The New Safe Confinement (NSC or New Shelter) is the structure intended to contain the nuclear reactor

Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Most commonly they are used for generating electricity and for the propulsion of ships. Usually heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid , which runs through turbines that power either ship's...

 at Chernobyl

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant or Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant is a decommissioned nuclear power station near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine, northwest of the city of Chernobyl, from the Ukraine–Belarus border, and about north of Kiev. Reactor 4 was the site of the Chernobyl disaster in...

, Ukraine

Ukraine

Ukraine is a country in Eastern Europe. It has an area of 603,628 km², making it the second largest contiguous country on the European continent, after Russia...

, part of which was destroyed by the Chernobyl disaster

Chernobyl disaster

The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine , which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities in Moscow...

 in 1986. The idea is to prevent the reactor wreck from leaking radioactive material into the environment. Originally planned to be in place by 2005, as of 2011 the confinement is expected to be completed in 2015.

A part of the Shelter Implementation Plan

Shelter Implementation Plan

The Shelter Implementation Plan was developed in a cooperative effort among the European Union, the United States and Ukraine to protect the personnel, population and environment from the threat of the huge radioactive inventory of the Chernobyl Unit 4 Shelter...

 funded by the Chernobyl Shelter Fund

Chernobyl Shelter Fund

The Chernobyl Shelter Fund was set up in December 1997 with the purpose of funding the Shelter Implementation Plan . The main objective of the SIP, developed in a co-operative effort between the European Union, the United States and Ukraine, is to protect the personnel, population and environment...

, the NSC is designed to contain the radioactive remains of Chernobyl Unit 4 for the next 100 years. It is intended to replace the present sarcophagus

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant sarcophagus or stone coffin is a massive concrete envelope surrounding the nuclear reactor unit 4 of the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant. It is designed to halt the release of radiation into the atmosphere following the Chernobyl disaster on April 26, 1986 and encase...

, that was hastily constructed after a "beyond design-basis accident" destroyed reactor 4 on April 26, 1986.

The word "confinement" is used rather than the traditional "containment" to emphasize the difference between the "containment" of radioactive gases that is the primary focus of most reactor containment building

Containment building

A containment building, in its most common usage, is a steel or reinforced concrete structure enclosing a nuclear reactor. It is designed, in any emergency, to contain the escape of radiation to a maximum pressure in the range of 60 to 200 psi...

s, and the "confinement" of solid radioactive waste

Radioactive waste

Radioactive wastes are wastes that contain radioactive material. Radioactive wastes are usually by-products of nuclear power generation and other applications of nuclear fission or nuclear technology, such as research and medicine...

 that is the primary purpose of the New Safe Confinement.

The existing shelter

The existing shelter, formally referred to as the Object Shelter and often called the sarcophagus, was constructed between May and November 1986 as an emergency measure to contain the radioactive materials within reactor unit 4 at the Chernobyl nuclear power plant

Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant

The Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant or Chornobyl Nuclear Power Plant is a decommissioned nuclear power station near the city of Pripyat, Ukraine, northwest of the city of Chernobyl, from the Ukraine–Belarus border, and about north of Kiev. Reactor 4 was the site of the Chernobyl disaster in...

 (ChNPP). The shelter was constructed under extreme conditions, with very high levels of radiation

Radiation

In physics, radiation is a process in which energetic particles or energetic waves travel through a medium or space. There are two distinct types of radiation; ionizing and non-ionizing...

, and under extreme time constraints. The Object Shelter was moderately successful in containing radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination

Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases , where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places...

 and providing for post-accident monitoring of the destroyed nuclear reactor

Nuclear reactor

A nuclear reactor is a device to initiate and control a sustained nuclear chain reaction. Most commonly they are used for generating electricity and for the propulsion of ships. Usually heat from nuclear fission is passed to a working fluid , which runs through turbines that power either ship's...

 unit.

