Military of Namibia
Encyclopedia
The Namibia Defence Force was created when South West Africa
gained full independence from South Africa
in 1989. The new constitution of Namibia
defines the role of the military as "defending the territory and national interests."
Namibia's Defence Force comprises two of the former enemies in a 23-year bush war: the Peoples Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). The British formulated the force integration plan and began training the NDF, which consists of five battalions and a small headquarters element. The United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)'s Kenyan
infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to assist in training the NDF and stabilize the north. Martin Shalli
and 'Ho Chi Minh' Namholo were involved in the negotiations that allowed the Kenyan infantry battalion to remain for that period.
The main roles of the Namibia Defence Force are to ensure the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country by guarding against external aggression, both conventional and unconventional; prevent violation of Namibia’s territorial integrity; and provide assistance to civil authorities in guarding and protecting government buildings and key installations as provided in the Defence Act. However Berman and Sams said in 2000 that effectiveness was limited: basic skills are limited and troops suffer from a 'range of diseases.' This may imply that capability is greatly hampered by extensive HIV/AIDS infection amongst soldiers.
According to the Namibian Defence Ministry, enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500. Defence and security account for less than 8% of government spending. In addition to the figures in the infobox, earlier defence spending and percentage of GDP included $90 million in 1997/98, 2.6% of GDP. The 73.1 million figure in 2002 was 2.4% of GDP. These figures are almost certainly CIA World Factbook estimates.
In August 1999, a separatist Lozi faction in the Caprivi Strip
launched a coup attempt (see Caprivi conflict) which was summarily put down by the Namibian Defence Force. (Source Lonely Planet
). The army has conducted security operations along the northern border with Angola
. In the process of these operations, there were allegations in 2001 that the army has tortured people suspected of being UNITA
sympathisers. IRIN reported that the Ministry of Defence had admitted that two Namibian soldiers died fighting suspected UNITA rebels in southern Angola in July 2001. The Namibian Defence Force assists in putting out wildfires.
As of 13 October 2010, Sibbinda councillor Felix Mukupi has requested a meeting with the regional army commander in order to request 'the NDF to deploy its troops [on the Namibia/Zambia
border area] stretching from Wenela to Kongola
' in order to curtail stock thefts by gangs of cattle thieves from Zambia.
On 24 May 2010, Chen Bingde
, Chief of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army
and member of the Central Military Commission, met Charles Namoloh and Peter Nambundunga, acting commander of the Namibian Defense Forces, in Windhoek
. At their meeting, the two sides had in-depth discussions on further strengthening exchanges and cooperation between the two armed forces. Chen Binghe was accompanied by the chief of staff of the Second Artillery Corps and two PLA Military Region
chiefs of staff. Chen Binghe also met President Pohamba that day.
. He was previously the leader of PLAN, and a survivor of the Battle of Cassinga
. Hamaambo was the first to be laid to rest at the Heroes' Acre memorial outside Windhoek, a few days after its official opening in 2002. Solomon Huwala
replaced Hamaambo as Chief of the NDF on Hamaambo's retirement. After Huwala retired in October 2006, Martin Shalli
headed the NDF.
President Hifikepunye Pohamba suspended Lieutenant General Martin Shalli from his post as Chief of Defence Force in 2009 over corruption allegations, dating back to the time when Shalli served as Namibia’s High Commissioner to Zambia.. During the time of the suspension, Peter Nambundunga
acted as Chief. Shalli was eventually forced to retire in January 2011; the post of Chief of the NDF was given to Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
.
As of 2008, Jane's reported that the force included:
Also in the force is the Fifth Battalion.
Peter Nambundunga
replaced Martin Shalli
as Commander of the Army in 2005.
In 2007 the IISS Military Balance said that the MOD planned to build new military bases around the country, including at Luiperdsvallei outside Windhoek, Osana near Okahandja
, and Karibib. In that year IISS said the army included six infantry battalions, one anti-tank regiment, one combat support brigade (one artillery regiment), a Presidential Guard of one battalion, and one air defence regiment.
