Navy Music Program
Encyclopedia
As part of Navy Personnel Command's Enlisted Assignment Division (PERS-40), the Navy Music Program Management Office (PERS-4014) is located aboard Naval Support Activity Mid-South
Naval Support Activity Mid-South
Naval Support Activity Mid-South , in Millington, Tennessee, is a base of the United States Navy. A part of the Navy Region Midwest and the Navy Installations Command, NSA Mid-South serves as the Navy’s Human Resources Center of Excellence...

 in Millington, Tennessee
Millington, Tennessee
Millington is a city in Shelby County, Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 10,176. Millington was the home of the recently closed Memphis Motorsports Park. It was granted the title "Flag City Tennessee" by the Tennessee State Legislature. The Naval Support Activity Mid-South is...

. PERS-4014 centrally manages the Navy's 11 Fleet bands, one support unit, and two premier bands. PERS-4014 coordinates the assignment and distribution of personnel, equipment and funding to its activities worldwide, and coordinates the accession of applicants desiring enlistment as a Musician (MU).

Navy Band Northwest

Navy Band Northwest is one of 13 Official Navy Bands located throughout the continental United States, Hawaii, Italy and Japan. The band's early history dates back to the Bremerton Navy Yard Band of 1918 and the 13th Naval District Band of 1925. In 1944, a group of sailors from various ratings formed a band at Naval Air Station Sand Point in Seattle to welcome the Hellcat
F6F Hellcat
The Grumman F6F Hellcat was a carrier-based fighter aircraft developed to replace the earlier F4F Wildcat in United States Navy service. Although the F6F resembled the Wildcat, it was a completely new design powered by a 2,000 hp Pratt & Whitney R-2800. Some tagged it as the "Wildcat's big...

 Fighter Squadron of Carrier
Aircraft carrier
An aircraft carrier is a warship designed with a primary mission of deploying and recovering aircraft, acting as a seagoing airbase. Aircraft carriers thus allow a naval force to project air power worldwide without having to depend on local bases for staging aircraft operations...

 Aircraft Support Unit 7. The band became known as the Hellcat Band in honor of the fighter squadron returning from combat operations in the South Pacific.

The official commissioning of the 13th Naval District Band took place in 1953 at Pier 91 in Seattle. The band moved to Naval Air Station Sand Point in the fall of 1970 where its name was changed to Navy Band Northwest and then to Navy Band Seattle. In April 1985, the band moved into Building 30, a remodeled portion of the hangar
Hangar
A hangar is a closed structure to hold aircraft or spacecraft in protective storage. Most hangars are built of metal, but other materials such as wood and concrete are also sometimes used...

 where the Hellcat Band welcomed home the World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

 heroes of Carrier Aircraft Support Unit 7. Naval Station Puget Sound closed in 1995 as a result of the Base Realignment and Closure
Base Realignment and Closure
Base Realignment and Closure is a process of the United States federal government directed at the administration and operation of the Armed Forces, used by the United States Department of Defense and Congress to close excess military installations and realign the total asset inventory to reduce...

 Commission. In February 1995, Navy Band Seattle moved across the Puget Sound to a new facility at Naval Submarine Base Bangor in Silverdale. Navy Band Seattle officially changed its name to Navy Band Northwest on April 1, 1999 as a result of the Navy Regionalization Initiatives.

The mission of Navy Band Northwest is to provide musical support for official Navy functions and Navy Recruiting efforts, and to serve the communities of the Pacific Northwest in a Public Relations capacity. Throughout the years, Navy Band Northwest has built an excellent reputation for quality musical performances. The 35 rated musicians are called upon to perform in various units, including the Ceremonial and Parade Band, Big Band, Contemporary Entertainment Ensemble, Brass Quintet
Quintet
A quintet is a group containing five members.It is commonly associated with musical groups, such as a string quintet, or a group of five singers, but can be applied to any situation where five similar or related objects are considered a single unit....

, and Jazz Combo. From time to time, specialized ensembles such as a Brass or Woodwind
Woodwind instrument
A woodwind instrument is a musical instrument which produces sound when the player blows air against a sharp edge or through a reed, causing the air within its resonator to vibrate...

 ensemble are formed to fulfill a specific performance requirement. In addition to their musical duties, band members carry out all administrative and support functions within the band.

Navy Band Southwest

Navy Band Southwest is one of the Navy’s finest and oldest continuing musical organizations. Now with over 80 years of support to the San Diego community, the band serves as the musical ambassador for the Commander, Navy Region Southwest. In addition to the many military activities it supports, the band’s ensembles perform year round throughout the Southwestern United States.

The 45-member organization calls upon its Ceremonial Band for the majority of its work. The band’s other performing ensembles include the Wind Ensemble, the contemporary music ensemble, Destroyer
Destroyer
In naval terminology, a destroyer is a fast and maneuverable yet long-endurance warship intended to escort larger vessels in a fleet, convoy or battle group and defend them against smaller, powerful, short-range attackers. Destroyers, originally called torpedo-boat destroyers in 1892, evolved from...

s, the Show Band West, the Brass and Woodwind Quintets, and SeaBreeze, the band’s VIP
Very Important Person
A Very Important Person, or VIP is a person who is accorded special privileges due to his or her status or importance.Examples include celebrities, heads of state/heads of government, major employers, high rollers, politicians, high-level corporate officers, wealthy individuals, or any other...

 reception combo.

Navy Band Southwest averages over 600 performances a year. The majority of these performances are in support of the Navy’s retention and recruiting initiatives. It also performs for many different community concert series' and professional sporting events, including regular performances with the San Diego Symphony Summer Pops. As a strong proponent of music education, Navy Band Southwest proudly participates in the Navy’s "Partnership in Education" program through educational concerts and clinics for school music programs.

Navy Band Southwest is a particularly important part of San Diego’s military heritage. From the 30 Sailors who reported for duty in 1923 to the 45 members of today's organization, Navy Band Southwest takes pride in upholding its rich tradition and promoting the pride and professionalism of today's United States Navy.

