Minuscule 131
Encyclopedia
Minuscule 131 δ 467 (Soden), is a Greek
minuscule manuscript
of the New Testament
, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically
it has been assigned to the 15th century. It has marginalia
.
except Book of Revelation
on 233 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in two columns per page, 37 lines per page.
The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 – last numbered section in 16:9), but there is no references to the Eusebian Canons.
The manuscript contains Epistula ad Carpianum
, the Eusebian tables, tables of the (tables of contents) before each Gospel (unusual arrangement – Matt 74, Mark 46, Luke 57), synaxaria, Menologion, subscriptions at the end, with numbers of στιχοι
. Lectionary markings and incipits were added by a later hand.
It contains many errors of iotacism
and many remarkable variations.
The order of books is usual for Greek manuscripts: Gospels, Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. The Epistle to the Hebrews
stands before 1 Timothy
.
in the Gospel
s. It belongs to the textual family f1
. Kurt Aland
placed it in Category III.
The manuscript contains many corrections made by prima manu.
In 1 Corinthians 2:4 it has singular reading πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας και λογοις for πειθοις σοφιας λογοις (plausible words of wisdom).
John 5:1 it reads η σκηνοπηγια for εορτη των Ιουδαιων; the reading is not supported by any known Greek manuscript, or version.
The manuscript was given to Pope Sixtus V
(1585–1590). It was examined by Birch
(about 1782) and Scholz. According to Scholz it has Book of Revelation and assigned it by siglum 66r. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library
(Vat. gr. 360), at Rome
.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
minuscule manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on parchment leaves. Palaeographically
Palaeography
Palaeography, also spelt paleography is the study of ancient writing. Included in the discipline is the practice of deciphering, reading, and dating historical manuscripts, and the cultural context of writing, including the methods with which writing and books were produced, and the history of...
it has been assigned to the 15th century. It has marginalia
Marginalia
Marginalia are scribbles, comments, and illuminations in the margins of a book.- Biblical manuscripts :Biblical manuscripts have liturgical notes at the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin...
.
Description
The codex contains the text of the New TestamentNew Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
except Book of Revelation
Book of Revelation
The Book of Revelation is the final book of the New Testament. The title came into usage from the first word of the book in Koine Greek: apokalupsis, meaning "unveiling" or "revelation"...
on 233 parchment leaves (size ). The text is written in two columns per page, 37 lines per page.
The text of the Gospels is divided according to the Ammonian Sections (in Mark 234 – last numbered section in 16:9), but there is no references to the Eusebian Canons.
The manuscript contains Epistula ad Carpianum
Epistula ad Carpianum
The Epistula ad Carpianum is the title traditionally given to a letter from Eusebius of Caesarea to a Christian named Carpianus....
, the Eusebian tables, tables of the (tables of contents) before each Gospel (unusual arrangement – Matt 74, Mark 46, Luke 57), synaxaria, Menologion, subscriptions at the end, with numbers of στιχοι
Stichometry
Stichometry is a term applied to the measurement of ancient texts by στίχοι or verses of a fixed standard length.It was the custom of the Greeks and Romans to estimate the length of their literary works by measured lines...
. Lectionary markings and incipits were added by a later hand.
It contains many errors of iotacism
Iotacism
Iotacism is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so that they all sound like iota in Modern Greek....
and many remarkable variations.
The order of books is usual for Greek manuscripts: Gospels, Acts, Catholic epistles, and Pauline epistles. The Epistle to the Hebrews
Epistle to the Hebrews
The Epistle to the Hebrews is one of the books in the New Testament. Its author is not known.The primary purpose of the Letter to the Hebrews is to exhort Christians to persevere in the face of persecution. The central thought of the entire Epistle is the doctrine of the Person of Christ and his...
stands before 1 Timothy
First Epistle to Timothy
The First Epistle of Paul to Timothy, usually referred to simply as First Timothy and often written 1 Timothy, is one of three letters in the New Testament of the Bible often grouped together as the Pastoral Epistles, the others being Second Timothy and Titus...
.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is a representative of the Caesarean text-typeCaesarean text-type
Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
in the Gospel
Gospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...
s. It belongs to the textual family f1
Family 1
Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
. Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
placed it in Category III.
The manuscript contains many corrections made by prima manu.
In 1 Corinthians 2:4 it has singular reading πειθοις ανθρωπινης σοφιας και λογοις for πειθοις σοφιας λογοις (plausible words of wisdom).
John 5:1 it reads η σκηνοπηγια for εορτη των Ιουδαιων; the reading is not supported by any known Greek manuscript, or version.
History
Birch dated the manuscript to the 11th century, Gregory to 14th or 15th century. Actually the INTF dated it to the 15th century.The manuscript was given to Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V
Pope Sixtus V , born Felice Peretti di Montalto, was Pope from 1585 to 1590.-Early life:The chronicler Andrija Zmajević states that Felice's family originated from modern-day Montenegro...
(1585–1590). It was examined by Birch
Andrew Birch
Andrew Birch was a professor from Copenhagen. Birch was sent in 1781–1783 by the king of Denmark, Christian VII, to examine manuscripts in Italy, Germany, and other European countries.- Life :...
(about 1782) and Scholz. According to Scholz it has Book of Revelation and assigned it by siglum 66r. C. R. Gregory saw it in 1886.
It is currently housed at the Vatican Library
Vatican Library
The Vatican Library is the library of the Holy See, currently located in Vatican City. It is one of the oldest libraries in the world and contains one of the most significant collections of historical texts. Formally established in 1475, though in fact much older, it has 75,000 codices from...
(Vat. gr. 360), at Rome
Rome
Rome is the capital of Italy and the country's largest and most populated city and comune, with over 2.7 million residents in . The city is located in the central-western portion of the Italian Peninsula, on the Tiber River within the Lazio region of Italy.Rome's history spans two and a half...
.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
- Family 1Family 1Family 1 is a group of Greek Gospel manuscripts, varying in date from the 12th to the 15th century. The group takes its name from the minuscule codex 1, now in the Basel University Library. "Family 1" is also known as "the Lake Group", symbolized as f1. Hermann von Soden calls the group Ih...
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
- K. LakeKirsopp LakeKirsopp Lake was a New Testament scholar and Winn Professor of Ecclesiastical History at Harvard Divinity School. He had an uncommon breadth of interests, publishing definitive monographs in New Testament textual criticism, Greek palaeography, theology, and archaeology...
, Codex 1 of the Gospels and its Allies, Texts and Studies VII 3 (Cambridge, 1902).