As of September 2009, the 19th anniversary celebrations, Brigadier General Tomas Hamunyela was listed as the Acting Army Commander. (MOD website)
Army equipment includes:
Armoured Personnel Carriers
Recently the South African Army
has trained the Namibian Army's artillery corps in the use of the G2 (140mm) medium gun.
light attack aircraft, and a number of fixed and rotary wing transport assets. Development in this area was hampered by accidental losses during their intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Chinese sources reported the delivery of FT-7NGs in November 2006. Namibian AF ordered 12 Chengdu F-7NMs
in August 2005. This is believed to be a variation of the F-PG acquired by Pakistan.
Expansion of the Air Force base at Keetmanshoop
is planned.
Defence cooperation at various levels has been explored with several governments, including the United States
. Areas of cooperation include military education, training, and a fisheries program. On 21 May 1990, Namibia signed a border-control agreement with Angola
but to date has not entered into defence agreements with any country.
ian aid has assisted in the development of the Namibian Navy. Brazil and Namibia signed an agreement in 2004 for the delivery of a patrol boat
and two smaller patrol craft. The newly-build 200 ton patrol boat Brendan Simbwaye, built at the Brazilian shipyard INACE, was commissioned on January 19, 2009. An ongoing co-operation program allows Namibian sailors and naval officers to be trained by the Brazilian Navy
; by 2009, 466 seamen had been trained. Brazil also provided assistance in preparing a nautical chart of the approach to Walvis Bay
and consulting in charting the outer limits of the continental shelf
off Namibia. The Brazilian navy has also trained marines for the Namibian navy.
Navy equipment includes one Grajau Class Patrol Boat and two Rio Class Patrol Craft.
In September 2004 it was reported that the South African Navy
had donated two of its Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats to the Nambian Navy. The boats were refitted, with new motors and navigation equipment funded by the German government.
South West Africa
South-West Africa was the name that was used for the modern day Republic of Namibia during the earlier eras when the territory was controlled by the German Empire and later by South Africa....
gained full independence from South Africa
South Africa
The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans...
in 1989. The new constitution of Namibia
Namibia
Namibia, officially the Republic of Namibia , is a country in southern Africa whose western border is the Atlantic Ocean. It shares land borders with Angola and Zambia to the north, Botswana to the east and South Africa to the south and east. It gained independence from South Africa on 21 March...
defines the role of the military as "defending the territory and national interests."
Namibia's Defence Force comprises two of the former enemies in a 23-year bush war: the Peoples Liberation Army of Namibia (PLAN) and South West African Territorial Force (SWATF). The British formulated the force integration plan and began training the NDF, which consists of five battalions and a small headquarters element. The United Nations Transitional Assistance Group (UNTAG)'s Kenyan
Military of Kenya
The Kenya Defence Forces are the armed forces of the Republic of Kenya. The Kenya Army, Kenya Navy, and Kenya Air Force comprise the national Defence Forces. The current Kenya Defence Forces were established, and its composition laid out, in Article 241 of the 2010 Constitution of Kenya...
infantry battalion remained in Namibia for three months after independence to assist in training the NDF and stabilize the north. Martin Shalli
Martin Shalli
Lieutenant General Martin Shalli is a former Namibian diplomat and military commander. In 2005, he was appointed to the post of High Commissioner of Namibia to Zambia by then President Sam Nujoma but was recalled in October 2006 by his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba and appointed Chief of the...
and 'Ho Chi Minh' Namholo were involved in the negotiations that allowed the Kenyan infantry battalion to remain for that period.
The main roles of the Namibia Defence Force are to ensure the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the country by guarding against external aggression, both conventional and unconventional; prevent violation of Namibia’s territorial integrity; and provide assistance to civil authorities in guarding and protecting government buildings and key installations as provided in the Defence Act. However Berman and Sams said in 2000 that effectiveness was limited: basic skills are limited and troops suffer from a 'range of diseases.' This may imply that capability is greatly hampered by extensive HIV/AIDS infection amongst soldiers.
According to the Namibian Defence Ministry, enlistments of both men and women will number no more than 7,500. Defence and security account for less than 8% of government spending. In addition to the figures in the infobox, earlier defence spending and percentage of GDP included $90 million in 1997/98, 2.6% of GDP. The 73.1 million figure in 2002 was 2.4% of GDP. These figures are almost certainly CIA World Factbook estimates.