United States Navy Band Great Lakes

"Pride in Service" has been the theme for Navy Band Great Lakes. From 1911, when the first band was formed to support the Great Lakes Naval Training Station, to Bandmaster John Philip Sousa
John Philip Sousa
John Philip Sousa was an American composer and conductor of the late Romantic era, known particularly for American military and patriotic marches. Because of his mastery of march composition, he is known as "The March King" or the "American March King" due to his British counterpart Kenneth J....

 in 1917, to today's Bandmaster, their music represents the pride and professionalism that is synonymous with the United States Navy. Consisting of a Wind Ensemble, Ceremonial Band, Parade Band, Jazz Ensemble, Contemporary Music Ensemble, Show Band, Brass Quintet, Woodwind Quintet, Jazz Combo, and various specialty groups, Navy Band Great Lakes takes pride in its ability and readiness to perform any genre of music.
From 1911 to 1917 Naval Uniform Regulations prescribed that the band wear US Marine Corps Uniforms (without USMC) in performance. From 1917 onward the band wore the famous "Crackerjack" uniforms.

Navy Band Great Lakes was instrumental in cultural change in the WWII Navy, having enlisted black musicians, and then later creating integrated Navy Bands. Some important WWII Alumni are leader and trumpeter Clark Terry
Clark Terry
Clark Terry is an American swing and bop trumpeter, a pioneer of the fluegelhorn in jazz, educator, NEA Jazz Masters inductee, and recipient of the 2010 Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award...

, Saxophonist Von Freeman
Von Freeman
Earle Lavon Freeman Sr. is an American hard bop jazz tenor saxophonist. He is the father of jazz saxophonist Chico Freeman.-Biography:...

, trombonist Al Grey
Al Grey
Al Grey was a jazz trombonist who is most remembered for his association with the Count Basie orchestra....

, composer and conductor Gerald Wilson
Gerald Wilson
Gerald Stanley Wilson is an American jazz trumpeter, big band bandleader, composer/arranger, 8 time Grammy nominee, and educator. He has been based in Los Angeles since the early 1940s....

, saxophonist Lou Donaldson
Lou Donaldson
Lou Donaldson is a jazz alto saxophonist. He was born in Badin, North Carolina. He is best known for his soulful, bluesy approach to playing the alto saxophone, although in his formative years he was, as many were of the bebop era, heavily influenced by Charlie Parker.His first recordings were...

, saxophonist Willie Smith Willie Smith, composer and arranger Luther Henderson
Luther Henderson
Luther Henderson was an African American arranger, composer, orchestrator, and pianist.Born in Kansas City, Missouri, he was educated at the Juilliard School of Music where he received a B.S. in 1942...

, Major Holley
Major Holley
Major Holley was an American jazz upright bassist.Holley attended the prestigious Cass Technical High School. Holley played violin and tuba when young and started playing bass while serving in the Navy...

 served in the Great Lakes Band.

Serving Commander, Naval Service Training Command's mission of transforming volunteers into 21st century Sea Warriors, Navy Band Great Lakes performs ceremonies to honor recruits, Sailors, and their families. As the Navy's "Ambassadors to the Midwest," Navy Band Great Lakes performs for hundreds of thousands of people every year, providing musical support for community relations and Navy Recruiting in a nine-state area of responsibility stretching from Indiana to North Dakota.

Navy Band Mid-South

Navy Band Mid-South is the United States Navy's premier musical organization in the Mid-South region. Attached to Commander, Navy Personnel Command, this diverse group of 35 professional Navy Musicians are all active duty men and women performing full-time for the Navy. The ensembles within the band perform music ranging from Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach
Johann Sebastian Bach was a German composer, organist, harpsichordist, violist, and violinist whose sacred and secular works for choir, orchestra, and solo instruments drew together the strands of the Baroque period and brought it to its ultimate maturity...

 and Sousa to the most current pop, country, and jazz hits.

The band operates from Millington, Tennessee
Millington, Tennessee
Millington is a city in Shelby County, Tennessee. As of the 2010 census, it had a population of 10,176. Millington was the home of the recently closed Memphis Motorsports Park. It was granted the title "Flag City Tennessee" by the Tennessee State Legislature. The Naval Support Activity Mid-South is...

, and is responsible for an eleven-state area that stretches north into Indiana and Illinois, west into eastern Colorado, and south into Mississippi and Alabama. In addition to being a military ceremonial band, the band maintains other musical ensembles that perform a wide variety of music.

Navy Band New Orleans

The United States Navy Band New Orleans is one of 11 official Navy Bands located in the continental United States, Europe and Asia. Since its establishment in January 1971, the band performs annually for over 26 million people in support of the Navy, Navy recruiting and community relations events. Located at the Naval Support Activity, New Orleans, LA, Navy Band New Orleans represents both the United States Navy and the Crescent City in a wide range of military and community related functions across the Gulf Coast.

Navy Band Northeast

Navy Bands have always been an integral part of the Naval presence in Newport
Newport, Rhode Island
Newport is a city on Aquidneck Island in Newport County, Rhode Island, United States, about south of Providence. Known as a New England summer resort and for the famous Newport Mansions, it is the home of Salve Regina University and Naval Station Newport which houses the United States Naval War...

, dating back at least to the Civil War
American Civil War
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States of America. In response to the election of Abraham Lincoln as President of the United States, 11 southern slave states declared their secession from the United States and formed the Confederate States of America ; the other 25...

 period. Navy Band Northeast was officially established in 1974, and is one of 13 official bands of the United States Navy. The band is located on board Naval Station Newport
Naval Station Newport
The Naval Station Newport is a United States Navy base located in the towns of Newport and Middletown, Rhode Island. Naval Station Newport is home to the Naval War College and the Naval Justice School...

, Rhode Island, and serves the military and civilian communities throughout the Northeastern United States.

