Minuscule 545
Encyclopedia
Minuscule 545 ε 511 (in Soden's numbering), is a Greek
minuscule manuscript
of the New Testament
, on paper. It is dated by a colophon
to the year 1430.
Scrivener labeled it by number 558. It is housed at the University of Michigan
. It has marginalia
.
s, on 430 paper leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 16 lines per page. According to Scrivener "the leaves are much misplaced in binding". Breathings and accents are regular. The text was revised by the first hand, but a later hand corrected this revision in several places.
The text is divided according to the (chapters), whose numerals are given at the margin, and the (titles of chapters) at the top and bottom (not in Matthew). There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections
, references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers). At the end of each Gospel are given numbers of Verses.
It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum
, Prolegomena, tables of the Eusebian Canons, lists of the (lists of contents) before every Gospel, "hypothesis" – explanatory of using of the Eusebian Canons (only in Matthew
), and pictures of the four Evangelists
, of the Saviour, and of the Virgin and Child.
A few church lessons are set at the margin. The nomina sacra
are contracted in an usual way.
Errors
Iota adscript
occurs 17 times up to Luke 1:77, then ceases, but iota subscript
first in Luke 1:77 (in the same hand and on same page as the last adscriptum) thence found 85 times, mostly with article after the proposition εν.
Errors of iotacism
are 398 (the first hand), some of them were corrected sometimes by a later hand. Scrivener enumerated all errors of the first hand: ω
for ο (64), ο for ω (56), ει for η
(43), η for ει (75), η for ι
(18), ι for η (22), αι for ε
(30), ει for ι (9), ι for ει (11), η for υ (6), υ
for η (6), ει for υ (2), υ for ει (only 1, in Matthew 12:48), υ for ι (3), ι for υ (2), ου for ο (1), ω for ου (4), ου for ω (7), η for ευ (in Luke 5:7 - ?), υ for ου (1), ι for οι (1), οι for ι (1), η for οι (3).
There are nine omissions by homoioteleuton (Matthew 13:12; Luke 10:27; 11:10; 17:33; 22:30; John 4:14; 8:24; 14:7.27).
N εφελκυστικον occurs 17 times (thrice corrected).
The only Alexandrian form is χειραν in John 20:25.
. According to Hermann von Soden it belongs to Ir, the most diluted form of the Iota text-type
, along with codices 262
, 1187, 1666, and 1573. The Greek text of the codex Aland
did not place in any Category
.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it creates textual cluster with 585, in Luke 1
; Luke 10; Luke 20. It is a core member of this cluster. It has an unusual readings in Mark 6:22; Luke 2:22; 14:4; 15:21; John 7:8; 10:11.
Textual variants
The words before the bracket is the reading of the Textus Receptus
.
According to the colophon the manuscript was written by Theodoros, a scribe, in the year of the world 6938, meaning A.D. 1439. The colophon states:
Παρ εμοι του ευτελους και αβρωτιμου παντων μεροπων και χωρικου γραφεως θεοδορου του κοτζα εκ χωρας μετωνης τελειωτεν εν ετει συστασεως κοσμου ς λη. Ιν. Η. Απο δε της ενσαρκου οικονομιας αυλ μηνι μαιω λα.
Location
In 1864, the manuscript was in the possession of a dealer at Janina
in Epeiros. It was then purchased from him by a representative of Baroness Burdett-Coutts
(1814–1906), a philanthropist, together with other Greek manuscripts (among them codices 532
-546
). They were transported to England in 1870-1871.
The manuscript was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, and was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts III. 10), in London. In 1922 it was acquired for the University of Michigan. It is currently housed at the University of Michigan
(Ms. 30) in Ann Arbor
.
Examination
It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (558) and C. R. Gregory (545). Gregory saw it in 1883.
Scrivener examined, described and collated its text. His collation was edited posthumously in Adversaria critica sacra in 1893. The codex was digitised by the CSNTM in 2008.
