Miles Albert Tinker is an American author. He is "an internationally recognized authority on legibility of print" who published the results of some of the most comprehensive studies on the legibility of print ever conducted.

Tinker conducted studies on the effect of typography

Typography

Typography is the art and technique of arranging type in order to make language visible. The arrangement of type involves the selection of typefaces, point size, line length, leading , adjusting the spaces between groups of letters and adjusting the space between pairs of letters...

 on reading at the University of Minnesota

University of Minnesota

The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities is a public research university located in Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota, United States. It is the oldest and largest part of the University of Minnesota system and has the fourth-largest main campus student body in the United States, with 52,557...

 for 32 years. "Much of what is known—rather than intuitively felt—about type legibility is derived from Tinker’s work." He published prolifically in various journals during this period. Tinker also authored or co-authored seven books. Legibility of Print, published in 1963, summarized the results of his studies in 1927–1959 and is the "seminal study on how we read printed type".

Background

Miles Tinker was born in Massachusetts

Massachusetts

The Commonwealth of Massachusetts is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States of America. It is bordered by Rhode Island and Connecticut to the south, New York to the west, and Vermont and New Hampshire to the north; at its east lies the Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2010...

. He was "trained at top institutions of his time with instructors of the highest competence", earning his "B.A. and M.A. degrees from Clark University

Clark University

Clark University is a private research university and liberal arts college in Worcester, Massachusetts.Founded in 1887, it is the oldest educational institution founded as an all-graduate university. Clark now also educates undergraduates...

 and the Ph.D. degree from Stanford University".

Miles Tinker was a professor emeritus at the University of Minnesota in 1927–1959. He "conducted one of the most extensive inquiries into the effects of typological factors ever conducted". His work focused on studies of typographic variables, seeking "variations in reader function as a response to typography." "His work was systemic, methodoligical, and consistent." The results of his studies provide not only "a model for modern investigators into parameters of type," but also allows modern practitioners "to make choices as to typography with reliability as to reading efficiency".

Most of Tinker's work was published in psychological journals. Because these journals were not typically read by members of the printing industry, much of his work was not well known during his lifetime.

Tinker served "as consultant for a number of groups in both government and industry." As of 1963, he was a consulting psychologist in Santa Barbara

Santa Barbara, California

Santa Barbara is the county seat of Santa Barbara County, California, United States. Situated on an east-west trending section of coastline, the longest such section on the West Coast of the United States, the city lies between the steeply-rising Santa Ynez Mountains and the Pacific Ocean...

, California

California

California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...

.

A compendium of Tinker's work can be found in Miles Albert Tinker and the Zone of Optimal Typography, by Sutherland, Sandra Wright (1989), Unpublished doctoral dissertation, University of Washington.

Memberships

• Fellow of the American Psychological Association
  American Psychological Association
  The American Psychological Association is the largest scientific and professional organization of psychologists in the United States. It is the world's largest association of psychologists with around 154,000 members including scientists, educators, clinicians, consultants and students. The APA...
  
  
• Fellow in Distinguished Service Foundation of Optometry

Study areas

The following are Tinker's "factors studied".

1928. Type form (lower case vs. all caps vs. italics).

1929. Size of type (6pt., 8pt., 10pt., 12pt., 14pt.).

1929. Length of line (9, 13, 17, 21, 25, 29, 33, 37 picas).

1931. Simultaneous variation of type size and line length.

1931. Black type vs. white type.

1931. Variations in color of print and background.

1932. Leading, or interline spacing (set solid, 1 pt., 2 pt., 4 pt.).

1932. Styles of type face (Scotch Roman, Garamond

Garamond

Garamond is the name given to a group of old-style serif typefaces named after the punch-cutter Claude Garamond . Most of the Garamond faces are more closely related to the work of a later punch-cutter, Jean Jannon...

, Antique, Bodoni

Bodoni

-Cold Type versions:As it had been a standard type for many years, Bodoni was widely available in cold type. Alphatype, Autologic, Berthold, Compugraphic, Dymo, Harris, Mergenthaler, MGD Graphic Systems, and Varityper, Hell AG, Monotype, all sold the face under the name ‘’Bodoni, while Graphic...

, Old Style, Caslon

Caslon

Caslon refers to a number of serif typefaces designed by William Caslon I , and various revivals thereof.Caslon shares the irregularity characteristic of Dutch Baroque types. It is characterized by short ascenders and descenders, bracketed serifs, moderately-high contrast, robust texture, and...

, Kabel Lite, Cheltenham

Cheltenham (typeface)

Cheltenham is a display typeface, designed in 1896 by architect Bertram Goodhue and Ingalls Kimball, director of the Cheltenham Press. The original drawings were known as Boston Old Style and were made about 14" high. These drawings were then turned over to Morris Fuller Benton at American Type...

