Nano brain
Encyclopedia
A nano brain http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/7288426.stm is a conceptual device that executes massively parallel computing
following the information processing
principles of human brain
. This machine assembly would serve as an intelligent decision making unit for the nano-robots, and could be programmed to execute particular operation for which it is designed. One essential feature of a nano brain is that it would acquire all sensory
inputs at a time from the external environment and after processing that information
, generate distinct instruction for every single execution units connected to the nano brain collectively at a time. Thus the computing
machine will communicate with the external world in a similar fashion like our central nervous system
, which analyses several parameters like color, sound, shape of objects, past memory all at a time.
like chaos
, cellular automaton
wherein millions of pixels of a particular image is processed at a time. Apparently the mechanism appears extremely slow and not accurate. However, as the complexity of information increases, it performs more credibly than the man made supercomputers. A human brain can read captcha
letters in seconds, however, even a supercomputer
can not do that in a finite time. A total ~1020 bits of information created by mankind in the last 5000 years, has been generated in the year 2008 alone. Exponential
increment of information generates a serious challenge for command, control and processing when connectivity among these information also increases exponentially. Since software uses a sequential approach to analyze connectivity, to shrink infinite complexity into a finite limit, mechanism of processing infinite information has to be embedded inside the hardware. Nano brain is such a device that physically addresses nearly infinite possible connections in seconds, alleviating the singularity in the software. This concept has the potential to solve at least three bottlenecks of human civilization, providing necessary intelligence
to the robots, executing jobs without conventional power supply
and finally, resolving the many-body problem
s which are in abundance in nature
.
s have been proposed for neurons and even for the central nervous system
. Creating an equivalent circuit is a reliable mean to understand the electronics of a complex device as it defines the device in terms of fundamental circuit elements
. The functional principle of a nano brain architecture is to exhibit “one-to-many communication at a time” among the constituent decision making units. By conventional circuit theory, it is parallel circuiting of elements. Since the conformation of wireing path changes along with electronic charge transport in the circuit, equivalent circuit would change continuously. The possible combination of such circuits is astronomically large therefore instead of defining a function for an evolving equivalent circuit, the concept of cellular automaton
has been introduced. In addition, due to spherical design, information spreads out from the center of the sphere and again reflects back to the center from the outer surface. Every single atom in the spherical nano-brain experiences a continuous interference of feed forward information wave. Thus, the concept of circuit is violated here as collective evolution of a potential distribution in a 3 D space at a time can not be represented as a linear sequence of events in discrete times.
in Human brain evolves continuously during entire life period, it gains folds. There are several attempts to realize evolutionary circuits, however majority of these attempts assemble a few static circuits and choose one of them during computation. Human brain's evolution is functionally different, neurons change connection to make short-route, these routes lead to faster decision making, we call it increasing efficiency through learning. A nano-brain changes connection between different sub-processors in a very similar fashion, therefore it learns with experience, since no hardware restriction is imposed in the nano-brain, possibilities of changing is enormously large, not astronomical since restriction due to resource limitation imposes an upper limit, however, that number of possibility ranges in the order of millions compared to tens in the present evolving hardwares.
. If nano brain is made of cellular automaton
then number of cells decreases in every layer as computation transits upward. The embedded cellular automaton cluster that represent entire nano brain, follows two different classes of cellular automaton rules. First class of rules are those which are followed in the cellular automaton grid, and the other class of rules are basically the transition rules between two cellular automaton layers, each layers are termed as sub-processors.
Parallel computing
Parallel computing is a form of computation in which many calculations are carried out simultaneously, operating on the principle that large problems can often be divided into smaller ones, which are then solved concurrently . There are several different forms of parallel computing: bit-level,...
following the information processing
Information processing
Information processing is the change of information in any manner detectable by an observer. As such, it is a process which describes everything which happens in the universe, from the falling of a rock to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system...
principles of human brain
Human brain
The human brain has the same general structure as the brains of other mammals, but is over three times larger than the brain of a typical mammal with an equivalent body size. Estimates for the number of neurons in the human brain range from 80 to 120 billion...
. This machine assembly would serve as an intelligent decision making unit for the nano-robots, and could be programmed to execute particular operation for which it is designed. One essential feature of a nano brain is that it would acquire all sensory
Sensor
A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury-in-glass thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated...
inputs at a time from the external environment and after processing that information
Information
Information in its most restricted technical sense is a message or collection of messages that consists of an ordered sequence of symbols, or it is the meaning that can be interpreted from such a message or collection of messages. Information can be recorded or transmitted. It can be recorded as...
, generate distinct instruction for every single execution units connected to the nano brain collectively at a time. Thus the computing
Computing
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...
machine will communicate with the external world in a similar fashion like our central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
, which analyses several parameters like color, sound, shape of objects, past memory all at a time.
Necessity for a nano brain
Computing in the 20th century was confined inside a box, or machine, called computer or supercomputer; now, several parameters around us compute, the computing has left the box stretching into the world at large. Earlier, we used to have small amount of information stored in a book or server, and we used to upload and download as required. In this and to the next century, this could reverse, since, where we store information is becoming astronomically large. We need to extend computing beyond serial logic, as we did in the last century, if we dont, we could get isolated in the information domain, without getting connected to the desired point. Human brain follows pattern based computingComputing
Computing is usually defined as the activity of using and improving computer hardware and software. It is the computer-specific part of information technology...
like chaos
Chaos theory
Chaos theory is a field of study in mathematics, with applications in several disciplines including physics, economics, biology, and philosophy. Chaos theory studies the behavior of dynamical systems that are highly sensitive to initial conditions, an effect which is popularly referred to as the...