Greek language
Greek is an independent branch of the Indo-European family of languages. Native to the southern Balkans, it has the longest documented history of any Indo-European language, spanning 34 centuries of written records. Its writing system has been the Greek alphabet for the majority of its history;...
minuscule manuscript
Manuscript
A manuscript or handwrite is written information that has been manually created by someone or some people, such as a hand-written letter, as opposed to being printed or reproduced some other way...
of the New Testament
New Testament
The New Testament is the second major division of the Christian biblical canon, the first such division being the much longer Old Testament....
, on paper. It is dated by a colophon
Colophon (publishing)
In publishing, a colophon is either:* A brief description of publication or production notes relevant to the edition, in modern books usually located at the reverse of the title page, but can also sometimes be located at the end of the book, or...
to the year 1430.
Scrivener labeled it by number 558. It is housed at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
. It has marginalia
Marginalia
Marginalia are scribbles, comments, and illuminations in the margins of a book.- Biblical manuscripts :Biblical manuscripts have liturgical notes at the margin, for liturgical use. Numbers of texts' divisions are given at the margin...
.
Description
The codex contains the text of the four GospelGospel
A gospel is an account, often written, that describes the life of Jesus of Nazareth. In a more general sense the term "gospel" may refer to the good news message of the New Testament. It is primarily used in reference to the four canonical gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John...
s, on 430 paper leaves (size ). The text is written in one column per page, 16 lines per page. According to Scrivener "the leaves are much misplaced in binding". Breathings and accents are regular. The text was revised by the first hand, but a later hand corrected this revision in several places.
The text is divided according to the (chapters), whose numerals are given at the margin, and the (titles of chapters) at the top and bottom (not in Matthew). There is also a division according to the smaller Ammonian Sections
Ammonian Sections
Eusebian canons or Eusebian sections, also known as Ammonian Sections, are the system of dividing the four Gospels used between late Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The divisions into chapters and verses used in modern texts date only from the 13th and 16th centuries, respectively...
, references to the Eusebian Canons (written below Ammonian Section numbers). At the end of each Gospel are given numbers of Verses.
It contains the Epistula ad Carpianum
Epistula ad Carpianum
The Epistula ad Carpianum is the title traditionally given to a letter from Eusebius of Caesarea to a Christian named Carpianus....
, Prolegomena, tables of the Eusebian Canons, lists of the (lists of contents) before every Gospel, "hypothesis" – explanatory of using of the Eusebian Canons (only in Matthew
Gospel of Matthew
The Gospel According to Matthew is one of the four canonical gospels, one of the three synoptic gospels, and the first book of the New Testament. It tells of the life, ministry, death, and resurrection of Jesus of Nazareth...
), and pictures of the four Evangelists
Four Evangelists
In Christian tradition the Four Evangelists are Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John, the authors attributed with the creation of the four Gospel accounts in the New Testament that bear the following titles:*Gospel according to Matthew*Gospel according to Mark...
, of the Saviour, and of the Virgin and Child.
A few church lessons are set at the margin. The nomina sacra
Nomina sacra
Nomina sacra means "sacred names" in Latin, and can be used to refer to traditions of abbreviated writing of several frequently occurring divine names or titles in early Greek language Holy Scripture...
are contracted in an usual way.
Errors
Iota adscript
Iota adscript
In Greek polytonic orthography, the iota adscript is a iota written after a long vowel in a long diphthong, as opposed to below the vowel as a small vertical stroke ....
occurs 17 times up to Luke 1:77, then ceases, but iota subscript
Iota subscript
Iota subscript in Greek polytonic orthography is a way of writing the letter iota as a small vertical stroke beneath a vowel. It was used in the so-called "long diphthongs" in Ancient Greek, that is, diphthongs the first part of which is a long vowel: and...
first in Luke 1:77 (in the same hand and on same page as the last adscriptum) thence found 85 times, mostly with article after the proposition εν.
Errors of iotacism
Iotacism
Iotacism is the process by which a number of vowels and diphthongs in Ancient Greek converged in pronunciation so that they all sound like iota in Modern Greek....
are 398 (the first hand), some of them were corrected sometimes by a later hand. Scrivener enumerated all errors of the first hand: ω
Omega
Omega is the 24th and last letter of the Greek alphabet. In the Greek numeric system, it has a value of 800. The word literally means "great O" , as opposed to omicron, which means "little O"...
for ο (64), ο for ω (56), ει for η
ETA
ETA , an acronym for Euskadi Ta Askatasuna is an armed Basque nationalist and separatist organization. The group was founded in 1959 and has since evolved from a group promoting traditional Basque culture to a paramilitary group with the goal of gaining independence for the Greater Basque Country...
