ap040106/04a00020/0?frame=noframe&userID=94c53cda@port.ac.uk/01cc99331600501cade66&dpi=3&config=jstor (1931) have proposed dividing the species into two subspecies
:
However, there is much overlap between populations in these characters, and the distinction may be due to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by Flora Europaea.
. There are not normally root suckers; natural reproduction is by seed alone. The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. The alternate leaves
are deciduous
, 6–17 cm long and 3–12 cm broad, usually obovate
with an assymetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short petiole
; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on juvenile shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex. The hermaphrodite
flower
s appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10-20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems and, being wind-pollinated, are apetalous. The fruit
is a winged samara
20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed
in the centre, maturing in late spring.
, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles which act as vectors. Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a triterpene
, alnulin, renders the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the field elm]] Ulmus minor. Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the fungus
Phoma
, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on. The tree usually succumbs to disease a few years after achieving sexual maturity.
In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in Slovakia
, but it is now believed they had survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to HRH The Prince of Wales for planting at his Highgrove Estate, and at Clapham
, Yorkshire
http://www.ecosystems.sk/pages/news41.html. Indeed, DNA analysis by Cemagref
in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote. Nevertheless, the spread of Dutch elm disease to Scotland has revealed a number of Wych elms apparently surviving there unscathed, prompting the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
to clone the trees and inoculate them with the fungus to determine any innate resistance.
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to elm yellows
, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola.
, Greece
.
As Wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. The resultant decline has been extreme, and the Wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former range. It is best propagated from seed, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably. Propagation from hardwood cuttings is notoriously difficult, even under mist conditions.
About 40 cultivars have been raised, although at least 30 are now probably lost to cultivation as a consequence of Dutch elm disease and/or other factors:
in the Netherlands
, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960.Green, P. S. (1964). Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus. Arnoldia. Vol. 24. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1605.pdf The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease
pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.
Europe
Too numerous to list
Australasia
Only as cultivar 'Camperdownii' (Camperdown elm)
Europe
Widely available - in the UK, nurseries stocking this tree can be found by using the plantfinder function of the Royal Horticultural Society's website. http://www.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/plantfinder.asp This tree is also stocked by many local nurseries and by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers. http://shop.btcv.org.uk/shop/level3/253/level
is at Brahan
in the Scottish Highlands
; it has a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m d.b.h.) and a height of 24 m http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/ancient-tree-forum/future.pdf. Outside the Brighton
area, among the rare survivors in the south of England (2010) is a mature tree at the University College
sports ground, Abingdon Road, Oxford
. Notable specimens in Edinburgh
are to be found (2010) in Moray Place, Learmonth Gardens, Queen Street Gardens and The Meadows area.
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
eastwards to the Urals, and from the Arctic Circle
Arctic Circle
The Arctic Circle is one of the five major circles of latitude that mark maps of the Earth. For Epoch 2011, it is the parallel of latitude that runs north of the Equator....
south to the mountains of the Peloponnese
Peloponnese
The Peloponnese, Peloponnesos or Peloponnesus , is a large peninsula , located in a region of southern Greece, forming the part of the country south of the Gulf of Corinth...
in Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
; it is also found in Iran
Iran
Iran , officially the Islamic Republic of Iran , is a country in Southern and Western Asia. The name "Iran" has been in use natively since the Sassanian era and came into use internationally in 1935, before which the country was known to the Western world as Persia...
. A large, deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
tree
Tree
A tree is a perennial woody plant. It is most often defined as a woody plant that has many secondary branches supported clear of the ground on a single main stem or trunk with clear apical dominance. A minimum height specification at maturity is cited by some authors, varying from 3 m to...