In August 1999, a separatist Lozi faction in the Caprivi Strip
Caprivi Strip
Caprivi, sometimes called the Caprivi Strip , Caprivi Panhandle or the Okavango Strip and formally known as Itenge, is a narrow protrusion of Namibia eastwards about , between Botswana to the south, Angola and Zambia to the north, and Okavango Region to the west. Caprivi is bordered by the...
launched a coup attempt (see Caprivi conflict) which was summarily put down by the Namibian Defence Force. (Source Lonely Planet
Lonely Planet
Lonely Planet is the largest travel guide book and digital media publisher in the world. The company is owned by BBC Worldwide, which bought a 75% share from the founders Maureen and Tony Wheeler in 2007 and the final 25% in February 2011...
). The army has conducted security operations along the northern border with Angola
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
. In the process of these operations, there were allegations in 2001 that the army has tortured people suspected of being UNITA
UNITA
The National Union for the Total Independence of Angola is the second-largest political party in Angola. Founded in 1966, UNITA fought with the Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola in the Angolan War for Independence and then against the MPLA in the ensuing civil war .The war was one...
sympathisers. IRIN reported that the Ministry of Defence had admitted that two Namibian soldiers died fighting suspected UNITA rebels in southern Angola in July 2001. The Namibian Defence Force assists in putting out wildfires.
As of 13 October 2010, Sibbinda councillor Felix Mukupi has requested a meeting with the regional army commander in order to request 'the NDF to deploy its troops [on the Namibia/Zambia
Zambia
Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west....
border area] stretching from Wenela to Kongola
Kongola
Kongola is a village and the district capital of the Kongola Constituency in Namibia's Caprivi Strip. It is situated on the national road B8 . Kongola has a petrol station and a wholesaler. Although the village is situated on a national power line, it has not yet been connected to the electricity...
' in order to curtail stock thefts by gangs of cattle thieves from Zambia.
On 24 May 2010, Chen Bingde
Chen Bingde
Chen Bingde is a general in the People's Liberation Army. He was the Director-General of the General Armaments Department until September 2007. In this position he acted as the head of the space program of China. Currently he is the commanding general of People's Liberation Army General Staff...
, Chief of the General Staff Department of the People's Liberation Army
People's Liberation Army
The People's Liberation Army is the unified military organization of all land, sea, strategic missile and air forces of the People's Republic of China. The PLA was established on August 1, 1927 — celebrated annually as "PLA Day" — as the military arm of the Communist Party of China...
and member of the Central Military Commission, met Charles Namoloh and Peter Nambundunga, acting commander of the Namibian Defense Forces, in Windhoek
Windhoek
Windhoek is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Namibia. It is located in central Namibia in the Khomas Highland plateau area, at around above sea level. The 2001 census determined Windhoek's population was 233,529...
. At their meeting, the two sides had in-depth discussions on further strengthening exchanges and cooperation between the two armed forces. Chen Binghe was accompanied by the chief of staff of the Second Artillery Corps and two PLA Military Region
PLA Military Region
The People's Liberation Army uses a system of military regions, of which there used to be eleven, but are now seven:* Shenyang Military Region* Beijing Military Region* Lanzhou Military Region* Jinan Military Region* Nanjing Military Region...
chiefs of staff. Chen Binghe also met President Pohamba that day.
Chiefs of Defence Staff
The first chief of the NDF was Dimo HamaamboDimo Hamaambo
Mweukefina Kulaumone Jerobeam Dimo Hamaambo was a Namibian military commander in both the Namibian War of Independence as a SWAPO member and in independent Namibia as a high level commander in the Namibia Defence Force....
. He was previously the leader of PLAN, and a survivor of the Battle of Cassinga
Battle of Cassinga
The Battle of Cassinga, Cassinga Raid or Kassinga Massacre was a controversial South African airborne attack on a South West Africa People's Organization refugee camp and military base at the former town of Cassinga, Angola on 4 May 1978...