The existing Object Shelter is primarily supported by the damaged remains of the Unit 4 Reactor Building, which are largely considered to be structurally unsound as a result of explosive forces caused by the accident. Three major structural members support the roof of the Object Shelter. Two beams, usually referred to as B-1 and B-2, run in an east-west direction and support the roof beams and panels. A third, more massive member, the "Mammoth Beam", spans the largest distance across the roof from east to west and assists in supporting the roof beams and panels. The roof of the shelter itself consists of 1 metres (3.3 ft) diameter steel pipes laid horizontally north to south and steel panels that rest at an angle, also in the north-south direction.

The south wall of the Object Shelter is formed by the steel panels of the roof as they make an angle of approximately 115 degrees to become vertical. The east wall of the shelter is formed by the reactor building itself, and the north wall by a combination of the reactor building and concrete segments. The west wall is constructed of large concrete sections reinforced by buttresses. The complexity of the segments of the west wall necessitated their construction off-site; they were then lifted into place by a remotely operated tower crane. It is these buttressed sections of the Object Shelter that are most often recognized in photographs of the sarcophagus.

The Object Shelter was never intended to be a permanent containment structure, despite rumors to the contrary. Its continued deterioration has increased the risk of its radioactive inventory leaking out into the environment. Upgrades to the site made sometime prior to 2007 include pathways for roof access, roof repairs, the installation of a dust control system, and the installation of a long-term monitoring system. However, substantial upgrade or replacement of the shelter will be necessary in the near future in order to continue containing the radioactive remains of ChNPP reactor 4. It has been estimated that up to 95% of the original radioactive inventory of reactor unit 4 still remains inside the ruins of the reactor building

Reactor building

A reactor building is a general term for a building that houses a reactor of some type. In particular, it often refers to a building containing a nuclear reactor...

.

International competition

In 1992, the Ukraine Government held an international competition for proposals to replace the hastily constructed sarcophagus.

Of the 394 entries, only the British submission proposed a sliding arch approach.

Subsequently, a pan-European study (the TACIS programme) re-examined the proposals of the top three finalists of the competition. The study selected the British sliding arch proposal as the best solution for their further investigations and recommendations.

The fact that the sliding arch solution is now to be built confirms the initial view that, by using this method, there is much less chance of the construction workers receiving a dose of radiation.

Design goals

The New Safe Confinement (NSC) was designed with several design goals in mind:

• Convert the destroyed ChNPP Unit 4 into an environmentally safe system (i.e. contain the radioactive materials at the site to prevent further environmental contamination
  Radioactive contamination
  Radioactive contamination, also called radiological contamination, is radioactive substances on surfaces, or within solids, liquids or gases , where their presence is unintended or undesirable, or the process giving rise to their presence in such places...
  
  )
• Reduce corrosion and weathering of the existing shelter and the Unit 4 reactor building
• Mitigate the consequences of a potential collapse of either the existing shelter or the Unit 4 reactor building, particularly in terms of containing the radioactive dust that would be produced by such a collapse.
• Enable safe deconstruction of unstable structures (such as the roof of the existing shelter) by providing remotely operated
  Remote operation
  Remote operation is the control and operation of a system or equipment from a remote location.There are several particular types of systems that are often controlled remotely:...
  
   equipment for their deconstruction.

Structural design

The NSC design is an arch-shaped steel structure with an internal height of 92.5 metres (303.5 ft), and a 12 metres (39.4 ft) distance between the centers of the upper and lower arch chords. The internal span of the arch is to be 245 metres (803.8 ft), and the external span is to be 270 metres (885.8 ft). The dimensions of the arch were determined based upon the need to operate equipment inside the new shelter and decommission the existing shelter. The overall length of the structure is 150 metres (492.1 ft), consisting of 13 arches assembled 12.5 metres (41 ft) apart to form 12 bays. The ends of the structure will be sealed by vertical walls assembled around, but not supported by, the existing structures of the reactor building.