, it is essentially a montane
Montane
In biogeography, montane is the highland area located below the subalpine zone. Montane regions generally have cooler temperatures and often have higher rainfall than the adjacent lowland regions, and are frequently home to distinct communities of plants and animals.The term "montane" means "of the...
species, growing at elevations <1500 m, preferring sites with moist soils and high humidity. The tree can form pure forests in Scandinavia
Scandinavia
Scandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
, and occurs as far north as latitude 67°N
67th parallel north
The 67th parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 67 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane, about 50km north of the Arctic Circle. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Asia and North America....
at Beiarn
Beiarn
Beiarn is a municipality in Nordland county, Norway. It is part of the Salten region and the Bodø Region. The administrative centre of the municipality is the village of Moldjord...
in Norway. Wych elm has also been successfully introduced to Narsarsuaq
Narsarsuaq
Narsarsuaq is a settlement in the Kujalleq municipality in southern Greenland. It had 158 inhabitants in 2010. There is a thriving tourism industry in and around Narsarsuaq, whose attractions include a great diversity of wildlife, gemstones, tours to glaciers, and an airfield museum...
, near the southern tip of Greenland
Greenland
Greenland is an autonomous country within the Kingdom of Denmark, located between the Arctic and Atlantic Oceans, east of the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Though physiographically a part of the continent of North America, Greenland has been politically and culturally associated with Europe for...
(61°N
61st parallel north
The 61st parallel north is a circle of latitude that is 61 degrees north of the Earth's equatorial plane. It crosses the Atlantic Ocean, Europe, Asia and North America....
).
The tree was by far the most common elm in the north and west of the British Isles
British Isles
The British Isles are a group of islands off the northwest coast of continental Europe that include the islands of Great Britain and Ireland and over six thousand smaller isles. There are two sovereign states located on the islands: the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and...
, and is now acknowledged as the only indisputably British native elm species. Closely related species, such as Bergmann's Elm U. bergmanniana
Bergmann's Elm
Bergmann's Elm Ulmus bergmanniana C. K. Schneid. is a deciduous tree found across much of China in forests at elevations of between 1500 m and 3000 m.-Description:...
and Manchurian Elm U. laciniata
Manchurian Elm
Ulmus laciniata Mayr, known variously as the Manchurian, Cut-leaf, or Lobed Elm, is a deciduous tree native to the humid ravine forests of Japan, Korea, northern China, eastern Siberia and Sakhalin, growing alongside Cerciphyllum japonicum, Aesculus turbinata, and Pterocarya rhoifolia , at...
, native to northeast Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
, were once sometimes included in Ulmus glabra; another close relative is the Himalayan or Kashmir Elm U. wallichiana.
Etymology
The word wych has its origins in Middle English wiche, from the Old English wice, meaning pliant or supple, and which also gives us wickerWicker
Wicker is hard woven fiber formed into a rigid material, usually used for baskets or furniture. Wicker is often made of material of plant origin, but plastic fibers are also used....
and weak. Owing to its former abundance in Scotland, it was occasionally known as the 'Scotch (sic) Elm', the name Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond
Loch Lomond is a freshwater Scottish loch, lying on the Highland Boundary Fault. It is the largest lake in Great Britain by surface area. The lake contains many islands, including Inchmurrin, the largest fresh-water island in the British Isles, although the lake itself is smaller than many Irish...
, a corruption of the Gaelic Lac Leaman, or 'Lake of the Elms'.
Subspecies
Some botanists, notably Lindquisthttp://www.jstor.org/view/00400262/ap040106/04a00020/0?frame=noframe&userID=94c53cda@port.ac.uk/01cc99331600501cade66&dpi=3&config=jstor (1931) have proposed dividing the species into two subspecies
Subspecies
Subspecies in biological classification, is either a taxonomic rank subordinate to species, ora taxonomic unit in that rank . A subspecies cannot be recognized in isolation: a species will either be recognized as having no subspecies at all or two or more, never just one...
:
- Ulmus glabra subsp. glabra in the south of the species' range, with broad leaves, trees often with a short, forked trunk and a low, broad crown
- Ulmus glabra subsp. montana (Stokes) Lindqvist in the north of the species' range (northern Britain, Scandinavia), the leaves are narrower, trees commonly with a long single trunk and a tall, narrow crown
However, there is much overlap between populations in these characters, and the distinction may be due to environmental influence, rather than genetic variation; the subspecies are not accepted by Flora Europaea.
