Natural resources of Ireland
Encyclopedia
The primary natural resources of Ireland
, include natural gas, petroleum, peat, copper, lead, dolomite, barite, limestone, gypsum, silver and some zinc. Key industries based on these and other natural resources include fishing, foresting, mining, livestock, and other forms of agriculture and fish farming.
Peat
has been Ireland
's staple fuel
for centuries and still provides about 12% of the nation's energy needs. Bord na Móna
(translating from the Irish
to mean "Peat Board") extracts more than 4 million tonnes of peat annually.
Ireland's experience with state-sponsored renewable energy
projects stretches back to 1925, and the Ardnacrusha project. Other new and renewable energy projects include other hydroelectric, solar
, and wind power
initiatives. One of the country's first wind farms was created in 1992 at the Bellacorick
in County Mayo
. However other individual wind turbine projects were previously (and have since been) progressed.
rearing, dairy products, cereals, potatoes), is a key economic contributor. The livestock
of Ireland consists of 6.41 m cattle
, 4.81 m sheep, 1.76 m pigs
, 11.3 m chickens.. Agriculture
remains an important economic factor in Ireland - with the primary sector accounting for 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of employment. In 2004, Ireland exported approximately €7.15 billion worth of agri-food and drink (about 8.4% of Ireland's exports), mainly as cattle, beef, and dairy products, and mainly to the United Kingdom. Agriculture products consist of turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat, beef, and dairy products.
Energy derived from Ireland's natural resources includes natural gas
production of 855 million cu m (2004 est), with domestic consumption running at 4.295 billion cu m (2004 est). Ireland exports 3.44 billion cu m, with natural gas reserves of 19.82 billion cu m. Oil consumption equals 175600000 barrels (27,918,169 m³) per day (2003 est). Oil imports outweigh exports, with 27450000 barrels (4,364,201.2 m³) per day exported (2001) and imports of 178600000 barrels (28,395,130.9 m³) per day. Electricity
production in 2001 was 23.53 billion kWh; Of which sources were: fossil fuels 95.9%, hydro: 2.3%, nuclear: 0%, other: 1.8% (2001).
Primary raw material industries include: steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum mining processing. Although heavy industry centers around key cities such as Belfast
, Dublin, Cork
, and other important port cities. Machinery and equipment manufacturing, food processing
, and textile
and electronics
manufacturing are the leading industries of Ireland. Among those are also included paper making, furniture
manufacturing, and shipbuilding
. Northern Ireland is historically noted for its linen manufacture.
has been noted for being one of the best fishing destinations in Europe
http://www.irelandunveiled.com/natural/natural-d.cgi. Ireland is an island
nation that has extensive fishing
grounds in its territorial seas and waters
, part of which are protected from overfishing by the Irish Conservation Box
.
In addition, Ireland has almost 14,000 kilometres of rivers that bear fish, along with numerous lakes. The freshwater
lakes of the country provide an area of 357,000 square kilometres, providing a habitat for considerable fish life. (County Cavan
alone boasts some 365 lakes.)
Some of the native species are char
, eel
, rainbow trout
, perch
, pike, pollan
, and roach
. Ireland's mild climate is favorable for fishing. The North Atlantic Drift
warms the waters off the islands on the west coast so that the channels support both warm and cold water fish. In total, there are 64 types of fish and shellfish
off the coast of Ireland. These include: Basking Shark
, Blue Shark
, Butterfish, Cod
, Common Dogfish, common skate
, Conger Eel, Greater Pipefish
, Greater Sandeel, Mackerel
, Lesser Sandeel, Lesser Weever
, Lumpsucker
, Pike, Plaice
, Porbeagle Shark, Rainbow Trout
, Roach
, Tench
, Tompot blenny
, Tope
.
, platinum
, diamonds, coal
, base
and ferrous
metals, industrial minerals and forest products.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Anglo+American+plc
and mining exploration organization. It manages the Galmoy Zinc Mine, carrying out foregoing mineral exploration activities.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Arcon+International+Resources+plc
Galmoy is now run by the Swedish owned company Lundin.
, Norway and Ireland. Boliden's main minerals are copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver
. They have more than 4,500 employees globally, and a turnover of approximately EUR 2 billion annually.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Boliden+Mineral+AB
, and base-land minerals in Ireland.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Hereward+Ventures+plc
and precious metal properties.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Minco+Mining+%26+Metals+Corporation
explorer, focusing on Pallas Green in Limerick where excavation shows some zinc mineralization http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Minco+plc.