Navy Band Northeast provides a wide spectrum of musical entertainment. Whether it is the traditional sounds of a military marching band, the swing of jazz, or the contemporary music of today, Navy Band Northeast has a band for most any occasion. Each ensemble inspires patriotism, elevates esprit de corps, and fosters pride in the United States Naval Service.

Navy Band Northeast is recognized as one of the nation's finest military bands. They continually strive to define, realize, and maintain the highest standards of excellence in the military and musical communities.

U.S. Fleet Forces Band

The Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk, Virginia
Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. With a population of 242,803 as of the 2010 Census, it is Virginia's second-largest city behind neighboring Virginia Beach....

 based U.S. Fleet Forces Band is the musical representative for the Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command
Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command
Commander, U.S. Fleet Forces Command , is the title of the United States Navy officer who serves as the commanding officer of the United States Fleet Forces Command. The U.S. Fleet Forces Command was originally established in 1905 as the U.S. Atlantic Fleet and as a two-star rear admiral's billet,...

, and is the largest of the Navy's 10 Fleet Bands. This unit provides musical support for Navy ships, naval base
Naval base
A naval base is a military base, where warships and naval ships are deployed when they have no mission at sea or want to restock. Usually ships may also perform some minor repairs. Some naval bases are temporary homes to aircraft that usually stay on the ships but are undergoing maintenance while...

s, foreign dignitaries, and community relations events. Current director
Music director
A music director may be the director of an orchestra, the director of music for a film, the director of music at a radio station, the head of the music department in a school, the co-ordinator of the musical ensembles in a university or college , the head bandmaster of a military band, the head...

 is Lieutenant Bruce McDonald, U.S.N.

Navy Band Southeast

Navy Band Southeast was established in October 1995. It is a field activity of the Navy Personnel Command. Representing the Commander, Navy Region Southeast and the United States Navy, Navy Band Southeast performs music throughout the state of Florida and the Southeastern United States. The band comprises forty-five professional musicians, all of which are graduates of the Armed Forces School of Music. Navy Band Southeast provides a wide spectrum of musical styles by offering smaller ensembles within itself.

Navy Band Southeast is also the command to which American Idol Season 6 finalist MU3 Joel "Phil" Stacey was assigned while on active duty. His success had the added benefit of publicity for both the navy and the navy music program worth an estimated 2.4 million dollars. MU3 Stacey performed with the contemporary music ensemble "Pride" as well as with the Wind Ensemble and the Ceremonial Band.

PACIFIC Fleet Band

Hawaii is richly steeped in naval history and the Pacific Fleet Band has long been a part of this heritage. Since before the attack on Pearl Harbor, Navy Bands have been stationed in Hawaii either on ships home ported at Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor
Pearl Harbor, known to Hawaiians as Puuloa, is a lagoon harbor on the island of Oahu, Hawaii, west of Honolulu. Much of the harbor and surrounding lands is a United States Navy deep-water naval base. It is also the headquarters of the U.S. Pacific Fleet...

, or attached to Navy shore installations at Pearl Harbor, Barbers Point
Kalaeloa Airport
Kalaeloa Airport , also called John Rodgers Field and formerly Naval Air Station Barbers Point, is a joint civil-military regional airport of the State of Hawaii established on July 1, 1999 to replace the Ford Island NALF facilities which closed on June 30 of the same year...

 and Waikiki
Waikiki
Waikiki is a neighborhood of Honolulu, in the City and County of Honolulu, on the south shore of the island of Oahu, in Hawaii. Waikiki Beach is the shoreline fronting Waikīkī....

.

The most recognized and highly decorated Navy Band associated with Hawaii was Unit Band 22. This was the band stationed on board the at the time of the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor
Attack on Pearl Harbor
The attack on Pearl Harbor was a surprise military strike conducted by the Imperial Japanese Navy against the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on the morning of December 7, 1941...

, December 7, 1941.

On the night of December 6, 1941, there was a band competition called the "Battle of Music" at Bloch Arena on Pearl Harbor Naval Station. This competition began on September 13, 1941 as an elimination tournament held every two weeks. It featured Navy Bands from "capitol ships" home ported in Pearl Harbor and those attached to shore installations in Hawaii. Four bands were to compete in each round of the tournament with one winner per round selected to perform in the final competition. Each band performed a swing number, a ballad and one specialty tune and then played for the jitterbug contest. The USS Arizona band won the first round on September 13 and was not scheduled to play again until the final competition.

The last round of the elimination tournament was scheduled, unknowingly, for that December 6 evening in Bloch Arena. Present were bands from the , , and .

Scheduled to compete but not present was the band from the , which deployed a few days earlier. Several members of the USS Arizona band attended the contest because the first and second place winners would be competing against them in the final competition scheduled for December 13. The USS Pennsylvania band was the winner that evening.

On the morning of December 7, 1941, while the band from the played Morning Colors, the Japanese surprise attack on Pearl Harbor occurred. The entire USS Arizona Band, while at battle stations passing ammunition under gun turret number one, was killed in the attack. In the weeks to follow, all the bands that had participated in the "Battle of Music" voted to posthumously award the tournament trophy to Unit Band 22, renaming it the "Arizona Trophy." This was a fitting tribute to the heroic members of the band who died that infamous morning. Unit Band 22 now stands the eternal watch on board the USS Arizona for all sea service bands.

The Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet Band (Unit Band 56) was formed when the Pacific Fleet Headquarters was established at Pearl Harbor in February, 1941. Not much is known about the band's history during World War II.

From 1959 to 1964, the Pacific Fleet Band operated from a building at Supply Base Pearl Harbor, just inside the Halawa Gate. In 1964, the band moved across the street just inside the CINCPACFLT Gate, sharing a building with Fleet Imaging. The band moved to the Pearl Harbor Naval Station Band building at Bishop Point near Hickam Harbor when the Unit Band 03 closed in 1966. Finally, in 1967 the band moved to its current facility, Building 277, located at the Pearl Harbor Naval Station Marine Barracks Compound. The current building was used as a Marine Barracks prior to and during World War II and is a historical landmark. It served as work spaces and, during the band's first years of occupancy, barracks for band personnel.