Description
The Wych elm sometimes reaches heights of 40 m, typically with a broad crown where open-grown, supported by a short bole < 2 m. d.b.hDiameter at breast height
Diameter at breast height, or DBH, is a standard method of expressing the diameter of the trunk or bole of a standing tree. DBH is one of the most common dendrometric measurements....
. There are not normally root suckers; natural reproduction is by seed alone. The tree is notable for its very tough, supple young shoots, which are always without the corky ridges or 'wings' characteristic of many elms. The alternate leaves
Leaf
A leaf is an organ of a vascular plant, as defined in botanical terms, and in particular in plant morphology. Foliage is a mass noun that refers to leaves as a feature of plants....
are deciduous
Deciduous
Deciduous means "falling off at maturity" or "tending to fall off", and is typically used in reference to trees or shrubs that lose their leaves seasonally, and to the shedding of other plant structures such as petals after flowering or fruit when ripe...
, 6–17 cm long and 3–12 cm broad, usually obovate
Leaf shape
In botany, leaf shape is characterised with the following terms :* Acicular : Slender and pointed, needle-like* Acuminate : Tapering to a long point...
with an assymetric base, the lobe often completely covering the short petiole
Petiole (botany)
In botany, the petiole is the stalk attaching the leaf blade to the stem. The petiole usually has the same internal structure as the stem. Outgrowths appearing on each side of the petiole are called stipules. Leaves lacking a petiole are called sessile, or clasping when they partly surround the...
; the upper surface is rough. Leaves on juvenile shoots sometimes have three or more lobes near the apex. The hermaphrodite
Plant sexuality
Plant sexuality covers the wide variety of sexual reproduction systems found across the plant kingdom. This article describes morphological aspects of sexual reproduction of plants....
flower
Flower
A flower, sometimes known as a bloom or blossom, is the reproductive structure found in flowering plants . The biological function of a flower is to effect reproduction, usually by providing a mechanism for the union of sperm with eggs...
s appear before the leaves in early spring, produced in clusters of 10-20; they are 4 mm across on 10 mm long stems and, being wind-pollinated, are apetalous. The fruit
Fruit
In broad terms, a fruit is a structure of a plant that contains its seeds.The term has different meanings dependent on context. In non-technical usage, such as food preparation, fruit normally means the fleshy seed-associated structures of certain plants that are sweet and edible in the raw state,...
is a winged samara
Samara (fruit)
A samara is a type of fruit in which a flattened wing of fibrous, papery tissue develops from the ovary wall. A samara is a simple dry fruit and indehiscent . It is a winged achene...
20 mm long and 15 mm broad, with a single, round, 6 mm seed
Seed
A seed is a small embryonic plant enclosed in a covering called the seed coat, usually with some stored food. It is the product of the ripened ovule of gymnosperm and angiosperm plants which occurs after fertilization and some growth within the mother plant...
in the centre, maturing in late spring.
Pests and diseases
While the species is highly susceptible to Dutch elm diseaseDutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease is a disease caused by a member of the sac fungi category, affecting elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native...
, it is less favoured as a host by the elm bark beetles which act as vectors. Research in Spain has indicated the presence of a triterpene
Triterpene
Triterpenes are terpenes consisting of six isoprene units and have the molecular formula C30H48.The pentacyclic triterpenes can be classified into lupane, oleanane or ursane groups.Animal- and plant-derived triterpenes exist, such as:*squalene...
, alnulin, renders the tree bark less attractive to the beetle than the field elm]] Ulmus minor. Moreover, once the tree is dying, its bark is quickly colonized by the fungus
Fungus
A fungus is a member of a large group of eukaryotic organisms that includes microorganisms such as yeasts and molds , as well as the more familiar mushrooms. These organisms are classified as a kingdom, Fungi, which is separate from plants, animals, and bacteria...
Phoma
Phoma
Phoma is a genus of common coelomycetous soil fungi. It contains many plant pathogenic species. About 140 Phoma taxa have been defined and recognized which may be divided into two large groups: plurivorous fungi, generally saprobic or weakly parasitic, mainly from temperate regions in Eurasia, but...
, which radically reduces the amount of bark available for the beetle to breed on. The tree usually succumbs to disease a few years after achieving sexual maturity.