) and flora
. Under its terms, the "Wildlife Advisory Council" was also established - known officially in the Irish language as "An Chomhairle Fhiadhulra". The functions of this body included the establishment and maintenance of reserves and refuges for wildlife, the ongoing protection of breeding grounds, herd management, migration, etc. It would also make certain provisions relating to land, inland waters and the territorial waters
of the state. http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC022219&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng
This act was followed by the "Wildlife Advisory Council Order" on March 13, 1978, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Protection of Wild Animals) Regulations" on September 10, 1980, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Acquisition of Land) Regulations" on February 6, 1978, and others.
The Act has been amended several times, first by the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1985", which sought to manage, conserve, and protect birds. The second amendment was the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1986", which added the control of species of wild bird which may cause damage or injury to specified interests. The most recent was the "Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000 (Act No. 38 of 2000)", which provided statutory protection for Natural Heritage Areas
as well as legislation relating to the management and conservation of forests, including the hunting and capture of birds in protected forests.
in the state, and provided the establishment of a company - later named Coillte Teoranta
- which would be mandated with the management of state owned forests, and with providing grant aid to commercial and privately owned forest farming and planted woodland.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC020977&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng It was later amended on August 15, 2000.
Also included was the maintenance of marine
pollution (also with shipped based sources), oil pollution, and waste water.
It basically sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality. The act came from Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992. of 1996, Waste Management Act, 1996. on May 20, 1996, Planning And Development Act, 2000 (Act No. 30 of 2000). on August 28, 2000, European Communities (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations, 1994. on April 13, 1994.
It was originally dated as November 27, 2001.
Agreement on the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea on December 10, 1982. This relates to the Conservation and Management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; to provide for an independent appeals system in relative to the licensing of sea-fishing boats, to amend and extend the Foreshore Act of 1933, the Fisheries Acts 1959 to 2001 and the Merchant Shipping (Certification of Seamen) Act of 1979, and to provide for foregoing matters.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC047628&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
, include natural gas, petroleum, peat, copper, lead, dolomite, barite, limestone, gypsum, silver and some zinc. Key industries based on these and other natural resources include fishing, foresting, mining, livestock, and other forms of agriculture and fish farming.
Peat
Peat
Peat is an accumulation of partially decayed vegetation matter or histosol. Peat forms in wetland bogs, moors, muskegs, pocosins, mires, and peat swamp forests. Peat is harvested as an important source of fuel in certain parts of the world...
has been Ireland
Ireland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
's staple fuel
Fuel
Fuel is any material that stores energy that can later be extracted to perform mechanical work in a controlled manner. Most fuels used by humans undergo combustion, a redox reaction in which a combustible substance releases energy after it ignites and reacts with the oxygen in the air...
for centuries and still provides about 12% of the nation's energy needs. Bord na Móna
Bord na Móna
Bord na Móna , abbreviated BNM, is a semi-state company in Ireland, created in 1946 by the Turf Development Act 1946. The company is responsible for the mechanised harvesting of peat, primarily in the Midlands of Ireland...
(translating from the Irish
Irish language
Irish , also known as Irish Gaelic, is a Goidelic language of the Indo-European language family, originating in Ireland and historically spoken by the Irish people. Irish is now spoken as a first language by a minority of Irish people, as well as being a second language of a larger proportion of...
to mean "Peat Board") extracts more than 4 million tonnes of peat annually.
Ireland's experience with state-sponsored renewable energy
Renewable energy
Renewable energy is energy which comes from natural resources such as sunlight, wind, rain, tides, and geothermal heat, which are renewable . About 16% of global final energy consumption comes from renewables, with 10% coming from traditional biomass, which is mainly used for heating, and 3.4% from...
projects stretches back to 1925, and the Ardnacrusha project. Other new and renewable energy projects include other hydroelectric, solar
Solar power
Solar energy, radiant light and heat from the sun, has been harnessed by humans since ancient times using a range of ever-evolving technologies. Solar radiation, along with secondary solar-powered resources such as wind and wave power, hydroelectricity and biomass, account for most of the available...