(43), η for ει (75), η for ι
Iota
Iota is the ninth letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 10. It was derived from the Phoenician letter Yodh . Letters that arose from this letter include the Roman I and J and the Cyrillic І , Yi , Je , and iotified letters .Iota represents...
(18), ι for η (22), αι for ε
Epsilon
Epsilon is the fifth letter of the Greek alphabet, corresponding phonetically to a close-mid front unrounded vowel . In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 5. It was derived from the Phoenician letter He...
(30), ει for ι (9), ι for ει (11), η for υ (6), υ
Upsilon
Upsilon is the 20th letter of the Greek alphabet. In the system of Greek numerals it has a value of 400. It is derived from the Phoenician waw. The name of the letter is pronounced in Modern Greek, and in English , , or...
for η (6), ει for υ (2), υ for ει (only 1, in Matthew 12:48), υ for ι (3), ι for υ (2), ου for ο (1), ω for ου (4), ου for ω (7), η for ευ (in Luke 5:7 - ?), υ for ου (1), ι for οι (1), οι for ι (1), η for οι (3).
There are nine omissions by homoioteleuton (Matthew 13:12; Luke 10:27; 11:10; 17:33; 22:30; John 4:14; 8:24; 14:7.27).
N εφελκυστικον occurs 17 times (thrice corrected).
The only Alexandrian form is χειραν in John 20:25.
Text
The Greek text of the codex is mixed with a predominate element of the Byzantine text-typeByzantine text-type
The Byzantine text-type is one of several text-types used in textual criticism to describe the textual character of Greek New Testament manuscripts. It is the form found in the largest number of surviving manuscripts, though not in the oldest...
. According to Hermann von Soden it belongs to Ir, the most diluted form of the Iota text-type
Caesarean text-type
Caesarean text-type is the term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings that is claimed to be apparent in certain Greek manuscripts of the four Gospels, but which is not found in any of the other commonly recognized New Testament text-types; the Byzantine...
, along with codices 262
Minuscule 262
Minuscule 262 , ε 1020 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th century. It has marginalia.- Description :...
, 1187, 1666, and 1573. The Greek text of the codex Aland
Kurt Aland
Kurt Aland was a German Theologian and Professor of New Testament Research and Church History. He founded the Institut für neutestamentliche Textforschung in Münster and served as its first director for many years...
did not place in any Category
Categories of New Testament manuscripts
New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups, according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in Der Text des Neuen Testaments. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian...
.
According to the Claremont Profile Method it creates textual cluster with 585, in Luke 1
Luke 1
Luke 1 is the first chapter of the Gospel of Luke in the New Testament of the Christian Bible. It describes the events leading up to the birth of Jesus. It is written to Theophilus, who could be a real person or could simply mean a fellow Christian as theo philus is Greek for God lover...
; Luke 10; Luke 20. It is a core member of this cluster. It has an unusual readings in Mark 6:22; Luke 2:22; 14:4; 15:21; John 7:8; 10:11.
Textual variants
The words before the bracket is the reading of the Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus
Textus Receptus is the name subsequently given to the succession of printed Greek texts of the New Testament which constituted the translation base for the original German Luther Bible, the translation of the New Testament into English by William Tyndale, the King James Version, and for most other...
.
- Matthew 4:22Matthew 4:22Matthew 4:22 is the twenty-second verse of the fourth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament. After recruiting Simon Peter and Andrew as disciples Jesus encountered the brothers James and John and their father Zebedee...
— (him) ] τω ιυ (for son) - Matthew 5:18Matthew 5:18Matthew 5:18 is the eighteenth verse of the fifth chapter of the Gospel of Matthew in the New Testament and is part of the Sermon on the Mount. Jesus has just reported that he came not to destroy the law, but fulfil it. In this verse this claim is reinforced....