. Hamaambo was the first to be laid to rest at the Heroes' Acre memorial outside Windhoek, a few days after its official opening in 2002. Solomon Huwala
Solomon Huwala
Dumeni Solomon Huwala is a former Namibian lieutenant general. Huwala was a commander with the People's Liberation Army of Namibia and earned the nickname "Butcher of Lubango" for allegedly running detainee camps of SWAPO opponents in the southern Angolan city of Lubango during the Namibian War of...
replaced Hamaambo as Chief of the NDF on Hamaambo's retirement. After Huwala retired in October 2006, Martin Shalli
Martin Shalli
Lieutenant General Martin Shalli is a former Namibian diplomat and military commander. In 2005, he was appointed to the post of High Commissioner of Namibia to Zambia by then President Sam Nujoma but was recalled in October 2006 by his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba and appointed Chief of the...
headed the NDF.
President Hifikepunye Pohamba suspended Lieutenant General Martin Shalli from his post as Chief of Defence Force in 2009 over corruption allegations, dating back to the time when Shalli served as Namibia’s High Commissioner to Zambia.. During the time of the suspension, Peter Nambundunga
Peter Nambundunga
Major General Peter Nambundunga is a Namibian military commander. Nambundunga was appointed the Commander of the Army in 2005, replacing Martin Shalli when he was promoted to Chief of the NDF.-Career:...
acted as Chief. Shalli was eventually forced to retire in January 2011; the post of Chief of the NDF was given to Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah
Lieutenant General Epaphras Denga Ndaitwah is a Namibian diplomat and military commander. He is the chief of the Namibia Defence Force since 24 January 2011....
.
Army
As of 2005, the army of Namibia consisted of:- five motorised infantry battalions;
- a Presidential Guard battalion; (21st Guard Battalion(?))
- a combat support battalion;
- a reconnaissance company;
- an engineering company;
- an artillery group (likely to be "4 Arty" at OtjiwarongoOtjiwarongoOtjiwarongo is a city of 20,000 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of Namibia. It is the district capital of the Otjiwarongo electoral constituency and also the capital of Otjozondjupa....
) - a logistics support brigade.
As of 2008, Jane's reported that the force included:
- GrootfonteinGrootfonteinGrootfontein is a city of 14,200 inhabitants in the Otjozondjupa Region of central Namibia. It is one of the three towns in the Otavi Triangle, situated on the B8 national road that leads from Windhoek to the Caprivi Strip...
: Army Headquarters and Army HQ Command Company; Combat Support Battalion; - RunduRunduRundu is the capital of the Kavango Region, northern Namibia, on the border with Angola on the banks of the Okavango River about 1000 m above sea level. The place normally receives an annual average rainfall of , although in the 2010/2011 rainy season were measured.Rundu grows rapidly...
: 1 Battalion Headquarters - Allegedly involved in disappearances, 2000. - Mpacha: 2 Battalion Headquarters
- OshakatiOshakatiOshakati is a town of 30,000 inhabitants in the Oshana Region of Namibia. It is the regional capital and was officially founded in July 1966. The city was used as a base of operations by the South African Defence Force during the South African Border War and Namibian War of Independence...
: 3 Battalion Headquarters - Danger Ashipala was in command of this battalion as a lieutenant colonel until he retired in 1995. - Oamites: 4 Battalion Headquarters
Also in the force is the Fifth Battalion.
Peter Nambundunga
Peter Nambundunga
Major General Peter Nambundunga is a Namibian military commander. Nambundunga was appointed the Commander of the Army in 2005, replacing Martin Shalli when he was promoted to Chief of the NDF.-Career:...
replaced Martin Shalli
Martin Shalli
Lieutenant General Martin Shalli is a former Namibian diplomat and military commander. In 2005, he was appointed to the post of High Commissioner of Namibia to Zambia by then President Sam Nujoma but was recalled in October 2006 by his successor, Hifikepunye Pohamba and appointed Chief of the...
as Commander of the Army in 2005.
In 2007 the IISS Military Balance said that the MOD planned to build new military bases around the country, including at Luiperdsvallei outside Windhoek, Osana near Okahandja
Okahandja
Okahandja is a town of 14,000 inhabitants in Otjozondjupa Region, central Namibia, and the district capital of the Okahandja electoral constituency. It is known as the Garden Town of Namibia. It is located 70km north of Windhoek on the B1 road...