, and wind power
Wind power
Wind power is the conversion of wind energy into a useful form of energy, such as using wind turbines to make electricity, windmills for mechanical power, windpumps for water pumping or drainage, or sails to propel ships....
initiatives. One of the country's first wind farms was created in 1992 at the Bellacorick
Bellacorick
Bellacorick or Bellacoric is a townland in County Mayo, Ireland. It comprises an area of . The area is remote, virtually uninhabited blanket bog which was once used mainly for milled peat production. Nowadays, it is a Special Area of Conservation because of the unique nature of the intact blanket...
in County Mayo
County Mayo
County Mayo is a county in Ireland. It is located in the West Region and is also part of the province of Connacht. It is named after the village of Mayo, which is now generally known as Mayo Abbey. Mayo County Council is the local authority for the county. The population of the county is 130,552...
. However other individual wind turbine projects were previously (and have since been) progressed.
General
Farming (including livestockLivestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
rearing, dairy products, cereals, potatoes), is a key economic contributor. The livestock
Livestock
Livestock refers to one or more domesticated animals raised in an agricultural setting to produce commodities such as food, fiber and labor. The term "livestock" as used in this article does not include poultry or farmed fish; however the inclusion of these, especially poultry, within the meaning...
of Ireland consists of 6.41 m cattle
Cattle
Cattle are the most common type of large domesticated ungulates. They are a prominent modern member of the subfamily Bovinae, are the most widespread species of the genus Bos, and are most commonly classified collectively as Bos primigenius...
, 4.81 m sheep, 1.76 m pigs
PIGS
PIGS is a four letter acronym that can stand for:* PIGS , Phosphatidylinositol glycan anchor biosynthesis, class S, a human gene* PIGS , the economies of Portugal, Italy , Greece and Spain...
, 11.3 m chickens.. Agriculture
Agriculture
Agriculture is the cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms for food, fiber, and other products used to sustain life. Agriculture was the key implement in the rise of sedentary human civilization, whereby farming of domesticated species created food surpluses that nurtured the...
remains an important economic factor in Ireland - with the primary sector accounting for 5% of Irish GDP, and 8% of employment. In 2004, Ireland exported approximately €7.15 billion worth of agri-food and drink (about 8.4% of Ireland's exports), mainly as cattle, beef, and dairy products, and mainly to the United Kingdom. Agriculture products consist of turnips, barley, potatoes, sugar beets, wheat, beef, and dairy products.
Energy derived from Ireland's natural resources includes natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas is a naturally occurring gas mixture consisting primarily of methane, typically with 0–20% higher hydrocarbons . It is found associated with other hydrocarbon fuel, in coal beds, as methane clathrates, and is an important fuel source and a major feedstock for fertilizers.Most natural...
production of 855 million cu m (2004 est), with domestic consumption running at 4.295 billion cu m (2004 est). Ireland exports 3.44 billion cu m, with natural gas reserves of 19.82 billion cu m. Oil consumption equals 175600000 barrels (27,918,169 m³) per day (2003 est). Oil imports outweigh exports, with 27450000 barrels (4,364,201.2 m³) per day exported (2001) and imports of 178600000 barrels (28,395,130.9 m³) per day. Electricity
Electricity
Electricity is a general term encompassing a variety of phenomena resulting from the presence and flow of electric charge. These include many easily recognizable phenomena, such as lightning, static electricity, and the flow of electrical current in an electrical wire...
production in 2001 was 23.53 billion kWh; Of which sources were: fossil fuels 95.9%, hydro: 2.3%, nuclear: 0%, other: 1.8% (2001).
Primary raw material industries include: steel, lead, zinc, silver, aluminum, barite, and gypsum mining processing. Although heavy industry centers around key cities such as Belfast
Belfast
Belfast is the capital of and largest city in Northern Ireland. By population, it is the 14th biggest city in the United Kingdom and second biggest on the island of Ireland . It is the seat of the devolved government and legislative Northern Ireland Assembly...
, Dublin, Cork
Cork (city)
Cork is the second largest city in the Republic of Ireland and the island of Ireland's third most populous city. It is the principal city and administrative centre of County Cork and the largest city in the province of Munster. Cork has a population of 119,418, while the addition of the suburban...
, and other important port cities. Machinery and equipment manufacturing, food processing
Food processing
Food processing is the set of methods and techniques used to transform raw ingredients into food or to transform food into other forms for consumption by humans or animals either in the home or by the food processing industry...