, American Typewriter, Cloister Black).

1936. Printing surface (Eggshell, Artisan enamel, Flint enamel).

Other typographical studies

1928. Numerals vs. words.

1928. Relative legibility of letters, digits, and mathematical signs.

1930. Relative legibility of Modern and Old Style numerals.

1932. Color of print and background.

1938. Part-whole proportion illusion in printing.

1942. Reader preference and typography.

1943. Comic sans.

1944. Criteria for readability.

1946. Yearbook photography.

Newspaper typography

1943. Newspaper body types.

1944. Wartime changes in newspaper body types.

1946. Newspaper headlines (upper vs. lower case).

1946. Newspaper and book print.

1947. Newspaper type (leading

Leading

In typography, leading refers to the distance between the baselines of successive lines of type. The term originated in the days of hand-typesetting, when thin strips of lead were inserted into the formes to increase the vertical distance between lines of type...

).

1963. Simultaneous variation in size of type, width of line and leading for newspaper type.

Children's needs

1935. Typography for children.

1953. Size of type in primary grades.

1959. Print for children's textbooks.

1963. Legibility of print for children in the upper grades.

Miscellaneous

1948. Marginal conditions.

1948. Blink rate (book print and newsprint).

1949. Nine point type and line width and leading.

1953. Vibration effects with six point type.

1954. Slanted text.

1955. Vertical vs. horizontal arrangements.

1955. Typographical variations.

1956. Angular alignment.

1956. Sloped text.

1975. Curved text.

Eye movements, influence of

1939, Type form.

1940. Line width.

1941. Modern type face and Old English.

1942. Size of type.

1942. Line width for six point type.

1944. Optimal and non-optimal typography.

1944. Black print on white, red on dark green.

1955. Vertical and horizontal arrangements.

1955. Typographical variations.

1957. Color of print and background.

Publications

Research from Tinker's studies has "provided material for nearly 200 publications, including seven books." "Over half of Tinker's studies involving typography were co-authored by Donald Paterson, whose interests were aligned with those of present day instructional technologists." Tinker's most important book was Legibility of Print, which summarized much of the research he conducted during his 32 years at the University of Minnesota. It is "the seminal study on how we read printed type, and it remains the standard for typography even now," decades after it was published.

Books

1938. Introduction to Methods in Experimental Psychology. (Miles Tinker and Kenneth H. Baker Tinker)

1940. How to Make Type Readable

1961. Teaching Elementary Reading. (Miles Tinker and Constance M. McCullough)

1963. Legibility of Print

1965. Bases for Effective Reading

1967. Reading Difficulties: Their Diagnosis and Correction. (Guy L. Bond and Miles Tinker)

1976. Preparing Your Child for Reading.

Journal Articles

1926. Reading reactions for mathematical formulae. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 9.

1927. Legibility and eye movements in reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 24.

1928. Influence of type form on speed of reading. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 12. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1928. The relative legibility of the letters, the digits, and of certain mathematical signs. Journal of General Psychology, Vol. 1.

1928. Numerals versus words for efficiency in reading. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 12.

1928. A photographic study of eye movements in reading formulae. Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 3.

1928. How formulae are read. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 40.

1929. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: III. Length of line. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 13. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1929. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: II. Size of type. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 13. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1930. Time-limit vs. work-limit methods. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 42. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1930. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: IV. Effect of practice on equivalence of test forms. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 14. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1930. The relative legibility of modern and old style numerals. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 13.

1931. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: VI. Black type versus white type. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 15. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1931. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: V. Simultaneous variation of type size and line length. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 15. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1931. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: VII. Variations in color of print and background. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 15. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1931. Apparatus for recording eye movements. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 43.

1931. A. Physiological psychology of reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 28.

1932. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: X. Style of type face. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 16. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1932. The influence of form of type on the perception of words. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 16.

1932. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: VIII. Space between lines or leading. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 16. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1932. Studies of typographicalf actors influencing speed of reading: IX. Reduction of size of newspaper print. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 16. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1932. The effect of luminosity on the apprehension of acromatic stimuli. Journal of General Psychology, Vol. 6. (Tinker as co-author to Corneliad Taylor.)

1932. The effect of color on visual apprehension and perception. Genetic Psychology Monographs, Vol. 11.

1934. Evaluation of photographic measures of reading, Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 25. (A. Frandsen as co-author.)

1934. Experimental study of reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 31.

1935. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: XI. Role of set in typographical studies. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 19. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1935. The influence of paper surface on the perceptibility of print. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 19. (Tinker as co-author to Helen A. Webster.)

1936. Reliability and validity of eye-movement measures of reading. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 19.