— (for) ] (truly) - Matthew 8:13 — none ]
- Matthew 9:11 — (eat) ] (eat and drink)
- Mark 2:10 —
- Luke 6:22 — (her) ] (him)
- Mark 2:22 — (her) ] (him)
- Luke 10:27 — ] omitted
- Luke 14:4 — ]
- Luke 15:21 — none ]
- John 7:8 — ουκ ] ουπω
- John 1:13.19.26.34.51; 2:3.12.13.16.18; 3:20.21.28.36; 4:1.2.3.14.33.46; 5:1.44; 6:10.11.17.21.30.49.51.55.61.64.71; 7:4.8.31.46.47; 8:36.41.43.52; etc.
History
Παρ εμοι του ευτελους και αβρωτιμου παντων μεροπων και χωρικου γραφεως θεοδορου του κοτζα εκ χωρας μετωνης τελειωτεν εν ετει συστασεως κοσμου ς λη. Ιν. Η. Απο δε της ενσαρκου οικονομιας αυλ μηνι μαιω λα.
Location
In 1864, the manuscript was in the possession of a dealer at Janina
Ioannina
Ioannina , often called Jannena within Greece, is the largest city of Epirus, north-western Greece, with a population of 70,203 . It lies at an elevation of approximately 500 meters above sea level, on the western shore of lake Pamvotis . It is located within the Ioannina municipality, and is the...
in Epeiros. It was then purchased from him by a representative of Baroness Burdett-Coutts
Angela Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts
Angela Georgina Burdett-Coutts, 1st Baroness Burdett-Coutts , born Angela Georgina Burdett, was a nineteenth-century philanthropist, the daughter of Sir Francis Burdett, 5th Baronet and the former Sophia Coutts, daughter of banker Thomas Coutts...
(1814–1906), a philanthropist, together with other Greek manuscripts (among them codices 532
Minuscule 532
Minuscule 532 , ε 255 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.Scrivener labeled it number 545....
-546
Minuscule 546
Minuscule 546 , ε 511 , is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on parchment. It is dated palaeographically to the 13th century. It has some marginalia, the scribe has made numerous errors....
). They were transported to England in 1870-1871.
The manuscript was presented by Burdett-Coutts to Sir Roger Cholmely's School, and was housed at the Highgate (Burdett-Coutts III. 10), in London. In 1922 it was acquired for the University of Michigan. It is currently housed at the University of Michigan
University of Michigan
The University of Michigan is a public research university located in Ann Arbor, Michigan in the United States. It is the state's oldest university and the flagship campus of the University of Michigan...
(Ms. 30) in Ann Arbor
Ann Arbor, Michigan
Ann Arbor is a city in the U.S. state of Michigan and the county seat of Washtenaw County. The 2010 census places the population at 113,934, making it the sixth largest city in Michigan. The Ann Arbor Metropolitan Statistical Area had a population of 344,791 as of 2010...
.
Examination
It was added to the list of the New Testament manuscripts by F. H. A. Scrivener (558) and C. R. Gregory (545). Gregory saw it in 1883.
Scrivener examined, described and collated its text. His collation was edited posthumously in Adversaria critica sacra in 1893. The codex was digitised by the CSNTM in 2008.
See also
- List of New Testament minuscules
- Biblical manuscriptBiblical manuscriptA biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. The word Bible comes from the Greek biblia ; manuscript comes from Latin manu and scriptum...
- Textual criticismTextual criticismTextual criticism is a branch of literary criticism that is concerned with the identification and removal of transcription errors in the texts of manuscripts...
Further reading
(as q)- Kenneth W. Clark, A Descriptive Catalogue of Greek New Testament Manuscripts in America (Chicago, 1937), pp. 305-308.
External links
- Images of the minuscule 545 at the CSNTMCenter for the Study of New Testament ManuscriptsThe Center for the Study of New Testament Manuscripts is a non-profit organization set out to preserve ancient manuscripts of the Christian Scriptures New Testament. This aim is accomplished by taking high resolution digital photographs of all extant Greek New Testament manuscripts. The...
- Minuscule 545 at the Encyclopedia of Textual Criticism