, and textile
Textile
A textile or cloth is a flexible woven material consisting of a network of natural or artificial fibres often referred to as thread or yarn. Yarn is produced by spinning raw fibres of wool, flax, cotton, or other material to produce long strands...
and electronics
Electronics
Electronics is the branch of science, engineering and technology that deals with electrical circuits involving active electrical components such as vacuum tubes, transistors, diodes and integrated circuits, and associated passive interconnection technologies...
manufacturing are the leading industries of Ireland. Among those are also included paper making, furniture
Furniture
Furniture is the mass noun for the movable objects intended to support various human activities such as seating and sleeping in beds, to hold objects at a convenient height for work using horizontal surfaces above the ground, or to store things...
manufacturing, and shipbuilding
Shipbuilding
Shipbuilding is the construction of ships and floating vessels. It normally takes place in a specialized facility known as a shipyard. Shipbuilders, also called shipwrights, follow a specialized occupation that traces its roots to before recorded history.Shipbuilding and ship repairs, both...
. Northern Ireland is historically noted for its linen manufacture.
Fishing
For many years, IrelandIreland
Ireland is an island to the northwest of continental Europe. It is the third-largest island in Europe and the twentieth-largest island on Earth...
has been noted for being one of the best fishing destinations in Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
http://www.irelandunveiled.com/natural/natural-d.cgi. Ireland is an island
Island
An island or isle is any piece of sub-continental land that is surrounded by water. Very small islands such as emergent land features on atolls can be called islets, cays or keys. An island in a river or lake may be called an eyot , or holm...
nation that has extensive fishing
Fishing
Fishing is the activity of trying to catch wild fish. Fish are normally caught in the wild. Techniques for catching fish include hand gathering, spearing, netting, angling and trapping....
grounds in its territorial seas and waters
Territorial waters
Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most from the baseline of a coastal state...
, part of which are protected from overfishing by the Irish Conservation Box
Irish Conservation Box
The Irish Conservation Box or Biologically Sensitive Area is a Marine Protected Area stretching along the southwest coast of Ireland...
.
In addition, Ireland has almost 14,000 kilometres of rivers that bear fish, along with numerous lakes. The freshwater
Freshwater
Fresh water is naturally occurring water on the Earth's surface in ice sheets, ice caps, glaciers, bogs, ponds, lakes, rivers and streams, and underground as groundwater in aquifers and underground streams. Fresh water is generally characterized by having low concentrations of dissolved salts and...
lakes of the country provide an area of 357,000 square kilometres, providing a habitat for considerable fish life. (County Cavan
County Cavan
County Cavan is a county in Ireland. It is part of the Border Region and is also located in the province of Ulster. It is named after the town of Cavan. Cavan County Council is the local authority for the county...
alone boasts some 365 lakes.)
Some of the native species are char
Salvelinus
Salvelinus is a genus of salmonid fish often called char or charr; some species are called "trout". Salvelinus is a member of the Salmoninae subfamily of the Salmonidae family. Charr may be identified by light cream pink or red spots over a darker body. Scales tend to be small, with 115-200 along...
, eel
Eel
Eels are an order of fish, which consists of four suborders, 20 families, 111 genera and approximately 800 species. Most eels are predators...
, rainbow trout
Rainbow trout
The rainbow trout is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead is a sea run rainbow trout usually returning to freshwater to spawn after 2 to 3 years at sea. In other words, rainbow trout and steelhead trout are the same species....
, perch
Perch
Perch is a common name for fish of the genus Perca, freshwater gamefish belonging to the family Percidae. The perch, of which there are three species in different geographical areas, lend their name to a large order of vertebrates: the Perciformes, from the Greek perke meaning spotted, and the...
, pike, pollan
Pollan
Pollan may refer to:*Pollan , or Irish pollan*Carolyn Pollan, an American politician*Michael Pollan, an American author*Tracy Pollan, an American actress...
, and roach
Rutilus
Rutilus is a genus of fishes in the family Cyprinidae, commonly called roaches. Locally, the name "roach" without any further qualifiers is also used for particular species, particularly the Common Roach Rutilus (Latin for "shining, red, golden, auburn") is a genus of fishes in the family...