From 1959 to 1969 the band traveled extensively representing the Commander in Chief of the United States
Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet
Commander, U.S. Pacific Fleet , is the title of the United States Navy officer who commands the United States Pacific Fleet. Originally established in 1907 as a two-star rear admiral's billet, the position has been held by a four-star admiral since March 19, 1915.Between 1907 and December 6, 1922,...

, U.S. Pacific Fleet
United States Pacific Fleet
The United States Pacific Fleet is a Pacific Ocean theater-level component command of the United States Navy that provides naval resources under the operational control of the United States Pacific Command. Its home port is at Pearl Harbor Naval Base, Hawaii. It is commanded by Admiral Patrick M...

 throughout the Pacific. During these years the band performed engagements in Pusan
Busan
Busan , formerly spelled Pusan is South Korea's second largest metropolis after Seoul, with a population of around 3.6 million. The Metropolitan area population is 4,399,515 as of 2010. It is the largest port city in South Korea and the fifth largest port in the world...

 and Seoul, South Korea
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...

, Guam
Guam
Guam is an organized, unincorporated territory of the United States located in the western Pacific Ocean. It is one of five U.S. territories with an established civilian government. Guam is listed as one of 16 Non-Self-Governing Territories by the Special Committee on Decolonization of the United...

, the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

 and Okinawa
Okinawa, Okinawa
is the second-largest city in Okinawa Prefecture, Japan, following Naha, the capital city. It is located in the central part of the island of Okinawa, about 20 km north of Naha....

. Also, in 1960 and 1963, the band, combined with the Barbers Point Naval Air Station Band (which closed in 1965), traveled to the South Pacific for festivities surrounding the "Battle of the Coral Sea Commemoration Celebration." This trip was made once every three years, rotating with the Hickam Air Force Base
Hickam Air Force Base
Hickam Field, re-named Hickam Air Force Base in 1948, was a United States Air Force facility now part of Joint Base Pearl Harbor-Hickam, named in honor of aviation pioneer Lt Col Horace Meek Hickam.- History :...

 Band and the Schofield Barracks Army Band. Ports of call
Port of Call
-Synopsis:Berit, a young woman living in a working-class port town begins a relationship with Gösta, a sailor newly returned from overseas and intent upon staying on land...

 for band performances on these trips included Melbourne
Melbourne
Melbourne is the capital and most populous city in the state of Victoria, and the second most populous city in Australia. The Melbourne City Centre is the hub of the greater metropolitan area and the Census statistical division—of which "Melbourne" is the common name. As of June 2009, the greater...

, Perth
Perth, Western Australia
Perth is the capital and largest city of the Australian state of Western Australia and the fourth most populous city in Australia. The Perth metropolitan area has an estimated population of almost 1,700,000....

 and Sydney, Australia
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...

, as well as New Zealand
New Zealand
New Zealand is an island country in the south-western Pacific Ocean comprising two main landmasses and numerous smaller islands. The country is situated some east of Australia across the Tasman Sea, and roughly south of the Pacific island nations of New Caledonia, Fiji, and Tonga...

, New Caledonia
New Caledonia
New Caledonia is a special collectivity of France located in the southwest Pacific Ocean, east of Australia and about from Metropolitan France. The archipelago, part of the Melanesia subregion, includes the main island of Grande Terre, the Loyalty Islands, the Belep archipelago, the Isle of...

 and American Samoa
American Samoa
American Samoa is an unincorporated territory of the United States located in the South Pacific Ocean, southeast of the sovereign state of Samoa...

.

In 1968 the band was deployed to South Vietnam
South Vietnam
South Vietnam was a state which governed southern Vietnam until 1975. It received international recognition in 1950 as the "State of Vietnam" and later as the "Republic of Vietnam" . Its capital was Saigon...

 for three to four weeks. The band traveled to their performance sites on whatever military aircraft were available at the time. This created some delays in travel. In one instance the band was marooned in Cam Ranh Bay
Cam Ranh Bay
Cam Ranh Bay is a deep-water bay in Vietnam in the province of Khánh Hòa. It is located at an inlet of the South China Sea situated on the southeastern coast of Vietnam, between Phan Rang and Nha Trang, approximately 290 kilometers / 180 miles northeast of Hồ Chí Minh City / Saigon.Cam Ranh is...

 for nearly a week while waiting for any available plane to take them to their next destination. The band did have one notable "close call," arriving at an airfield within an hour of its having been shelled by the enemy. During this tour, the band performed concerts in Da Nang
Da Nang
Đà Nẵng , occasionally Danang, is a major port city in the South Central Coast of Vietnam, on the coast of the South China Sea at the mouth of the Han River. It is the commercial and educational center of Central Vietnam; its well-sheltered, easily accessible port and its location on the path of...

, Ben Hoa, Cam Ranh Bay and Saigon
Ho Chi Minh City
Ho Chi Minh City , formerly named Saigon is the largest city in Vietnam...

.

From the mid 1970's through the early 1980s, the Pacific Fleet Band performed many concerts in Hawaii with such noted local performers as Jimmy Borges, Cheryl Barash, Melveen Leed
Melveen Leed
Melveen Leed is an American singer. After winning the title of "Miss Molokai" she begin singing in the mid-1960s and has released a number of records in the genres of Hawaiian, Country, and Jazz music....

 and Ira Nepus. In 1977 the Pacific Fleet Chorale was formed to compliment concert performances by the Pacific Fleet Band. This ensemble was an all-volunteer chorus, made up of active duty members and dependents of all branches of the armed forces stationed on Oahu. The last concert appearance of this associate unit of the Pacific Fleet Band was in 1980. Another highlight during 1980 was a March concert at Kapiolani Park. This Concert was held in association with "Rim of the Pacific Exercises" and featured the International Sea Services Combined Wind Ensemble. This group was made up of various military musicians from the participating countries' naval forces. In 1986 the Pacific Fleet Band made an historic fifteen-day trip to China with the first visit by a U.S. Navy ship to China in thirty-seven years.