In 1998, over 700 healthy, mature trees were discovered on the upper slopes of Mount Šimonka in Slovakia
Slovakia
The Slovak Republic is a landlocked state in Central Europe. It has a population of over five million and an area of about . Slovakia is bordered by the Czech Republic and Austria to the west, Poland to the north, Ukraine to the east and Hungary to the south...
, but it is now believed they had survived courtesy of their isolation from disease-carrying beetles rather than any innate resistance; 50 clones of these trees were presented to HRH The Prince of Wales for planting at his Highgrove Estate, and at Clapham
Clapham, North Yorkshire
Clapham is a village in the Craven district of North Yorkshire, England. It was previously in the West Riding of Yorkshire. It lies within the Yorkshire Dales National Park 6 miles north west of Settle just off the A65.-History:...
, Yorkshire
Yorkshire
Yorkshire is a historic county of northern England and the largest in the United Kingdom. Because of its great size in comparison to other English counties, functions have been increasingly undertaken over time by its subdivisions, which have also been subject to periodic reform...
http://www.ecosystems.sk/pages/news41.html. Indeed, DNA analysis by Cemagref
Cemagref
Cemagref is a public research institute in France focusing on land management issues such as water resources and agricultural technology.- Organisation :...
in France has determined the genetic diversity within the species is very limited, making the chances of a resistant tree evolving rather remote. Nevertheless, the spread of Dutch elm disease to Scotland has revealed a number of Wych elms apparently surviving there unscathed, prompting the Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh
The Royal Botanic Garden Edinburgh is a scientific centre for the study of plants, their diversity and conservation, as well as a popular tourist attraction. Originally founded in 1670 as a physic garden to grow medicinal plants, today it occupies four sites across Scotland — Edinburgh,...
to clone the trees and inoculate them with the fungus to determine any innate resistance.
In trials conducted in Italy, the tree was found to have a slight to moderate susceptibility to elm yellows
Elm Yellows
Elm Yellows is a plant disease of elm trees that is spread by leafhoppers or by root grafts. Elm Yellows, also known as Elm Phloem Necrosis, is very aggressive, with no known cure. Elm Yellows occurs in the Eastern United States and southern Ontario in Canada. It is caused by phytoplasmas which...
, and a high susceptibility to the elm leaf beetle Xanthogaleruca luteola
Xanthogaleruca luteola
Xanthogaleruca luteola, commonly known as the Elm Leaf Beetle, is a serious pest of the elm. Indigenous to Europe, it was accidentally introduced to North America. Both the imagines and larvae feed on the emergent leaves of the elm...
http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Xanthogaleruca_luteola.
Cultivation
The Wych elm is moderately shade-tolerant, but requires deep, rich soils as typically found along river valleys. However, the species is intolerant of flooding, as it is of prolonged drought. Although rarely used as a street tree owing to its shape, it can be surprisingly tolerant of urban air pollution, constricted growing conditions and severe pollarding, as evidenced by the survival of those in Tsimiski Avenue in central ThessalonikiThessaloniki
Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...
, Greece
Greece
Greece , officially the Hellenic Republic , and historically Hellas or the Republic of Greece in English, is a country in southeastern Europe....
.
As Wych elm does not sucker from the roots, and any seedlings are often consumed by uncontrolled deer populations, regeneration is very restricted, limited to sprouts from the stumps of young trees. The resultant decline has been extreme, and the Wych elm is now uncommon over much of its former range. It is best propagated from seed, although softwood cuttings taken in early June will root fairly reliably. Propagation from hardwood cuttings is notoriously difficult, even under mist conditions.
Cultivars
- Albo-Variegata, Camperdownii (Camperdown elm), Cebennensis (Cevennes elm)Ulmus 'Cebennensis'The Wych Elm Ulmus glabra cultivar Cebennensis, the Cevennes Elm, was raised by Audibert at Tonelle, France before 1830. Loudon described it thus: "Its habit is spreading like that of , but it appears of much less vigorous growth". The tree is probably no longer in cultivation....