, cellular automaton
Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. It consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as "On" and "Off"...
wherein millions of pixels of a particular image is processed at a time. Apparently the mechanism appears extremely slow and not accurate. However, as the complexity of information increases, it performs more credibly than the man made supercomputers. A human brain can read captcha
CAPTCHA
A CAPTCHA is a type of challenge-response test used in computing as an attempt to ensure that the response is generated by a person. The process usually involves one computer asking a user to complete a simple test which the computer is able to generate and grade...
letters in seconds, however, even a supercomputer
Supercomputer
A supercomputer is a computer at the frontline of current processing capacity, particularly speed of calculation.Supercomputers are used for highly calculation-intensive tasks such as problems including quantum physics, weather forecasting, climate research, molecular modeling A supercomputer is a...
can not do that in a finite time. A total ~1020 bits of information created by mankind in the last 5000 years, has been generated in the year 2008 alone. Exponential
Exponential growth
Exponential growth occurs when the growth rate of a mathematical function is proportional to the function's current value...
increment of information generates a serious challenge for command, control and processing when connectivity among these information also increases exponentially. Since software uses a sequential approach to analyze connectivity, to shrink infinite complexity into a finite limit, mechanism of processing infinite information has to be embedded inside the hardware. Nano brain is such a device that physically addresses nearly infinite possible connections in seconds, alleviating the singularity in the software. This concept has the potential to solve at least three bottlenecks of human civilization, providing necessary intelligence
Intelligence
Intelligence has been defined in different ways, including the abilities for abstract thought, understanding, communication, reasoning, learning, planning, emotional intelligence and problem solving....
to the robots, executing jobs without conventional power supply
Power supply
A power supply is a device that supplies electrical energy to one or more electric loads. The term is most commonly applied to devices that convert one form of electrical energy to another, though it may also refer to devices that convert another form of energy to electrical energy...
and finally, resolving the many-body problem
Many-body problem
The many-body problem is a general name for a vast category of physical problems pertaining to the properties of microscopic systems made of a large number of interacting particles. Microscopic here implies that quantum mechanics has to be used to provide an accurate description of the system...
s which are in abundance in nature
Nature
Nature, in the broadest sense, is equivalent to the natural world, physical world, or material world. "Nature" refers to the phenomena of the physical world, and also to life in general...
.
Conceptual novelty of the hardware
Historically, equivalent circuitEquivalent circuit
In electrical engineering and science, an equivalent circuit refers to a theoretical circuit that retains all of the electrical characteristics of a given circuit. Often, an equivalent circuit is sought that is the simplest form of a more complex circuit in order to aid analysis. In its most common...
s have been proposed for neurons and even for the central nervous system
Central nervous system
The central nervous system is the part of the nervous system that integrates the information that it receives from, and coordinates the activity of, all parts of the bodies of bilaterian animals—that is, all multicellular animals except sponges and radially symmetric animals such as jellyfish...
. Creating an equivalent circuit is a reliable mean to understand the electronics of a complex device as it defines the device in terms of fundamental circuit elements
Electrical element
Electrical elements are conceptual abstractions representing idealized electrical components, such as resistors, capacitors, and inductors, used in the analysis of electrical networks...
. The functional principle of a nano brain architecture is to exhibit “one-to-many communication at a time” among the constituent decision making units. By conventional circuit theory, it is parallel circuiting of elements. Since the conformation of wireing path changes along with electronic charge transport in the circuit, equivalent circuit would change continuously. The possible combination of such circuits is astronomically large therefore instead of defining a function for an evolving equivalent circuit, the concept of cellular automaton
Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. It consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as "On" and "Off"...
has been introduced. In addition, due to spherical design, information spreads out from the center of the sphere and again reflects back to the center from the outer surface. Every single atom in the spherical nano-brain experiences a continuous interference of feed forward information wave. Thus, the concept of circuit is violated here as collective evolution of a potential distribution in a 3 D space at a time can not be represented as a linear sequence of events in discrete times.
Evolving hardware
Biological neural networkBiological neural network
In neuroscience, a biological neural network describes a population of physically interconnected neurons or a group of disparate neurons whose inputs or signalling targets define a recognizable circuit. Communication between neurons often involves an electrochemical process...
in Human brain evolves continuously during entire life period, it gains folds. There are several attempts to realize evolutionary circuits, however majority of these attempts assemble a few static circuits and choose one of them during computation. Human brain's evolution is functionally different, neurons change connection to make short-route, these routes lead to faster decision making, we call it increasing efficiency through learning. A nano-brain changes connection between different sub-processors in a very similar fashion, therefore it learns with experience, since no hardware restriction is imposed in the nano-brain, possibilities of changing is enormously large, not astronomical since restriction due to resource limitation imposes an upper limit, however, that number of possibility ranges in the order of millions compared to tens in the present evolving hardwares.
Multilayered decision making
There are several layers of subprocessors one top of another that constitute the nano brain, the bottom-most layer connects to the external machines or sensors and the top-most layer carry the fundamental rules that are never changed during nano brain computationComputation
Computation is defined as any type of calculation. Also defined as use of computer technology in Information processing.Computation is a process following a well-defined model understood and expressed in an algorithm, protocol, network topology, etc...
. If nano brain is made of cellular automaton
Cellular automaton
A cellular automaton is a discrete model studied in computability theory, mathematics, physics, complexity science, theoretical biology and microstructure modeling. It consists of a regular grid of cells, each in one of a finite number of states, such as "On" and "Off"...
then number of cells decreases in every layer as computation transits upward. The embedded cellular automaton cluster that represent entire nano brain, follows two different classes of cellular automaton rules. First class of rules are those which are followed in the cellular automaton grid, and the other class of rules are basically the transition rules between two cellular automaton layers, each layers are termed as sub-processors.