The Pacific Fleet Band made two significant overseas deployments. First, in 1988 the band traveled to India for the ceremonies commemorating the 150th Anniversary of the American Consul in Bombay. Then, in 1989 the band made a trip to Australia. Performances thrilled audiences in Melbourne, Cairns
Cairns, Queensland
Cairns is a regional city in Far North Queensland, Australia, founded 1876. The city was named after William Wellington Cairns, then-current Governor of Queensland. It was formed to serve miners heading for the Hodgkinson River goldfield, but experienced a decline when an easier route was...

 and Canberra
Canberra
Canberra is the capital city of Australia. With a population of over 345,000, it is Australia's largest inland city and the eighth-largest city overall. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory , south-west of Sydney, and north-east of Melbourne...

 culminating with an outstanding performance at the world famous Sydney Opera House
Sydney Opera House
The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in the Australian city of Sydney. It was conceived and largely built by Danish architect Jørn Utzon, finally opening in 1973 after a long gestation starting with his competition-winning design in 1957...

.

Although traveling abroad little since 1989, the Pacific Fleet Band has maintained an active schedule supporting the Pacific Fleet and the local civilian community in Hawaii. The musicians of the Pacific Fleet Band perform their duties with the same zeal and pride that characterizes all Navy Musicians from the past to the present. September 1995 saw the Pacific Fleet Band participating significantly in four major events of international interest. The first was the dedication of the Battle of Midway Monument on Midway Island. The highlight was the premier performance of The Battle of Midway Island march, written and conducted by Ambassador J. William Middendorf, II. It was written in recognition of the men who fought and died to change the course of the war in the Pacific. That ceremony was a precursor to the final ceremonies of the "End of World War II Commemoration" and the 50th Anniversary of VJ-Day Celebrations. Highlights of the band's extensive participation were a Presidential Wreath-laying Ceremony on the in Pearl Harbor, an International Parade of Ships and Aircraft off the coast of Honolulu, a Presidential Parade and Review through downtown Honolulu and Waikiki, and an old-fashioned Hangar Dance on board the USS Carl Vinson honoring all our WWII veterans. The next event was the opening ceremonies for the Asia/Pacific Center for Security Studies. During all these events, the US/Russian naval exercise, Cooperation from the Sea 1995 was taking place. This marked the first visit of a Russian warship to Pearl Harbor and the Pacific Fleet Band was very much involved while hosting a visiting Russian Navy Band. All these events were attended by the President, Secretaries of Defense and the Navy, Congressional Representatives, senior unified and component military commanders, and a host of foreign civilian and military dignitaries. The Pacific Fleet Band performed over 40 engagements during this nine day period.

In recent years, along with numerous parades the Pacific Fleet Band continues to participate in many annual events including the December 7th Commemoration Ceremony, Memorial and Independence Day Celebrations, the Twilight Tattoo and combined military band concert for Armed Forces Day. In addition to these events, the band has played an active role in opening the USS Missouri and Vietnam Memorials and closing Naval Air Station Barber's Point in 1999. In 2001 the band performed for the opening of the movie Pearl Harbor on board the and the 40th birthday celebration of the in Guam.

The Pacific Fleet Band of today and the musicians who make up this band are a far cry from the first Navy musicians, who can be traced back to 1798. At that time, each ship chose a "shantyman" to sing during seafaring duties, while the crew joined in the refrain. A drummer kept the beat and a fifer
Fife (musical instrument)
A fife is a small, high-pitched, transverse flute that is similar to the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often used in military and marching bands. Someone who plays the fife is called a fifer...

 piped the tune as sailors hauled in their lines. A select breed of sailor, Navy musicians must now meet strict musical requirements before entering the service. After recruit training, their skills are finely tuned at the U.S. Navy School of Music, a tri-service training command for all Navy, Marine Corps, and Army musicians, in Norfolk, Virginia. After graduation, enlisted musicians are assigned to one of twelve Navy Fleet Bands worldwide.

The personnel of any Navy Band are true professionals and possess academic training from high school diplomas to doctoral degrees. Many band members have experience as performers and instrumental instructors, or have obtained their civilian teaching credentials before entering the Navy. All are capable of playing any style of music with little preparation and most are required to be proficient at playing more than one instrument.

The Pacific Fleet Band is under the operational control of the Commander in Chief, U.S. Pacific Fleet. Much of the band's activity is in support of the ships of the fleet and the many shore based military commands. Musical support is also provided for other armed forces' functions when needed. Pacific Fleet Band military performances consist primarily of providing ceremonial music for Changes of Command, Retirements, Morning Colors, Sunset Parades and Ship Arrivals. Other duties include bugling details for military funerals, reception music for flag officers, government officials and visiting foreign dignitaries, and entertainment for special functions such as Navy Birthday celebrations and various command social events.

Commander, Naval Forces Europe Band

U.S. Naval Forces Europe Band (NAVEUR BAND) is the United States Navy's official musical organization in Europe and Africa. It was established in April 2007 by combining the personnel and operational efforts of Allied Forces Band Naples and U.S. SIXTH Fleet Band. The Band is based on Naval Support Activity Capodichino Naples, Italy, and falls under operational control of Commander, Naval Forces Europe and Africa. It performs in an Area Of Responsibility (AOR) that encompasses Europe, Africa and Western Asia. They perform in locations as diverse as England, Germany, Iceland, Croatia, Israel, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, and South Africa. The Band reaches a combined audience of more than 60 million people throughout over 30 countries in the course of over 500 engagements each year.