, Cornuta, Corylifolia, Corylifolia Purpurea, Crispa, Crispa Aurea, Dovaei, Escaillard, Exoniensis (Exeter elm), Fastigiata macrophylla, Fastigiata stricta, Fastigiata variegata, Firma, Flava, Gittisham, Holgeri, Horizontalis (weeping elm)Ulmus 'Horizontalis'The Weeping Wych Elm, also known as the Horizontal Elm Ulmus glabra Horizontalis is an elm cultivar discovered in a Perth nursery circa 1816. The tree was originally identified as 'Pendula' by Loddiges , in his catalogue of 1836, a name adopted by Loudon two years later in Arb. Frut...
, Insularis, Latifolia Aurea, Latifolia Aureo-Variegata, Latifolia Nigricans, Luteo Variegata, Lutescens (golden Wych elm)Ulmus 'Lutescens'The Golden Wych Elm, Ulmus glabra Lutescens, is arguably the best of the golden elm cultivars as it keeps its colour as it ages.-Description:...
, Macrophylla, Maculata, Minor, Monstrosa, Nigra (black Irish elm), Oblongata, Pendula Macrophylla, Pendula Variegata, Ramulosa, RubraUlmus 'Rubra'The possible Wych Elm Ulmus glabra cultivar Rubra was listed in the Simon-Louis Catalogue , p. 97, 1869, as Ulmus campestris rubra. Krüssmann, in Handb...
, Rugosa, Spectabilis, Tiliaefolia, Tomentosa
Hybrid cultivars
The tree has featured strongly in artificial hybridization experiments in Europe, notably at WageningenWageningen
' is a municipality and a historical town in the central Netherlands, in the province of Gelderland. It is famous for Wageningen University, which specializes in life sciences. The city has 37,414 inhabitants , of which many thousands are students...
in the Netherlands
Netherlands
The Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
, and a number of hybrid cultivars have been commercially released since 1960.Green, P. S. (1964). Registration of cultivar names in Ulmus. Arnoldia. Vol. 24. Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University. http://arnoldia.arboretum.harvard.edu/pdf/articles/1605.pdf The earlier trees were raised in response to the initial Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease
Dutch elm disease is a disease caused by a member of the sac fungi category, affecting elm trees which is spread by the elm bark beetle. Although believed to be originally native to Asia, the disease has been accidentally introduced into America and Europe, where it has devastated native...
pandemic that afflicted Europe after the First World War, and were to prove vulnerable to the much more virulent strain of the disease that arrived in the late 1960s. However, further research eventually produced several trees effectively immune to disease, which were released after 1989.
- Alba, Angustifolia, Arno, Belgica (Belgian Elm), Cinerea, Clusius, Columella, CommelinCommelin (elm hybrid)Ulmus Commelin is a Dutch hybrid cultivar released for sale in 1960. The tree was raised at Baarn as clone N274 by the Foundation Willie Commelin Scholten Phytopathological Laboratory in 1940, from a crossing of Ulmus × hollandica 'Vegeta' and a selection of Ulmus minor subsp...
, DampieriDampieri (elm hybrid)Ulmus × hollandica Dampieri is one of a number of cultivars arising from the crossing of the Wych Elm U. glabra with a variety of Field Elm U. minor, originally identified as Ulmus campestris var. nuda subvar. fastigiata Dampieri Hort., Vilv...
, DauvesseiDauvessei (elm hybrid)Ulmus × hollandica Dauvessei is a very rare cultivar of unknown provenance.-Description:The branches ascend to form a broad, pyramidal crown; the leaves bear a vague resemblance to Wych Elm, but are generally smaller, rarely exceeding 10 cm long by 5 cm wide, and thinner in...
, Daveyi (Davey Elm), Den Haag, DodoensDodoens (elm cultivar)The Dutch hybrid cultivar Ulmus Dodoens was derived from a selfed seedling of a hybrid of the Exeter Elm Ulmus glabra 'Exoniensis', and the Himalayan Elm Ulmus wallichiana...
, Dumont, Eleganto-Variegata, EtruscaEtrusca (elm hybrid)The hybrid cultivar Etrusca was first mentioned by Nicholson in Kew Hand-List Trees & Shrubs 2: 139. 1896, as var. , but without description. The tree at Kew was later identified as of hybrid origin, U. glabra × U. minor var plotii by Melville. It is not known whether Etrusca remains in...