1936. Eye movements, perception, and legibility in reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 33.

1936. Eye movements in reading. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 30.

1936. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: XII. Printing surface. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 20. (Tinker as co-author to Paterson.)

1936. Studies of typographical factors influencing speed of reading: XIII. Methodological considerations. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 20. (D. Paterson as co-author.)

1938. The part-whole proportion illusion in printing. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 22. (Tinker as co-author.)

1939. The effect of illumination intensities upon speed of perception and upon fatigue in reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 30.

1939. Illumination standards for effective and comfortable vision. Journal of Consulting Psychology, Vol. 3 (1).

1939. Influence of type form on eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 25. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1940. Influence of line width on eye movements. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 27. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1941. Effect of visual adaptation upon intensity of light preferred for reading. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 54.

1941. Eye movements in reading a modern type face and Old English. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 54. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1942. The effect of adaptation upon visual efficiency in illumination studies. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 19.

1942. Influence of size of type on eye movements. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 26. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1942. Reader preferences and typography. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 26. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1942. Influence of line width on eye movements for six point type. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 33. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1943. Readability of comic books. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 20.

1943. Differences among newspaper body types in readability. Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 20. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author to Tinker.)

1943. Illumination intensities for reading newspaper type. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 34.

1943. Eye movements in reading type sizes in optimal line widths. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 34. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1944. Criteria for determining the readability of typefaces. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 35.

1944. Eye movements in reading optimal and non-optimal typography. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 34. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1944. Wartime changes in newspaper body type. Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 21. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1944. Eye movements in reading black print on white background and red print on dark green background. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 57. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1945. Effect of visual adaptation upon intensity of illumination preferred for reading with direct lighting. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 29.

1945. Reliability of blinking frequency employed as a measure of readability. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 35.

1946. Readability of newspaper headlines printed in capitals and lower case. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 30. (Tinker as co-author to Paterson.)

1946. The relative readability of newsprint and book print. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 30. (Tinker as co-author to Paterson.)

1946. Effect of line width and leading on readability of newspaper type. Journalism Quarterly, Vol. 23. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1946. A study of eye movements in reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 43.

1946. Validity of frequency of blinking as a criterion of readability. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 36.

1946. Readability of mixed type forms. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 30. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1947. Time relations for eye-movement measures in reading. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 38.

1947. Influence of leading upon the readability of newspaper type. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 31.

1947. The effect of typography upon the perceptual span in reading. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 60. (Tinker as co-author for D. G. Paterson.)

1948. Effect of vibration upon reading. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 61.

1948. Readability of book print and newsprint in terms of blink rate. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 39.

1948. Cumulative effect of marginal conditions upon rate of perception in reading. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 32.

1949. Speed of reading nine point type in relation to line width and leading. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 33. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1949. Involuntary blink rate and illumination intensity in visual work. Journal of Experimental Psychology, Vol. 39.

1950. Reliability and validity of involuntary blinking as a measure of ease of seeing. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 41.

1950. Typography and legibility in reading. Handbook of Applied Psychology, New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, Vol. Pp. 55 (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1951. Derived illumination specifications. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 35.

1951. Fixation pause duration in reading. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 44.

1952. Interpretation of illumination data. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 29.

1952. The effect of intensity of illumination upon speed of reading six point italic type. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 65.

1953. Effect of vibration upon speed of perception while reading six point print. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 46.

1955. The effect of typographical variations upon eye movements in reading. Journal of Educational Research, Vol. 49. (Donald G. Paterson as co-author.)

1954. Effect of a slanted text upon the readability of print. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 45.

1954. Readability of mathematical tables. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 38.

1955. Prolonged reading tasks in visual research. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 39.

1955. Perceptual and oculomotor efficiency in reading materials in vertical and horizontal arrangements. American Journal of Psychology, Vol. 68.

1956. Effect of sloped text upon the readability of print. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 33.

1956. Effect of angular alignment upon readability of print. Journal of Educational Psychology, Vol. 47.

1957. Effect of curved text upon readability of print. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 41.

1957. Effect of variations in color of print and background upon eye movements in reading. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 34. (Tinker as co-author to R. B. Hackman.)

1958. Recent studies of eye movements in reading. Psychological Bulletin, Vol. 54.

1959. Print for children's textbooks. Education, Vol. 80 (1).

1959. Brightness contrast, illumination, and visual efficiency. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 36.

1958. Length of work periods in visual research. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 42.

1960. Legibility of mathematical tables. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 44.

1963. Influence of simultaneous variation in size of type, width of line and leading for newspaper type. Journal of Applied Psychology, Vol. 47.

1963. Legibility of print for children in the upper grades. American Journal of Optometry and Archives of American Academy of Optometry, Vol. 40.

External links

Reading Research Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 4 (Summer, 1966), pp. 67–118.

• The Forgotten Research of Miles Albert Tinker.