Operation Balavegaya
Encyclopedia
Operation Balavegaya was a combined military operation launched by the Sri Lankan Military in Jaffna
. It was the largest amphibious assault launched by the Sri Lankan Military in its history. Operation Balavegaya was launched in response to siege of Elephant Pass
by the LTTE terrorists. It is believed that Operation Balavegaya was the largest and most successful military operation of the Sri Lankan Military until Operation Riviresa
in 1995.
Denzil Kobbekaduwa
took charge as the commanding officer Norther Operations, he instituted an operation codenamed "Operation Gajasinghe" to pull out troops from Kilinochchi and strengthen the camp at Elephant Pass. He also established a temporary camp at Paranthan, north of Paranthan junction, for obtaining fresh water for the camp at Elephant Pass. Subsequently, Elephant Pass camp was expanded and transformed into a massive military complex, with a main base and four mini-camps, within a stretch of land three miles in diameter. At one time, the Elephant Pass base and the satellite camps covered an area about 23 kilometers long and nearly 10 kilometers wide. About 800 troops of the 6th battalion of the Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
manned the military installations.
On the 10th of July 1991, the Army camp located at the strategically important Elephant Pass came under siege by the LTTE. The army base commanded by Major (later Major General) Sanath Karunaratne defended the camp. At that time the battle for Elephant Pass was the most violent and bloody confrontation that ever took place between the LTTE and the Sri Lankan armed forces.
The LTTE began its first assault on the camp from the south of Elephant Pass. On the very first day LTTE attacked the camp at dawn and were supported by armour plated bulldozers . Heavy mortars, machine guns and whatever the available fire power the LTTE had, was thrown into battle. Hundreds of cadres attempted to storm the defences of the camp wave after wave. Only a small portion of the southern defences fell into the enemy hands. The battalion stationed there valiantly stood before the ferocious attack. At this juncture, Lance Corporal Kularatna of the 6th battalion of the Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
managed to climb on top of an advancing bulldozer and lobbed a grenade with total disregard of his own life. He was killed during this action displaying true grit and valour. The bulldozer which would have caused much destruction was immobilized. Later this soldier was posthumously awarded Parama Weera Vibhushanaya
, the highest gallantry medal in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.
On the second day, Major Lalith Buddhadasa, the second in command of the base, was killed along with a few other soldiers by a mortar attack. Attempts by the Sri Lankan Air Force to land helicopters inside the base proved futile, due to the heavy AA gunfire of the Tigers. The LTTE by then had surrounded the army base and was closing in from all direction. The main thrust was from the south and there were attempts to penetrate the defenses with earth moving vehicles and artillery fire on the outer defense positions. But the army, which fought valiantly, foiled all of the LTTE's attempts. Eventually, the Rest House camp in the southern sector of the base, fell into the hands of the LTTE. Sustaining heavy losses, the Sri Lankan troops fell back to the rear positions.
"Prabhakaran openly declared that, he had waged the 'Mother of all Battles'. He was very confident of victory. Troops were running short of ammunition, food and medicine. Many airdrops were carried out and fortunately, about 60 percent of the airdrops fell within the camp premises.
Fierce fighting continued for four days and the LTTE forces, both male and female cadres, continued their relentless onslaught on the southern and northern sectors of Elephant Pass despite mounting casualties. The entrapped Sri Lankan soldiers were completely surrounded and fought for their lives.
To break the siege and reinforce the Elephant Pass camp Maj General Kobbekaduwa
the GOC
the 2nd Division, along with Brigadier
Vijaya Wimalaratne
launched "Operation Balavegaya", an amphibious operation had to be launched as there was no cleared land route available to ensure speedy reinforcement. The army drew up this massive operation plan with a huge force of 10,000 soldiers, which consisted of several battle-hardened and experienced regiments which included battalions from the Sri Lanka Light Infantry
(SLLI), Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
(SLSR), Gemunu Watch
(GW), the Gajaba Regiment
(GR) supported by the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
(SLAC) and the Sri Lanka Artillery
.
The troops of the 2 Division commanded by Maj.Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa were moved to Pullimodai from the Trincomalee
Naval base, made up the amphibious Task Force, commanded by Brig Vijaya Wimalaratne, consisted of 1st brigade (Col. Anton Wijendra) and 3rd brigade (Col. Sarath Fonseka
). A flotilla of ships made up of landing crafts, gunboats and fast attack crafts of the Sri Lanka Navy under the command of Rear-Admiral Quitus Wickramaratne transported the troops. Maj.Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa was present on broad the flag ship SLNS Wickrama with troops from the 3rd battalion, SLLI (Lt. Col. Gamini Jayasundera) and 3rd battalion, GR (Lt. Col. Seevali Wanigasekera) and Brig Vijaya Wimalaratne was on the SLNS Edithara with Captain H.R. Amaraweera who commanded the flotilla, and Group Captain Dick Sally who co-ordinated the air operations.
