Mir-133 microRNA precursor family
Encyclopedia
mir-133 is a type of non-coding RNA
called a microRNA that was first experimentally characterised in mice and homologue
s have since been discovered in several other species including invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster
. Each species often encodes multiple microRNAs with identical or similar mature sequence. For example, in the human genome there are three known miR-133 genes: miR-133a-1, miR-133a-2 and miR-133b found on chromosomes 18, 20 and 6 respectively. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin
. miR-133 is expressed in muscle tissue and appears to repress the expression of non-muscle genes.
downregulation through a mechanism that remains to be determined. As a consequence of lower MEF2C binding on their enhancer region, the transcription of miR-1
and miR-133a is reduced, leading to decreased levels of their mature forms in muscle, after insulin treatment. Altered activation of PI3K and SREBP-1c may explain the defective regulation of miR-1 and miR-133a expression in response to insulin in muscle of type 2 diabetic patients.
K+ channel gene contains a target of miR-133. Yin et al.. showed that the Mps1 kinase gene in zebrafish is a target. Luo et al.. demonstrated that the voltage gated K+ channel KCNQ1 is a target. Boutz et al.. showed that nPTB (neuronal polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is a target and likely contains two target sites for miR-133. Xiao et al.. show that ether-a-go-go related gene (ERG) a K+ channel is a target of miR-133.
miR-133 directly and negatively regulates NFATc4.
RhoA expression is negatively regulated by miR-133a in bronchial smooth muscles (BSM)and miR-133a downregulation causes an upregulation of RhoA, resulting in an augmentation of contraction and BSM hyperresponsiveness.
BMP2
downregulates multiple mIRs, of which one, miR-133, directly inhibits Runx2
, an early BMP response gene essential for bone formation. Although miR-133 is known to promote MEF-2-dependent myogenesis, it also inhibits Runx2-mediated osteogenesis. BMP2 controls bone cell determination by inducing miRNAs that target muscle genes but mainly by down-regulating multiple miRNAs that constitute an osteogenic program, thereby releasing from inhibition pathway components required for cell lineage commitment establish a mechanism for BMP morphogens to selectively induce a tissue-specific phenotype and suppress alternative lineages.
Nicotine activates α7-nAChR and downregulates the levels of miR-133 and miR-590 leading to significant upregulation of expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII at the protein level establishing miR-133 and miR-590 as repressors of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII.
miR-133 enhances myoblast proliferation by repressing serum response factor (SRF)
mIR-133 supressses SP1 expression
Non-coding RNA
A non-coding RNA is a functional RNA molecule that is not translated into a protein. Less-frequently used synonyms are non-protein-coding RNA , non-messenger RNA and functional RNA . The term small RNA is often used for short bacterial ncRNAs...
called a microRNA that was first experimentally characterised in mice and homologue
Homology (biology)
Homology forms the basis of organization for comparative biology. In 1843, Richard Owen defined homology as "the same organ in different animals under every variety of form and function". Organs as different as a bat's wing, a seal's flipper, a cat's paw and a human hand have a common underlying...
s have since been discovered in several other species including invertebrates such as the fruitfly Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a species of Diptera, or the order of flies, in the family Drosophilidae. The species is known generally as the common fruit fly or vinegar fly. Starting from Charles W...
. Each species often encodes multiple microRNAs with identical or similar mature sequence. For example, in the human genome there are three known miR-133 genes: miR-133a-1, miR-133a-2 and miR-133b found on chromosomes 18, 20 and 6 respectively. The mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin
Stem-loop
Stem-loop intramolecular base pairing is a pattern that can occur in single-stranded DNA or, more commonly, in RNA. The structure is also known as a hairpin or hairpin loop. It occurs when two regions of the same strand, usually complementary in nucleotide sequence when read in opposite directions,...
. miR-133 is expressed in muscle tissue and appears to repress the expression of non-muscle genes.
Regulation
It is proposed that Insulin activates the translocation of SREBP-1c (BHLH) active form from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) to the nucleus and, concomittantly, induces SREPB-1c expression via PI3K signaling pathway. SREBP-1c mediates MEF2CMEF2C
Myocyte-specific enhancer factor 2C also known as MADS box transcription enhancer factor 2, polypeptide C is a protein that in humans is encoded by the MEF2C gene. MEF2C is a transcription factor in the Mef2 family.-Genomics:...
downregulation through a mechanism that remains to be determined. As a consequence of lower MEF2C binding on their enhancer region, the transcription of miR-1
Mir-1
In cryptography, Mir-1 is a stream cypher algorithm developed by Alexander Maximov. It has been submitted to the eSTREAM project of the eCRYPT network. It has not been selected for focus or for consideration during Phase 2; it has been 'archived'....
and miR-133a is reduced, leading to decreased levels of their mature forms in muscle, after insulin treatment. Altered activation of PI3K and SREBP-1c may explain the defective regulation of miR-1 and miR-133a expression in response to insulin in muscle of type 2 diabetic patients.
Targets of miR-133
microRNAs act by lowering the expression of genes by binding to target sites in the 3' UTR of the mRNAs. Luo et al.. demonstrated that the HCN2HCN2
Potassium/sodium hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated ion channel 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HCN2 gene.-Interactions:HCN2 has been shown to interact with HCN1 and HCN4.-Function:...
K+ channel gene contains a target of miR-133. Yin et al.. showed that the Mps1 kinase gene in zebrafish is a target. Luo et al.. demonstrated that the voltage gated K+ channel KCNQ1 is a target. Boutz et al.. showed that nPTB (neuronal polypyrimidine tract-binding protein) is a target and likely contains two target sites for miR-133. Xiao et al.. show that ether-a-go-go related gene (ERG) a K+ channel is a target of miR-133.
miR-133 directly and negatively regulates NFATc4.
RhoA expression is negatively regulated by miR-133a in bronchial smooth muscles (BSM)and miR-133a downregulation causes an upregulation of RhoA, resulting in an augmentation of contraction and BSM hyperresponsiveness.
BMP2
Bone morphogenetic protein 2
Bone morphogenetic protein 2 or BMP-2 belongs to the TGF-β superfamily of proteins.-Function:BMP-2 like other bone morphogenetic proteins, plays an important role in the development of bone and cartilage. It is involved in the hedgehog pathway, TGF beta signaling pathway, and in cytokine-cytokine...
downregulates multiple mIRs, of which one, miR-133, directly inhibits Runx2
Runx2
Runt-related transcription factor 2 also known as core-binding factor subunit alpha-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RUNX2 gene RUNX2 is a key transcription factor associated with osteoblast differentiation....
, an early BMP response gene essential for bone formation. Although miR-133 is known to promote MEF-2-dependent myogenesis, it also inhibits Runx2-mediated osteogenesis. BMP2 controls bone cell determination by inducing miRNAs that target muscle genes but mainly by down-regulating multiple miRNAs that constitute an osteogenic program, thereby releasing from inhibition pathway components required for cell lineage commitment establish a mechanism for BMP morphogens to selectively induce a tissue-specific phenotype and suppress alternative lineages.
Nicotine activates α7-nAChR and downregulates the levels of miR-133 and miR-590 leading to significant upregulation of expression of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII at the protein level establishing miR-133 and miR-590 as repressors of TGF-β1 and TGF-βRII.
miR-133 enhances myoblast proliferation by repressing serum response factor (SRF)
mIR-133 supressses SP1 expression