. Ireland's mild climate is favorable for fishing. The North Atlantic Drift
North Atlantic Drift
North Atlantic Drift is:* An ocean current that continues from the North Atlantic Current* An album by Ocean Colour Scene: North Atlantic Drift this doesn't make any goddamn sense....
warms the waters off the islands on the west coast so that the channels support both warm and cold water fish. In total, there are 64 types of fish and shellfish
Shellfish
Shellfish is a culinary and fisheries term for exoskeleton-bearing aquatic invertebrates used as food, including various species of molluscs, crustaceans, and echinoderms. Although most kinds of shellfish are harvested from saltwater environments, some kinds are found only in freshwater...
off the coast of Ireland. These include: Basking Shark
Basking shark
The basking shark is the second largest living fish, after the whale shark. It is a cosmopolitan migratory species, found in all the world's temperate oceans. It is a slow moving and generally harmless filter feeder and has anatomical adaptations to filter feeding, such as a greatly enlarged...
, Blue Shark
Blue shark
The blue shark is a species of requiem shark, family Carcharhinidae, that inhabits deep waters in the world's temperate and tropical oceans. Preferring cooler waters, blue sharks migrate long distances, for example from New England to South America. Although generally lethargic, they can move very...
, Butterfish, Cod
Cod
Cod is the common name for genus Gadus, belonging to the family Gadidae, and is also used in the common name for various other fishes. Cod is a popular food with a mild flavor, low fat content and a dense, flaky white flesh. Cod livers are processed to make cod liver oil, an important source of...
, Common Dogfish, common skate
Common skate
The common skate or blue skate is the largest skate in the world. Historically, it was one of the most abundant skates in the Northeast Atlantic and Mediterranean Sea. Despite its name, today it appears to be absent from much of this range. Where previously abundant, fisheries directly targeted...
, Conger Eel, Greater Pipefish
Greater pipefish
The Greater pipefish, Syngnathus acus, is a pipefish of the family Syngnathidae.The Greater pipefish has a long segmented armoured body, angular in cross section and stretching up 45cm long with its stiff appearance. It ranges a color brown to green in with broad alternating light and dark hue...
, Greater Sandeel, Mackerel
Mackerel
Mackerel is a common name applied to a number of different species of fish, mostly, but not exclusively, from the family Scombridae. They may be found in all tropical and temperate seas. Most live offshore in the oceanic environment but a few, like the Spanish mackerel , enter bays and can be...
, Lesser Sandeel, Lesser Weever
Lesser Weever
The lesser weever, Echiichthys vipera, is a hazardous weever-fish of the family Trachinidae, in the order Perciformes, and the class Actinopterygii. It is generally found on the sandy seabeds of the open sea, near the shore. Lesser weevers are sometimes disturbed by swimmers, and may sting them badly...
, Lumpsucker
Lumpsucker
Lumpsuckers or lumpfish are mostly small scorpaeniform marine fish of the family Cyclopteridae. They are found in the cold waters of the Arctic, North Atlantic, and North Pacific oceans...
, Pike, Plaice
Plaice
Plaice is the common name of four species of flatfishes.Plaice or PLAICE may also refer to:* USS Plaice , a Balao-class submarine* PLAICE, an open source hardware FLASH programmer, memory emulator, and logic analyzer...
, Porbeagle Shark, Rainbow Trout
Rainbow trout
The rainbow trout is a species of salmonid native to tributaries of the Pacific Ocean in Asia and North America. The steelhead is a sea run rainbow trout usually returning to freshwater to spawn after 2 to 3 years at sea. In other words, rainbow trout and steelhead trout are the same species....
, Roach
Rutilus
Rutilus is a genus of fishes in the family Cyprinidae, commonly called roaches. Locally, the name "roach" without any further qualifiers is also used for particular species, particularly the Common Roach Rutilus (Latin for "shining, red, golden, auburn") is a genus of fishes in the family...
, Tench
Tench
The tench or doctor fish is a freshwater and brackish water fish of the cyprinid family found throughout Eurasia from Western Europe including the British Isles east into Asia as far as the Ob and Yenisei Rivers. It is also found in Lake Baikal...
, Tompot blenny
Tompot blenny
The tompot blenny, Parablennius gattorugine, is a medium sized blenny growing to about , part of the large family of blennies that live on the seabed of rocky areas in shallow water...
, Tope
Tope
Tope may refer to:People:* Tantya Tope, an Indian leader in the Indian Rebellion of 1857.* Graham Tope, a Liberal Democrat politician in the UK.* Mato-tope, a native American chief.* Tope Alabi, a Nigerian gospel singer.* Tope Obadeyi, a footballer....
.