With approximately 70 members, NAVEUR BAND is composed of active duty Navy and Marine Corps musicians, as well as foreign-service musicians from such countries as the United Kingdom, Greece and Italy. Diversity among the NAVEUR BAND musicians allows for a combination of ensembles to support almost any musical occasion. These units include the Wind Ensemble, Ceremonial Band, Marching Band, Brass Quintets, Woodwind Quintet, New Orleans style Brass Band, Jazz Ensemble, Pop-Rock Units, and Protocol Combos.

The primary mission of NAVEUR BAND is to support Commander, Naval Forces Europe and Africa/Joint Forces Command Naples, as well as Commander, SIXTH Fleet priorities. The Band performs for official military ceremonies, including Change of Command, ship arrivals and departures, official receptions and other occasions which serve to enhance the morale and welfare of U.S. and Allied Forces personnel. Also, it is regularly involved in efforts to improve international community relations among partner nations throughout the AOR.

Commander, Seventh Fleet Band


The U.S. Navy Commander, Seventh Fleet Band was created as part of the United States Seventh Fleet
United States Seventh Fleet
The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near Japan and South Korea. It is a component fleet force under the United States Pacific Fleet. At present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U.S. fleets, with...

, which was established upon the renaming of the United States Navy
United States Navy
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...

 Southwest Pacific Force on March 7, 1943. The band is composed of professional Navy Musicians (MUs) who together base their United States Navy
United States Navy
The United States Navy is the naval warfare service branch of the United States Armed Forces and one of the seven uniformed services of the United States. The U.S. Navy is the largest in the world; its battle fleet tonnage is greater than that of the next 13 largest navies combined. The U.S...

 Fleet Activities out of Yokosuka, Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

, as well as along side the touring flagship of the United States Seventh Fleet
United States Seventh Fleet
The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near Japan and South Korea. It is a component fleet force under the United States Pacific Fleet. At present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U.S. fleets, with...

: USS Blue Ridge (LCC 19). The Commander, Seventh Fleet Band is currently lead by Fleet Bandmaster, Lieutenant Robert "Jeff" Wren and Assistant Director, Naval Musician Senior Chief (MUCS) Joseph A. Rundall.

The United States Seventh Fleet
United States Seventh Fleet
The Seventh Fleet is the United States Navy's permanent forward projection force based in Yokosuka, Japan, with units positioned near Japan and South Korea. It is a component fleet force under the United States Pacific Fleet. At present, it is the largest of the forward-deployed U.S. fleets, with...

 Band is today composed of six groups of professional Navy Musicians, including their ALL HANDS Band, the CEREMONIAL BAND, the FAR EAST EDITION, the ORIENT EXPRESS, the SHONAN BRASS and their BRASS Band. The Commander, Seventh Fleet Band has for millions of American-allied music lovers throughout the Western Pacific
Western Pacific
Western Pacific may refer to:*Western Pacific Railroad *Western Pacific Railroad *Western Pacific Airlines *Western Pacific OceanWestern Pacific may also refer to:*British Western Pacific Territories...

, bringing their "special quality of American Music" to their uproariously enthusiastic fans from Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...

, the Philippines
Philippines
The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam...

, the Republic of Korea, Australia
Australia
Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

, Thailand
Thailand
Thailand , officially the Kingdom of Thailand , formerly known as Siam , is a country located at the centre of the Indochina peninsula and Southeast Asia. It is bordered to the north by Burma and Laos, to the east by Laos and Cambodia, to the south by the Gulf of Thailand and Malaysia, and to the...

, Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...

, Malaysia, Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...

, Indonesia
Indonesia
Indonesia , officially the Republic of Indonesia , is a country in Southeast Asia and Oceania. Indonesia is an archipelago comprising approximately 13,000 islands. It has 33 provinces with over 238 million people, and is the world's fourth most populous country. Indonesia is a republic, with an...

, as well as many other cities and countries of the Far East.

The U.S. Navy's 7th Fleet CEREMONIAL/MARCHING Band is honored with the particular privilege of performing for official military and civic ceremonies, as well as by its duty to provide official representation of the U.S. Navy Commander, Seventh Fleet during musical performance at public concerts throughout the Western Pacific & Asian areas. This distinguished group of professional Navy Musicians is equally honored to uphold their time-tested naval heritage by stirring patriotism and empowering diplomatic or cultural linkages & affairs with international audiences.

The Far East Edition of the U.S. Navy Commander, 7th Fleet Band is reputed for its amazing versatility, as the United States only 20-piece show band operating in the Western Pacific & Asian areas. The Far East Edition performs in a variety of musical styles, ranging from traditional to contemporary Jazz, Big Band, Latin, and other popular music genres of today. This U.S. Navy Commander, 7th Fleet Show Band has been featured as a main attraction at major international cultural events throughout Australia and the Far East, covering more mileage squared than any other Navy Band operating today.

The U.S. Navy Commander, 7th Fleet Rock Band, Orient Express, is a group of eight professional rock musicians dedicated to performing live many of the greatest popular hits of English-language rock, including covers of songs ranging from Stevie Wonder
Stevie Wonder
Stevland Hardaway Morris , better known by his stage name Stevie Wonder, is an American singer-songwriter, multi-instrumentalist, record producer and activist...

 or Journey
Journey (band)
Journey is an American rock band formed in 1973 in San Francisco by former members of Santana. The band has gone through several phases; its strongest commercial success occurred between the 1978 and 1987, after which it temporarily disbanded...

, to Avril Lavigne
Avril Lavigne
Avril Ramona Lavigne is a Canadian singer-songwriter. She was born in Belleville, Ontario, but spent most of her youth in the small town of Napanee. By the age of 15, she had appeared on stage with Shania Twain; by 16, she had signed a two-album recording contract with Arista Records worth more...

 to Katie Perry
Katie Perry
Katie Jane Perry is an Australian fashion designer known for her use of jersey fabrics and "luxury loungewear" fashion line. She has grown the label from the very fashionable Paddington Markets, to have an online presence and has most recently opened her own retail oulet in Sydney.-Personal...