, and Karibib. In that year IISS said the army included six infantry battalions, one anti-tank regiment, one combat support brigade (one artillery regiment), a Presidential Guard of one battalion, and one air defence regiment.
As of September 2009, the 19th anniversary celebrations, Brigadier General Tomas Hamunyela was listed as the Acting Army Commander. (MOD website)
Army equipment includes:
- Some T-54/55(x20 deliverd,status unknown)
- T-34T-34The T-34 was a Soviet medium tank produced from 1940 to 1958. Although its armour and armament were surpassed by later tanks of the era, it has been often credited as the most effective, efficient and influential design of World War II...
tanks; - WZ-523/ZSL-93 - with 73mm BMP-1BMP-1The BMP-1 is a Soviet amphibious tracked infantry fighting vehicle. BMP stands for Boyevaya Mashina Pekhoty 1 , meaning "infantry fighting vehicle". The BMP-1 was the world's first mass-produced infantry fighting vehicle...
type turret
Mainland China, - BRDM-2BRDM-2The BRDM-2 is an amphibious armoured patrol car used by Russia and the former Soviet Union. It was also known under designations BTR-40PB, BTR-40P-2 and GAZ 41-08...
(×12), - BTR-60BTR-60The BTR-60 is the first vehicle in a series of Soviet eight-wheeled armoured personnel carriers. It was developed in the late 1950s as a replacement for the BTR-152 and was seen first time in public in 1961...
(×10), - BTR-152(x10)
- CasspirCasspirThe Casspir is a landmine-protected personnel carrier that has been in use in South Africa for over 20 years. It is a four wheeled armoured vehicle, used for transport of troops. It can hold a crew of two, plus 12 additional soldiers and associated gear. The Casspir was unique in design when...
South Africa (×20), - Wolf Turbo 2 South Africa (×30)
Armoured Personnel Carriers
- ZiS-3ZiS-3The 76-mm divisional gun M1942 was a Soviet 76.2 mm divisional field gun used during World War II. ZiS was a factory designation and stood for Zavod imeni Stalina , the honorific title of Artillery Factory No...
76mm Towed Artillery (×12), - G2BL 5.5 inch Medium GunThe BL 5.5 inch Gun was a British artillery gun introduced during the middle of the Second World War to equip medium batteries.-History:In January 1939 a specification was issued for a gun to replace the 6 inch 26 cwt howitzers in use with most medium batteries...
140mm Gun (×24) South Africa, - BM-21BM-21The BM-21 launch vehicle , a Soviet truck-mounted 122 mm multiple rocket launcher, and a M-21OF rocket were developed in the early 1960s. BM stands for boyevaya mashina, ‘combat vehicle’, and the nickname means ‘hail’. The complete system with the BM-21 launch vehicle and the M-21OF rocket...
122mm MRLS (×5) artillery pieces, - ZU-23-2 23mm AAGs(x12)
- AK-47AK-47The AK-47 is a selective-fire, gas-operated 7.62×39mm assault rifle, first developed in the Soviet Union by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is officially known as Avtomat Kalashnikova . It is also known as a Kalashnikov, an "AK", or in Russian slang, Kalash.Design work on the AK-47 began in the last year...
assault rifles
Recently the South African Army
South African Army
The South African Army is the army of South Africa, first formed after the Union of South Africa was created in 1910.The South African military evolved within the tradition of frontier warfare fought by commando forces, reinforced by the Afrikaners' historical distrust of large standing armies...
has trained the Namibian Army's artillery corps in the use of the G2 (140mm) medium gun.
Air Force
The Namibian Air Force is small, consisting of between 4 and 12 Chinese K-8Hongdu JL-8
The Hongdu JL-8 is a two-seat intermediate jet trainer and light attack aircraft designed in the People's Republic of China by China Nanchang Aircraft Manufacturing Corporation. The primary contractor for this plane is the Hongdu Aviation Industry Corporation...
light attack aircraft, and a number of fixed and rotary wing transport assets. Development in this area was hampered by accidental losses during their intervention in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Chinese sources reported the delivery of FT-7NGs in November 2006. Namibian AF ordered 12 Chengdu F-7NMs
Chengdu J-7
The Chengdu Jian-7 is a People's Republic of China-built version of the Soviet Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21. Though production ceased in 2008 it continues to serve, mostly as an interceptor, in several air forces, including China's.-Design and development:...
in August 2005. This is believed to be a variation of the F-PG acquired by Pakistan.