Mining
Ireland's mining companies include the Anglo American plc, Arcon International Resources plc, Boliden Mineral AB, Conroy Diamonds and Gold P.l.c., Hereward Ventures plc, Mino Mining & Metals Corporation, Minco plc, and Strongbow Resources Ltd.http://www.mininglife.com/countries/countrycompanies.asp?Country=IrelandAnglo American plc
The Anglo-American plc is a mining and natural resources company. It is interested in significant and important goldGold
Gold is a chemical element with the symbol Au and an atomic number of 79. Gold is a dense, soft, shiny, malleable and ductile metal. Pure gold has a bright yellow color and luster traditionally considered attractive, which it maintains without oxidizing in air or water. Chemically, gold is a...
, platinum
Platinum
Platinum is a chemical element with the chemical symbol Pt and an atomic number of 78. Its name is derived from the Spanish term platina del Pinto, which is literally translated into "little silver of the Pinto River." It is a dense, malleable, ductile, precious, gray-white transition metal...
, diamonds, coal
Coal
Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure...
, base
Base metal
In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with diluted hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc...
and ferrous
Ferrous
Ferrous , in chemistry, indicates a divalent iron compound , as opposed to ferric, which indicates a trivalent iron compound ....
metals, industrial minerals and forest products.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Anglo+American+plc
Arcon International Resources plc
Arcon is an Irish registered mineralMineral
A mineral is a naturally occurring solid chemical substance formed through biogeochemical processes, having characteristic chemical composition, highly ordered atomic structure, and specific physical properties. By comparison, a rock is an aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids and does not...
and mining exploration organization. It manages the Galmoy Zinc Mine, carrying out foregoing mineral exploration activities.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Arcon+International+Resources+plc
Galmoy is now run by the Swedish owned company Lundin.
Boliden Mineral AB
New Boliden is a mining and smelting company with operations in Sweden, FinlandFinland
Finland , officially the Republic of Finland, is a Nordic country situated in the Fennoscandian region of Northern Europe. It is bordered by Sweden in the west, Norway in the north and Russia in the east, while Estonia lies to its south across the Gulf of Finland.Around 5.4 million people reside...
, Norway and Ireland. Boliden's main minerals are copper, zinc, lead, gold and silver
Silver
Silver is a metallic chemical element with the chemical symbol Ag and atomic number 47. A soft, white, lustrous transition metal, it has the highest electrical conductivity of any element and the highest thermal conductivity of any metal...
. They have more than 4,500 employees globally, and a turnover of approximately EUR 2 billion annually.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Boliden+Mineral+AB
Conroy Diamonds and Gold
Conroy Diamonds and Gold was established in 1995 to exploit the discovery of the Galmoy Ore deposits - now in production as a major zinc mine. Its current activities are on a geological structure known as the Longford-Down Massif.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Conroy+Diamonds+and+Gold+P%2El%2Ec%2EHereward Ventures plc
Hereward Ventures plc is focused on the exploration of gold in BulgariaBulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
, and base-land minerals in Ireland.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Hereward+Ventures+plc
Minco Mining & Metals Corporation
Minco Mining & Metals Corporation engages in the acquisition, search and development of baseBase metal
In chemistry, the term base metal is used informally to refer to a metal that oxidizes or corrodes relatively easily, and reacts variably with diluted hydrochloric acid to form hydrogen. Examples include iron, nickel, lead and zinc...
and precious metal properties.http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Minco+Mining+%26+Metals+Corporation
Minco plc
Minco, which is an active zincZinc
Zinc , or spelter , is a metallic chemical element; it has the symbol Zn and atomic number 30. It is the first element in group 12 of the periodic table. Zinc is, in some respects, chemically similar to magnesium, because its ion is of similar size and its only common oxidation state is +2...
explorer, focusing on Pallas Green in Limerick where excavation shows some zinc mineralization http://www.mininglife.com/operations/companydetail.asp?Company=Minco+plc.
Wildlife Act of 1976
The Wildlife act of 1976, was an act that would protect certain wildlife (including gameGame
A game is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements...
) and flora
Flora
Flora is the plant life occurring in a particular region or time, generally the naturally occurring or indigenous—native plant life. The corresponding term for animals is fauna.-Etymology:...