The arches are constructed of tubular steel members, and are externally clad with a three layer sandwich panels. These external panels will also be used on the end walls of the structure. Internally, each arch will be covered in polycarbonate

Polycarbonate

PolycarbonatePhysical PropertiesDensity 1.20–1.22 g/cm3Abbe number 34.0Refractive index 1.584–1.586FlammabilityV0-V2Limiting oxygen index25–27%Water absorption – Equilibrium0.16–0.35%Water absorption – over 24 hours0.1%...

 (Lexan

Lexan

Lexan is a registered trademark for SABIC Innovative Plastics' brand of polycarbonate resin thermoplastic. Polycarbonate polymer is produced by reacting bisphenol A with carbonyl dichloride, also known as phosgene. Lexan is the brand name for polycarbonate sheet and resin in a wide range of grades...

) to prevent the accumulation of radioactive particles on the frame members themselves.

Large parts of the arches will be shop fabricated and transported to the assembly site, 180 metres (590.6 ft) west of reactor unit 4. Each of the steel tubes will be high-strength steel in order to reduce cost and assembly weight. The steel used in construction of the tubular members will have a yield strength of no less than 2500 kg/cm2.

More extensive detail of the structural composition and design of the arches can be found in Section II.B., "Structural Design Process" of Conceptual Design of the Chernobyl New Safe Confinement—An Overview.

Foundation design

The foundations of the NSC must meet the primary design requirements:

• They must support the weight of the arches of the NSC
• They must support rail tracks across which the NSC can roll 180 metres (590.6 ft) from the construction site into place over Unit 4.
• They must minimize the amount of digging and cutting into the upper layers of the ground, as the upper soil is heavily contaminated with nuclear material from the disaster
  Chernobyl disaster
  The Chernobyl disaster was a nuclear accident that occurred on 26 April 1986 at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant in Ukraine , which was under the direct jurisdiction of the central authorities in Moscow...
  
  .

The site of the NSC itself is slightly sloped, ranging in elevation from 117.5 metres (385.5 ft) on the eastern side to 144 metres (472.4 ft) on the western side. The foundation must account for this difference without extensive site leveling.

The ground upon which the foundation must be built is unique in that it contains a "technogenic layer" just below the surface that is approximately 2.5 to 3 m (8.2 to 9.8 ft) in overall depth. The Technogenic Layer was created by radioactive contamination from the accident and consists of various materials including nuclear material, stone, sand, loamy sands, concrete (probably unreinforced), and construction wastes. It is considered unfeasible to determine the geotechnical characteristics of this soil layer. As a result of this, the load-bearing properties of the technogenic layer are unassumed by the design of the foundation.

The water table

Water table

The water table is the level at which the submarine pressure is far from atmospheric pressure. It may be conveniently visualized as the 'surface' of the subsurface materials that are saturated with groundwater in a given vicinity. However, saturated conditions may extend above the water table as...

 at ChNPP fluctuates from 109.9 metres (360.6 ft) on average in December to 110.7 metres (363.2 ft) on average in May.

Several options were considered for the foundation design for the NSC, and the final design was specified as consisting of three lines of two 4.5 by foundation panels 21 metres (68.9 ft) in length and a 4 metres (13.1 ft) high pile cap that reaches to a height of 118 metres (387.1 ft) of elevation. This option was selected in order to minimize the cost of the foundation, the number of cuts into radioactive soil layers, dose uptake of workers, and risk to the environment from further contamination. The foundation differs slightly between the area in which the NSC will be constructed and the final resting area around unit 4.