, Fjerrestad, Fulva, Gaujardii, Groeneveld, Haarlemensis, Hillieri, HomesteadHomestead (elm hybrid)The American hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus Homestead was raised by Alden Townsend of the United States National Arboretum at the forestry station in Delaware, Ohio. The cultivar arose from a 1970 crossing of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila with the hybrid N 215 The American hybrid elm cultivar Ulmus...
, Jacqueline Hillier, LobelLobel (elm hybrid)A Dutch hybrid cultivar raised at Wageningen, Ulmus Lobel was derived from a crossing of clone 202 with 336 , cloned in 1962 and released for sale in 1973.-Description:...
, Major (Dutch Elm), Macrophylla Aurea, Microphylla, Modiolina, Muscaviensis, Nanguen (LUTECE), PioneerPioneer (elm hybrid)The elm hybrid cultivar Ulmus × hollandica Pioneer is an American clone arising from the crossing of two European species, Wych Elm U. glabra and Smooth-leaved Elm U. minor subsp...
, Plinio, RegalRegal (elm hybrid)Ulmus Regal is an American hybrid elm cultivar developed by the University of Wisconsin–Madison and released in 1983. 'Regal' was derived from seeds arising from the crossing of the Dutch hybrid clones 'Commelin' and '215' sent in 1960 by Hans M...
, San Zanobi, Serpentina, Smithii (Downton Elm), Stavast, Superba, Tricolor, UrbanUrban (elm cultivar)Urban is an American hybrid elm cultivar derived from progeny of a controlled crossing of the Siberian Elm Ulmus pumila with the Dutch clone '148' in 1958 by Toru Arisumi of the USDA at Columbus, Ohio...
, Vegeta (Huntingdon Elm) / (Chichester Elm), Virens (Kidbrook Elm), Viscosa, Warnoux (VADA), Wredei (Golden Elm), and Ypreau
Accessions
North America- Arnold Arboretum. Acc. no. 391-2001, wild collected in GeorgiaGeorgia (country)Georgia is a sovereign state in the Caucasus region of Eurasia. Located at the crossroads of Western Asia and Eastern Europe, it is bounded to the west by the Black Sea, to the north by Russia, to the southwest by Turkey, to the south by Armenia, and to the southeast by Azerbaijan. The capital of...
- Bartlett Tree Experts. Acc. nos. 1505, 5103, origin undisclosed
- Dawes ArboretumDawes ArboretumThe Dawes Arboretum is a non-profit arboretum located outside of Columbus in Newark, Ohio. As one of the premier public gardens in North America, The Dawes Arboretum has over of plant collections, gardens and natural areas...
http://www.dawesarb.org/collectionsgardens/plant-search.asp, NewarkNewark, OhioIn addition, the remains of a road leading south from the Octagon have been documented and explored. It was first surveyed in the 19th century, when its walls were more apparent. Called the Great Hopewell Road, it may extend to the Hopewell complex at Chillicothe, Ohio...
, OhioOhioOhio is a Midwestern state in the United States. The 34th largest state by area in the U.S.,it is the 7th‑most populous with over 11.5 million residents, containing several major American cities and seven metropolitan areas with populations of 500,000 or more.The state's capital is Columbus...
. 6 trees, no acc. details available - Missouri Botanical GardenMissouri Botanical GardenThe Missouri Botanical Garden is a botanical garden located in St. Louis, Missouri. It is also known informally as Shaw's Garden for founder Henry Shaw, a botanist and philanthropist.-History:...
http://www.mobot.org/, St. LouisSt. Louis, MissouriSt. Louis is an independent city on the eastern border of Missouri, United States. With a population of 319,294, it was the 58th-largest U.S. city at the 2010 U.S. Census. The Greater St...
, MissouriMissouriMissouri is a US state located in the Midwestern United States, bordered by Iowa, Illinois, Kentucky, Tennessee, Arkansas, Oklahoma, Kansas and Nebraska. With a 2010 population of 5,988,927, Missouri is the 18th most populous state in the nation and the fifth most populous in the Midwest. It...