. Under its terms, the "Wildlife Advisory Council" was also established - known officially in the Irish language as "An Chomhairle Fhiadhulra". The functions of this body included the establishment and maintenance of reserves and refuges for wildlife, the ongoing protection of breeding grounds, herd management, migration, etc. It would also make certain provisions relating to land, inland waters and the territorial waters
Territorial waters
Territorial waters, or a territorial sea, as defined by the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, is a belt of coastal waters extending at most from the baseline of a coastal state...
of the state. http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC022219&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng
This act was followed by the "Wildlife Advisory Council Order" on March 13, 1978, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Protection of Wild Animals) Regulations" on September 10, 1980, the "Wildlife Act, 1976 (Acquisition of Land) Regulations" on February 6, 1978, and others.
The Act has been amended several times, first by the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1985", which sought to manage, conserve, and protect birds. The second amendment was the "European Communities (Wildlife Act, 1976) (Amendment) Regulations, 1986", which added the control of species of wild bird which may cause damage or injury to specified interests. The most recent was the "Wildlife (Amendment) Act, 2000 (Act No. 38 of 2000)", which provided statutory protection for Natural Heritage Areas
Natural Heritage Area
Natural Heritage Area is a conservation designation denoting a protected area in the Republic of Ireland. The Wildlife Act 2000 makes legal provision for the designation and protection of a national network of Natural Heritage Areas...
as well as legislation relating to the management and conservation of forests, including the hunting and capture of birds in protected forests.
Forestry Act of 1988
The Forestry Act of July 13, 1988, would make provisions for the enlargement of forestryForestry
Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands...
in the state, and provided the establishment of a company - later named Coillte Teoranta
Coillte Teoranta
Coillte is a state-sponsored company in the Republic of Ireland, based in Newtownmountkennedy. Coillte is a commercial company operating in forestry, land-based businesses and added-value processing operations....
- which would be mandated with the management of state owned forests, and with providing grant aid to commercial and privately owned forest farming and planted woodland.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC020977&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng It was later amended on August 15, 2000.
Sea Pollution Act of 1991
Originally constituted on August 11, 1959, the Sea Pollution Act:- set out to prevent the pollution of the sea by oil and other substances; it gave effect to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships;
- would give effect to the Protocol concerning intervention on the high seas in cases of pollution by substances other than oil (Intervention Protocol);
- provided for the repeal of the Oil Pollution of the Sea Acts, 1956 to 1977; and
- provided for other matters related.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC022164&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng
Also included was the maintenance of marine
Marine (ocean)
Marine is an umbrella term. As an adjective it is usually applicable to things relating to the sea or ocean, such as marine biology, marine ecology and marine geology...
pollution (also with shipped based sources), oil pollution, and waste water.
Protection of the Environment Act of 2003
The Protection of the Environment act of July 14, 2003, was enacted to provide for the Execution of Directive 96/61/EC (dated September 24, 1996) of the Council of the European Communities concerning integrated pollution prevention and control and certain other acts adopted by the institutions of the EU. It also amended the Environmental Protection Agency Act of 1992 and the Waste Management Act of 1996, the Litter Pollution Act 1997 and to provide for foregoing matters.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC047632&format_name=@ERALL&lang=engIt basically sought to prevent water pollution and protect land and soil quality. The act came from Environmental Protection Agency Act, 1992. of 1996, Waste Management Act, 1996. on May 20, 1996, Planning And Development Act, 2000 (Act No. 30 of 2000). on August 28, 2000, European Communities (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Amendment) Regulations, 1994. on April 13, 1994.
Fishery (Amendment) Act of 2002
The Fishery (amendment) Act of 2002, sought to modify and extend the Fisheries (Amendment) Act of 1997; to confirm fees payable to the Minister for the Marine and Natural Resources in respect of certain fish culture and aquaculture licenses and for relative purposes.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC035848&format_name=@ERALL&lang=engIt was originally dated as November 27, 2001.
Fishery (amendment) Act of 2003
A more detailed act followed in 2003, and sought to support the United NationsUnited Nations
The United Nations is an international organization whose stated aims are facilitating cooperation in international law, international security, economic development, social progress, human rights, and achievement of world peace...
Agreement on the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on The Law of The Sea on December 10, 1982. This relates to the Conservation and Management of straddling fish stocks and highly migratory fish stocks; to provide for an independent appeals system in relative to the licensing of sea-fishing boats, to amend and extend the Foreshore Act of 1933, the Fisheries Acts 1959 to 2001 and the Merchant Shipping (Certification of Seamen) Act of 1979, and to provide for foregoing matters.http://faolex.fao.org/cgi-bin/faolex.exe?database=faolex&search_type=query&table=result&query=LEX-FAOC047628&format_name=@ERALL&lang=eng