. Orient Express also performs as a Smooth Jazz
Smooth jazz
Smooth jazz is a genre of music that grew out of jazz fusion and is influenced by R&B, funk, rock, and pop music styles ....

 ensemble, as well as a full-range Dixieland
Dixieland
Dixieland music, sometimes referred to as Hot jazz, Early Jazz or New Orleans jazz, is a style of jazz music which developed in New Orleans at the start of the 20th century, and was spread to Chicago and New York City by New Orleans bands in the 1910s.Well-known jazz standard songs from the...

 Band. Leadership of the band is coordinated on a talent and personnel level by U.S. Navy Musician (MU) First Class, Bradley Blanchard.

The United States Navy Band

http://www.navyband.navy.mil/ Since its official designation in 1925, the United States Navy Band has grown to become a diverse organization comprising 172 enlisted musicians and four officers. Based at the historic Washington (D.C.) Navy Yard, the organization features a concert-ceremonial unit and four distinct specialty units—the "Sea Chanters" chorus (1956), the "Commodores" jazz ensemble (1969), the "Country Current" country-bluegrass group (1973), and the "Cruisers" contemporary music ensemble (1999). The band also features several chamber music groups.

The story of Navy music is as old as the history of our Navy. Our early Sailors used instrumental and vocal music to accompany their daily lives. Early records of shipboard fifes
Fife (musical instrument)
A fife is a small, high-pitched, transverse flute that is similar to the piccolo, but louder and shriller due to its narrower bore. The fife originated in medieval Europe and is often used in military and marching bands. Someone who plays the fife is called a fifer...

 and drums confirm this proven method of delivering orders over the din of battle. The sea chantey united the voices as it coordinated the efforts of the crew. There were special varieties for specific tasks from hoisting the mainsail to weighing anchor. After-hours entertainment featured the chantey in sentimental thoughts of home and often humorous speculation about their next adventure.

The scope and size of these musical groups increased as our Navy grew. Those initial trumpets, fifes and drums were carried on the early frigates to sound calls, give general orders and perform at funerals and other ceremonies. Bands became a separate section of the crew on many Navy vessels.

The development of shore-based bands in the 19th century led to the creation of the Naval Academy Band, which grew in size and importance during the Civil War. Other band units afloat and ashore played a major role in promoting the morale of sailors and civilians alike. At the start of World War I, many outstanding musicians left their famous orchestras and joined the Navy, using their talents to further the war effort.

In 1916, a 16-piece band from the battleship USS Kansas was ordered to the Washington Navy Yard to augment a 17-piece band aboard the presidential yacht Mayflower. The new unit became known as the "Washington Navy Yard Band" and was given rehearsal space near the power plant's coal pile. The increasing tempo of the band's duties led the bandmaster to seek more suitable quarters in the yard's "Sail Loft," and sailmakers were soon cutting and stitching their canvas to the rhythms of the music. The Navy Band still occupies the Sail Loft as its headquarters and rehearsal hall.

Naval Academy Band

http://www.nadn.navy.mil/USNABand Ever since the founding of the Naval Academy in 1845, when the “Band”consisted of a fifer and a drummer, music has been an important part of Naval Academy life. Officially formed in November 1852, the United States Naval Academy Band has established a reputation for outstanding musical support to the Brigade of Midshipmen and the surrounding community. However, the current version of the Naval Academy Band is a far cry from the thirteen men who reported to Annapolis over 150 years ago. Today, due to the unmatched versatility of its members, the band is able to blend tradition and change into a wide variety of musical styles.

The United States Naval Academy Marching Band may head up a column of Midshipman on parade before dignitaries on Worden Field, advance into Navy/Marine Corps Stadium for a contest on the gridiron, escort a fallen shipmate to his final resting place, or represent the Navy and Naval Academy on “Main Street, USA” in their Memorial Day celebration. In addition, the Concert Band performs a year-round concert series that is both highly acclaimed and well received. Performances feature well rounded programs of light classics, popular melodies, patriotic songs, and of course, marches chosen from the band’s extensive music library or prepared by the staff arrangers. Special events include the Side-By-Side concert featuring local High School musicians chosen to play with the band under the baton of a special guest conductor, and the annual Finale concert featuring all Naval Academy Band ensembles and closing with Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky (Russian: Пётр Ильи́ч Чайко́вский ; often "Peter Ilich Tchaikovsky" in English. His names are also transliterated "Piotr" or "Petr"; "Ilitsch", "Il'ich" or "Illyich"; and "Tschaikowski", "Tschaikowsky", "Chajkovskij"...

’s “1812 Overture
1812 Overture
The Year 1812, Festival Overture in E flat major, Op. 49, popularly known as the 1812 Overture or the Overture of 1812 is an overture written by Russian composer Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky in 1880 to commemorate Russia's defense of Moscow against Napoleon's advancing Grande Armée at the Battle of...

,” complete with live cannon fire! Smaller ensembles are featured in the Chamber Music Series, a variety of recitals planned and presented by individual band members. The Electric Brigade, the Navy’s premier Top 40 Band, aids recruiting by acquainting young Americans with the Navy and the Armed Forces, in addition to performances for the Brigade of Midshipmen in functions ranging from formal occasions such as the Graduation Ball during Commissioning Week to informal dances, pep rallies, and company picnics. These are but a few places where“The Navy’s Oldest and Finest Band” continues the long tradition of musical excellence and service to America begun so many years ago. From its 66 members, the band also calls upon two jazz groups, brass and woodwind quintets, trombone and clarinet quartets, tuba and percussion ensembles, and two reception combos.

Each member of the band hopes to add his or her mark to the progress which has seen a walrus-mustachioed fifer and drummer grow into one of America’s top ranking musical organizations. A succession of 26 leaders and hundreds of instrumentalists, each adding his or her special talent to the band’s repertoire, continue to instill a sense of pride and patriotism in Americans everywhere.