. Acc. nos. 1969-6164, 1986-0160 - Morton ArboretumMorton ArboretumThe Morton Arboretum, in Lisle, Illinois, covers 1,700 acres and is made up of gardens of various plant types and collections of trees from specific taxonomical and geographical areas. It includes native woodlands and a restored Illinois prairie. The Arboretum has over 4,100 different species of...
. Acc. nos. 591-54, 255-81, and by its synonym U. sukaczevii, acc. nos. 949-73, 181-76
Europe
Too numerous to list
Australasia
- Avenue of HonourAvenue of honourAvenue of Honour is the term given to a memorial avenue of trees, with each tree symbolising a person.The tradition, which originated in the Goldfields region of Victoria, Australia is an important part of Australian culture....
, Ballarat, Australia, details not known. - Eastwoodhill Arboretum http://www.eastwoodhill.org.nz/gardens--collection/collection.aspx?Type=&G=Ulmus, GisborneGisborne, New Zealand-Economy:The harbour was host to many ships in the past and had developed as a river port to provide a more secure location for shipping compared with the open roadstead of Poverty Bay which can be exposed to southerly swells. A meat works was sited beside the harbour and meat and wool was shipped...
, New ZealandNew ZealandNew Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...
, 8 trees, details are not known.
Nurseries
North AmericaOnly as cultivar 'Camperdownii' (Camperdown elm)
Europe
Widely available - in the UK, nurseries stocking this tree can be found by using the plantfinder function of the Royal Horticultural Society's website. http://www.rhs.org.uk/rhsplantfinder/plantfinder.asp This tree is also stocked by many local nurseries and by the British Trust for Conservation Volunteers. http://shop.btcv.org.uk/shop/level3/253/level
Notable trees
The UK Champion listed in The Tree Register of the British Isles (TROBI)The Tree Register
The Tree Register, or more fully, the Tree Register of the British Isles , is a registered charity collating and updating a database of notable trees throughout Britain and Ireland...
is at Brahan
Brahan Castle
Brahan Castle was situated south-west of Dingwall, in Easter Ross, Scotland. The castle belonged to the Earls of Seaforth, chiefs of the Clan Mackenzie, who dominated the area.-History:...
in the Scottish Highlands
Scottish Highlands
The Highlands is an historic region of Scotland. The area is sometimes referred to as the "Scottish Highlands". It was culturally distinguishable from the Lowlands from the later Middle Ages into the modern period, when Lowland Scots replaced Scottish Gaelic throughout most of the Lowlands...
; it has a girth of 703 cm (2.23 m d.b.h.) and a height of 24 m http://www.woodland-trust.org.uk/ancient-tree-forum/future.pdf. Outside the Brighton
Brighton & Hove
Brighton and Hove is a unitary authority area and city on the south coast of England. It is England's most populous seaside resort.In 1997 Brighton and Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium...
area, among the rare survivors in the south of England (2010) is a mature tree at the University College
University College, Oxford
.University College , is a constituent college of the University of Oxford in England. As of 2009 the college had an estimated financial endowment of £110m...
sports ground, Abingdon Road, Oxford
Oxford
The city of Oxford is the county town of Oxfordshire, England. The city, made prominent by its medieval university, has a population of just under 165,000, with 153,900 living within the district boundary. It lies about 50 miles north-west of London. The rivers Cherwell and Thames run through...
. Notable specimens in Edinburgh
Edinburgh
Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland, and the eighth most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a rural area...
are to be found (2010) in Moray Place, Learmonth Gardens, Queen Street Gardens and The Meadows area.
Monograph
- Coleman, Max, ed.: Wych Elm (Edinburgh, 2009; ISBN 978-1-906129-21-7). A study of the species, with particular reference to the wych elm in Scotland and its use by craftsmen.
External links
- http://northernontarioflora.ca/chklst.cfm?speciesid=1005114 Synonymy list.
- http://en.sl.life.ku.dk/Faciliteter/GroenlandsArboretet/Skovplantninger.aspx The Forest Plantations (Greenland)