Special consideration is necessary for the excavation required for foundation construction due to the high level of radioactivity found in the upper layers of soil. The use of rope operated grabs for the first 0.3 metre (0.984251968503937 ft) of pile excavation has been recommended for the Chernobyl site by the conceptual designers of the NSC. This will reduce the direct exposure of workers to the most contaminated sections of the soil. Deeper excavation for the foundation piles will be accomplished using hydraulic clam shells operated under bentonite

Bentonite

Bentonite is an absorbent aluminium phyllosilicate, essentially impure clay consisting mostly of montmorillonite. There are different types of bentonite, each named after the respective dominant element, such as potassium , sodium , calcium , and aluminum . Experts debate a number of nomenclatorial...

 slurry protection.

The foundation is designed to withstand horizontal acceleration structural loads of up to 0.08 g

G-force

The g-force associated with an object is its acceleration relative to free-fall. This acceleration experienced by an object is due to the vector sum of non-gravitational forces acting on an object free to move. The accelerations that are not produced by gravity are termed proper accelerations, and...

, as well as to withstand a tornado of up to Class F

Fujita scale

The Fujita scale , or Fujita-Pearson scale, is a scale for rating tornado intensity, based primarily on the damage tornadoes inflict on human-built structures and vegetation...

-1.5. However, the design requirement for the structure was later raised to withstand a Class F-3.0 tornado, resulting in a beyond-design-basis analysis that was carried out independently to evaluate the effects of a Class F-3.0 tornado upon the structure.

Assembly process

The NSC will be assembled in the following steps:

1. Stabilization of the Object Shelter in order to prevent collapse during construction.
2. Excavation and construction of foundation.
3. Assembly of first and second arches to form Bay 1, installation of east wall on arch 1.
4. Bay 1 will be slid East to accommodate the construction of arch 3 and Bay 2.
5. Subsequent sliding of the complete structure and adding of arches and Bays to complete the structure.
6. Installation of cranes and large maintenance equipment.
7. Installation of the west wall.
8. Final slide into place over Unit 4.
9. Construction of the fragmentation, decontamination, and auxiliary buildings

This process of assembly is advantageous because it takes advantage of the designed mobility of the structure to maximize the distance between workers and the reactor building, thereby minimizing their uptake dosage of radiation.

As each bay is completed infrastructure equipment including that for ventilation systems, radiation monitoring, plumbing, and electrical will be installed.

Positioning

The NSC is to be constructed 180 metres (590.6 ft) west of unit four and slid into place. The actual sliding of the structure along foundation rails is a difficult process. The system to be used in construction of the NSC is derived from civilian bridge launching

Segmental bridge

As its name implies, a segmental bridge is a bridge built in short sections , i.e., one piece at a time, as opposed to traditional methods that build a bridge in very large sections...

 and bridge cantilever

Cantilever bridge

A cantilever bridge is a bridge built using cantilevers, structures that project horizontally into space, supported on only one end. For small footbridges, the cantilevers may be simple beams; however, large cantilever bridges designed to handle road or rail traffic use trusses built from...

 methods.

Two options were initially considered for moving the structure: hydraulic jack

Jack (mechanical)

A jack is a mechanical device used to lift heavy loads or apply great forces. Jacks employ a screw thread or hydraulic cylinder to apply very high linear forces.-Mechanical jack:...

s to push the structure forward, or pulling the structure with large, multi-stranded steel cables. However, the first option would require the relocation of the hydraulic jacks after each push. This relocation process would necessitate more worker interaction with the system and a greater worker exposure to radiation. The second option was chosen because it would expose workers to a lower radiation dose, and would move the structure into its final position in just less than 24 hours.

Deconstruction of existing structures

The final phase of construction of the NSC involves the deconstruction of the unstable structures associated with the original Object Shelter. The goal of deconstruction has imposed significant requirements upon the load carrying capacity of the arches and foundation of the NSC, as these structures must carry the weight of not only the suspended cranes to be used in deconstruction, but also the loads of those cranes.

The deconstruction equipment

The NSC design includes two bridge cranes suspended from the arches. These cranes travel east to west on common runways and each has a span of 84 metres (275.6 ft).