Navy Band Fleet Support Unit

http://www.npc.navy.mil/CommandSupport/NavyMusic/NavyBands/NBFSU.htm Musical equipment maintenance enjoys a proud heritage at Navy Band Fleet Support Unit where traditional band instrument repair and analog/digital equipment repair come together to lead the Navy's Music Program into the 21st century!

Created to provide the material support necessary in the operation of Fleet bands both afloat and ashore, Navy Band Fleet Support Unit performs a variety of diverse services to include: Test & Evaluation of all equipment; equipment repair and maintenance; and shipping & receiving of equipment to/from activities Fleet-wide.

Comprising professional Navy Musicians and Navy Civilians, Navy Band Fleet Support Unit operates out of Little Creek, Virginia
Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek
The Naval Amphibious Base, Little Creek is the major operating base for the Amphibious Forces in the United States Navy's Atlantic Fleet. The base comprises four locations in three states, including almost 12,000 acres of real estate. Its Little Creek location in Virginia Beach, Virginia totals...

 and is responsible for maintaining an inventory in excess of 50,000 items.

Navy School of Music

  • Main article: Navy School of Music
    U.S. Armed Forces School of Music
    The Navy School of Music is a United States Navy school located on board Joint Expeditionary Base Little Creek-Ft Story in Virginia Beach, Virginia. The school's mission is to provide specialized musical training to musicians of the Navy, Army, and Marine Corps military bands...


https://www.npdc.navy.mil/css/som/ Located aboard the Naval Amphibious Base in Norfolk, Virginia, the Navy School of Music provides specialized training for selected personnel of the Army
Army
An army An army An army (from Latin arma "arms, weapons" via Old French armée, "armed" (feminine), in the broadest sense, is the land-based military of a nation or state. It may also include other branches of the military such as the air force via means of aviation corps...

, Navy
Navy
A navy is the branch of a nation's armed forces principally designated for naval and amphibious warfare; namely, lake- or ocean-borne combat operations and related functions...

, and Marine Corps
Marine corps
A marine is a member of a force that specializes in expeditionary operations such as amphibious assault and occupation. The marines traditionally have strong links with the country's navy...

, and is the first stop after basic training for instrumentalists and vocalists seeking to join the ranks of America's military bands.

This unique facility, the largest of its kind in the world, provides basic to advanced levels of instruction geared toward preparing Soldiers, Sailors, and Marines for the challenges of performance within a wide variety of military ensembles. Graduates of the Navy School of Music go on to become musical ambassadors throughout the United States and abroad as members of U.S. Army, Navy, and Marine Corps Bands.

Tracing its origins to the early 20th century, the School evolved from intermittent attempts to establish a permanent site to train Navy Musicians. In June 1935, the Navy School of Music opened in Washington, D.C., operating in conjunction with the United States Navy Band until becoming an independent activity in 1942. Students enrolled at the School during this era graduated as complete ensembles—transferring as a unit to serve aboard ships in the U.S. Fleet. Unit Band #22, for example, was deployed to the USS Arizona—ultimately to be counted among the first casualties during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor.

After more than a decade of operating as a Navy-specific institution, the School received a quota of 15 enlisted Marines and, following negotiations between the Secretary of the Army and the Chief of Naval Personnel, Army students began being enrolled in January 1951. With the School now providing training for Soldiers, Sailors and Marines, in a facility that was originally designed to be a temporary structure, it was clear the Navy School of Music had outgrown its home and a new facility was sorely needed.

Of the numerous sites evaluated, the School of Music's present home, Building 3602 aboard Naval Amphibious Base Little Creek in Norfolk, Virginia proved best suited for instrumental and academic training. Originally built in 1955 as an 80000 square feet (7,432.2 m²) barracks, Building 3602 was stripped to bare cinderblock and reconstructed with the unique needs of professional military musicians in mind. In April 2005, building 3602 was renamed to McDonald Hall after Captain John D. McDonald, the School of Music's first Commanding Officer at this location.

Housed within the Armed Forces School of Music are nine rehearsal areas (each of which is linked by closed-circuit television) which can accommodate ensembles of virtually any size and more than 100 studios available for individual practice and instrumental instruction. More than 17,000 compositions are kept on file in the music library, and 1,000s of musical recordings, reference materials and publications are also available for student use and training. Additionally, a state of the art repair facility is maintained to service the nearly 3,000 musical instruments presently carried on the School's inventory.

See also

  • United States military bands
    United States military bands
    There are many military bands in the United States military. Some are assigned to specific military bases or units. There are also bands associated with each of the service academies....

  • U.S. Navy Steel Band
    U.S. Navy Steel Band
    The US Navy Steel Band was the first all-American and only military steel band. It was organized in 1957 by Rear Admiral Daniel V. Gallery, from the band assigned to him, while he was commander of the Tenth Naval District in San Juan, Puerto Rico. The band was originally called Admiral Dan's...

  • "Anchors Aweigh
    Anchors Aweigh
    "Anchors Aweigh" is the fight song of the United States Naval Academy, and strongly associated with the United States Navy, composed in 1906 by Charles A. Zimmerman with lyrics by Alfred Hart Miles. Zimmerman was at the time a Lieutenant, and had been bandmaster of the United States Naval Academy...

    "
  • Navy Hymn: Eternal Father (instrumental)
    Eternal Father, Strong to Save
    "Eternal Father, Strong to Save" is a hymn often associated with the Royal Navy or the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. Accordingly, it is often known as the Royal Navy Hymn or the United States Navy Hymn , and sometimes by the last line of its first verse, "For Those in Peril on...

     :
  • Navy Hymn: Eternal Father (a capella)
    Eternal Father, Strong to Save
    "Eternal Father, Strong to Save" is a hymn often associated with the Royal Navy or the United States Navy and United States Marine Corps. Accordingly, it is often known as the Royal Navy Hymn or the United States Navy Hymn , and sometimes by the last line of its first verse, "For Those in Peril on...

    :

Sources


External links

The source of this article is wikipedia, the free encyclopedia.  The text of this article is licensed under the GFDL.
 
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