Expansion of the Air Force base at Keetmanshoop
Keetmanshoop
Keetmanshoop is a city in Karas Region, southern Namibia, lying on the Trans-Namib Railway from Windhoek to Upington in South Africa. It is named after Johann Keetman, a German industrialist and founder of the city....
is planned.
Defence cooperation at various levels has been explored with several governments, including the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. Areas of cooperation include military education, training, and a fisheries program. On 21 May 1990, Namibia signed a border-control agreement with Angola
Angola
Angola, officially the Republic of Angola , is a country in south-central Africa bordered by Namibia on the south, the Democratic Republic of the Congo on the north, and Zambia on the east; its west coast is on the Atlantic Ocean with Luanda as its capital city...
but to date has not entered into defence agreements with any country.
Navy
Development of Namibia's navy has been slow, and the force was only formally established in 2004, 14 years after independence. Engaging approximately 350 personnel it deploys a small number of lightly armed patrol vessels. Extensive BrazilBrazil
Brazil , officially the Federative Republic of Brazil , is the largest country in South America. It is the world's fifth largest country, both by geographical area and by population with over 192 million people...
ian aid has assisted in the development of the Namibian Navy. Brazil and Namibia signed an agreement in 2004 for the delivery of a patrol boat
Patrol boat
A patrol boat is a relatively small naval vessel generally designed for coastal defense duties.There have been many designs for patrol boats. They may be operated by a nation's navy, coast guard, or police force, and may be intended for marine and/or estuarine or river environments...
and two smaller patrol craft. The newly-build 200 ton patrol boat Brendan Simbwaye, built at the Brazilian shipyard INACE, was commissioned on January 19, 2009. An ongoing co-operation program allows Namibian sailors and naval officers to be trained by the Brazilian Navy
Brazilian Navy
The Brazilian Navy is a branch of the Brazilian Armed Forces responsible for conducting naval operations. It is the largest navy in Latin America...
; by 2009, 466 seamen had been trained. Brazil also provided assistance in preparing a nautical chart of the approach to Walvis Bay
Walvis Bay
Walvis Bay , is a city in Namibia and the name of the bay on which it lies...
and consulting in charting the outer limits of the continental shelf
Continental shelf
The continental shelf is the extended perimeter of each continent and associated coastal plain. Much of the shelf was exposed during glacial periods, but is now submerged under relatively shallow seas and gulfs, and was similarly submerged during other interglacial periods. The continental margin,...
off Namibia. The Brazilian navy has also trained marines for the Namibian navy.
Navy equipment includes one Grajau Class Patrol Boat and two Rio Class Patrol Craft.
In September 2004 it was reported that the South African Navy
South African Navy
The South African Navy is the navy of the Republic of South Africa.-Formation:The South African Navy can trace its official origins back to the SA Naval Service, which was established on 1 April 1922....
had donated two of its Namacurra-class harbour patrol boats to the Nambian Navy. The boats were refitted, with new motors and navigation equipment funded by the German government.
Further reading
- Stephen F. Burgess, 'Fashioning Integrated Security Forces after Conflict', African Security, 1: 2, 69 — 91 (2008)
- Greg Mills, BMATT and Military Integration in South Africa, South African Defence Review, Issue 2, 1992 Covers reformation of Namibian Defence Force and British involvement
- Case studies in war-to-peace transition: the demobilization and reintegration of ex-combatants in Ethiopia, Namibia, and Uganda
- Thomas Jan Lambert, Criminal Justice in the Namibian Defence Force, LAP Lambert Academic Publishing, 2010
- Peter Batchelor, Kees Kingma, Guy Lamb, Demilitarisation and Peace-building in Southern Africa: The role of the military in state formation and nation-building, Ashgate Publishing, Ltd., 2004