Each crane can carry a variety of interchangeable carriages. Three types of carriages have been designed for the NSC:

• One typical lifting carriage with a 50 tonne carrying capacity.
• One secure lifting carriage for shielded transportation of personnel, with a 50 tonne carrying capacity.
• One carriage suspends a mobile tool platform, extending up to 75 metres (246.1 ft), that can be fitted with a variety of end actuators useful for deconstruction.

The cranes' carriage interchangeability allows the rotation of the largest members to be deconstructed, reducing the overall size of the NSC by approximately one arch bay.

After the members to be deconstructed are removed by crane they must be fragmented into pieces small enough to decontaminate. It is expected that the primary contamination of most deconstructed elements will be loose surface contamination (mostly dust) and can largely be removed. Decontamination will take place using vacuum cleaners with HEPA

HEPA

High-Efficiency Particulate Air or HEPA is a type of air filter. Filters that are awarded the HEPA accolade are used in various locations, whether in medical facilities, automotive vehicles, airplanes, home filters, or wherever very pure air is sought. The filter must satisfy certain standards of...

 filters, grit blasting (for steel elements), and scarify

Hydrodemolition

Hydrodemolition is a concrete removal technique which utilizes high-pressure water to remove deteriorated and sound concrete as well as asphalt and grout. This process provides an excellent bonding surface for repair material and new coating applications...

ing (for concrete elements). Once decontaminated to the maximum extent practical, pieces will be further fragmented for eventual disposal. Fragmentation tools include plasma arc cutting, torches, diamond circular cutting wheels, and diamond wire cutting. The tools selected for the deconstruction process were selected upon the basis of a number of factors, including: minimization of individual and collective radiation exposure, the amount of secondary waste generated, the feasibility of remote operation, the cutting efficiency, fire safety, capital cost and operating costs.

The exact methods for disposing of wastes generated by the deconstruction process have not yet been determined, and may include on-site burial outside the NSC for low-level waste, and long term storage inside the NSC for medium and high level wastes. At this time no policy has been made as to the disposal and processing of fuel containing materials.

Elements to be deconstructed

The following elements of the Object Shelter are planned for deconstruction:

Element	Quantity	Mass of each (metric tons)	Length of each (meters)	Length of each (feet)
Southern roof flat panels	6	31	28.7	94.2
Southern roof flat panels	6	16	28.7	94.2
Southern hockey stick panels	12	38	25.5	83.7
Mammoth beam	1	127	70	229.7
Northern beam B1	1	65	55	180.4
Southern beam B1	1	65	55	180.4
Northern hockey stick panels	18	9	18	59.1
Eastern hockey stick panels	1	7.25	7	23.0
Light roof	6	21	36	118.1
Piping roof	27	20	36	118.1
Northern beam B2	1	57	40	131.2
Southern beam B2	1	57	40	131.2
TOTALS:	85 elements	2024 tons	N/A	N/A

Types of materials to be deconstructed

The elements that are to be deconstructed fall into several broad material types:

• Steel
  • Flat (roof panels)
  • Three dimensional (pipes, trusses, beams)
• Reinforced concrete
  • Pre-cast
  • Cast in place
• Debris
  • Fragments of steel structures and equipment
  • Fragments of reinforced concrete structures
  • Materials added after the Chernobyl accident to mitigate its consequences.

Waste storage

Near to the Chernobyl site, the Vektor Radioactive Waste Storage Facility is being built, consisting of the Industrial Complex for Solid Radwaste Management (ICSRM), a nuclear waste storage site. It is being constructed by Nukem Technologies, a German nuclear decommissioning

Nuclear decommissioning

Nuclear decommissioning is the dismantling of a nuclear power plant and decontamination of the site to a state no longer requiring protection from radiation for the general public...

 company which is a subsidiary of the Russian Atomstroyexport

Atomstroyexport

Atomstroyexport is the Russian Federation's nuclear power equipment and service export monopoly. It belongs to Atomenergoprom holding with 49.8% of shares owned by Gazprombank...

. This storage is reported to be able to contain 75000 cubic meters. The storage is both for (temporal) high level waste, and low and intermediate level waste storage.

Project status

The New Safe Confinement (NSC) was originally intended to be completed in 2005, but the project has gone through several delays. In June 2003 the projected completion date was slated for February 2008. In 2009, planned completion was projected for 2012; the same year, progress was made with stabilization of the existing Sarcophagus, which was then considered stable enough for another 15 years. On February 2010 the reported completion date of the NSC was pushed back to 2013. As of April 2011, the estimated completion date has been updated to Summer 2015.

The following schedule was released in June 2003:

• 12 February 2004 - complete the NSC conceptual design
• 13 March 2004 - Government of Ukraine to approve the conceptual design
• 13 June 2004 through 13 September 2004 - conduct a tender and sign a contract with the winner to proceed with relevant engineering and construction work
• 16 April 2006 through 20 May 2007 - lay foundations for the NSC
• 16 April 2006 through 22 October 2007 - fabricate steel arch segments, assemble, move in contact and secure arch sections
• 23 October 2007 through 19 February 2008 - install cranes, piping and lighting fixtures under the arch
• 20 February through 29 February 2008 - slide the arch structure in place over the existing Shelter

In March 2004 an international tender for NSC design and construction was announced. Two bid candidates were identified, but in September 2006 the plant's general director Ihor Hramotkyn announced his intent to annul all bids on the project.

On 17 September 2007, BBC News

BBC News

BBC News is the department of the British Broadcasting Corporation responsible for the gathering and broadcasting of news and current affairs. The department is the world's largest broadcast news organisation and generates about 120 hours of radio and television output each day, as well as online...

 reported that the project contract was finally signed, with French

France

The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...

 consortium Novarka (consisting of Vinci Construction Grands Projets and Bouygues Construction

Bouygues

Bouygues S.A. is a French industrial group headquartered in the 8th arrondissement of Paris, France. Bouygues is listed on Euronext Paris exchange and is a blue chip in the CAC 40 stock market index. The company was founded in 1952 by Francis Bouygues and since 1989 has been led by his son Martin...

 as 50/50 partners) constructing the 190 by 200 meter arch structure. Construction costs were estimated as $1.4bn with a project time of 5 years.

The constructing consortium itself reported slightly different numbers, mentioning a contract of 432 million euros, and dimensions of 150 meters length, 257 meters span and 105 meter height. Estimated time for completion was given as 53 months, including 18 months of planning and design studies, with a projected completion in mid-2012.

In February 2010, the Director-General of the plant's facility administration projected completion of the NSC in 2013; Novarka began construction in September 2010.

Continued updates from the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Its mission was to support the formerly communist countries in the process of establishing their...

 (EBRD) state an assembly date of the NSC in "summer 2015 and subsequently be slid over the present shelter", with an updated cost of completion estimated at €1.54bn, and a funding shortfall of €600m. Necessary project landmarks, including important infrastructure and preparatory works such as the NSC pilings, have been completed as of April, 2011.

Responsible organizations

The European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

Founded in 1991, the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development uses the tools of investment to help build market economies and democracies in 30 countries from central Europe to central Asia. Its mission was to support the formerly communist countries in the process of establishing their...

 (EBRD) is responsible for managing the Shelter Implementation Plan

Shelter Implementation Plan

The Shelter Implementation Plan was developed in a cooperative effort among the European Union, the United States and Ukraine to protect the personnel, population and environment from the threat of the huge radioactive inventory of the Chernobyl Unit 4 Shelter...

, including overseeing the construction of the New Safe Confinement. The EBRD assigned the Shelter Implementation Plan to project number 4807 in the country of Ukraine.

External links

• Description of the New Safe Confinement. Design of the new protective shield under Sarcophagus.. European Bank for Reconstruction & Development
• Computer rendered video of the construction process, Novarka, October 2009