The first attempt at a sea borne landing at Vettilakerni, located 12 kilometers east of Elephant Pass, scheduled for 14:30 hours on July 15, 1991 met with stiff resistance. Brig Wimalaratne delayed the landing due to havy resistance. With Brigadier Wimalaratne's personal effort, the second attempt was made at 18:00 hours under cover of fire from Navy gunboats and close air support from air force Sia Marchetti SF-260 bombers directed by Wing Commander Sunil Cabral. The first wave landed led by Capt Dushan Rajaguru, Coy Comd 1 SLSR, and Capt Ralf Nugera, Coy Comd 3 SLLI,under heavy resistance that continued to be stiff, yet the 1st Battalion 1 SLSR and 3rd battalion SLLI secured a beachhead that night. Within 24 hours the remaining units of the 1st Brigade and the 3rd Brigade landed. Thereafter arrived a holding Brigade under the command of Col. Devinda Kalupahana. Once the beachhead was securely established, Gen. Kobbekaduwa authorized Brig. Wimalaratne to begin the operation to link up with garrison in Elephant Pass which was about 10 km away.
"Many terrorist were killed and large stocks of arms and ammunition captured from the terrorists. There was an intense fighting near the Mulliyan Kovil, northwest of Vettilaikerni. The reason was that the terrorists were determined to recover a stock of gold hidden near the Kovil (Temple). In fact, the terrorists managed to evict the troops from Kovil area for a short while by counter attacking. They managed to take the gold away." - A Soldier's Version by Major General Sarath Munasinghe - pages 115-116.
The terrain consisted of sand dunes, dotted with thorny scrub and Palmyra palms, an area that did not provide any natural cover against aerial, naval and artillery bombardment. Therefore, the confrontation assumed the character of a conventional warfare, with the combatants facing each other in open battle. It took nearly 18 days for Sri Lankan troops to fight their way on the 12 kilometer stretch to reach the Elephant Pass base, due to heavy resistance and mine fields.
On the third week of fighting a squadron of Alvis Saladin
armoured cars of the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, SLAC commanded by Major Shiran Jinasena broke through enemy lines despite two its vehicles being destroyed by mines. The breakthrough was followed up by Saladin and Saracen
APCs of the 1st Recce Regiment and 3rd Recce Regiment of the Armoured Corps
and Buffel
APCs. The armored thrust on the 2nd of August was led by Major Jinasena and was followed by Major Rohan De Silva of 4/GR who commanded a squadron of Buffel APCs. At this point the three infantry Brigades under Brigadier Wimalarathna , which included the newly arrived 7th Brigade under Colonel Gamini Angammana, went into action.
On the 4th of August forward elements of the Task Force reached the beleaguered garrison singing the battle song Hela Jathika Abhimane.
According to Adele Ann Balasingham, an LTTE operative, "It took exactly 18 days for the several battalions of Sri Lankan army troops, who landed along the Vadamaradchy eastern coast in a massive rescue operation, to reach the besieged Elephant Pass base". To advance the 12 kilometer distance, the Sinhala regiments, backed by heavy armour and air cover, had to engage in fierce clashes with the LTTE and fight for every inch of land. The fighting continued in that area until the August 9th, when the battered LTTE cadres made a tactical withdrawal.
According to government official figures, 202 army personnel were killed in the battle to retain Elephant Pass base. There were no official figures of the injuries sustained by the armed forces. Major General Sarath Munasinghe, at that time the Sri Lankan army spokesman and who wrote "A Soldier's Version" after his retirement, writes, "On 4 August 1991, I was lucky to personally witness the link up with the EPS camp. It was the biggest victory ever over the LTTE at that time. There was joy and smiles all over. Prabhakaran's much publicized, 'Mother of all Battles,' was defeated. 202 valiant men including some prominent officers had laid their lives. Over one thousand terrorists were killed at EPS and during the operation to link up. Many citizens voluntarily sent in sweets, chutney, cigarettes and many other food items to the soldiers in the battlefield. There were banners and posters praising the soldiers in many parts of the country.".
Jaffna
Jaffna is the capital city of the Northern Province, Sri Lanka. It is the administrative headquarters of the Jaffna district located on a peninsula of the same name. Jaffna is approximately six miles away from Kandarodai which served as a famous emporium in the Jaffna peninsula from classical...
. It was the largest amphibious assault launched by the Sri Lankan Military in its history. Operation Balavegaya was launched in response to siege of Elephant Pass
First Battle of Elephant Pass
The First Battle of Elephant Pass was a battle fought in July 1991 for the control of the Sri Lankan military base of Elephant Pass, which was of strategic importance as it linked the northern mainland known as Wanni with the Jaffna Peninsula.-The battle:...
by the LTTE terrorists. It is believed that Operation Balavegaya was the largest and most successful military operation of the Sri Lankan Military until Operation Riviresa
Operation Riviresa
Operation Riviresa , was a combined military operation launched by the Sri Lankan Armed Forces in Jaffna. Starting on the 17 October 1995, the primary objective of the operation was the capture of the town of Jaffna and rest of the Jaffna peninsula from the LTTE...
in 1995.
Background
In July 1990, when Major GeneralMajor General
Major general or major-general is a military rank used in many countries. It is derived from the older rank of sergeant major general. A major general is a high-ranking officer, normally subordinate to the rank of lieutenant general and senior to the ranks of brigadier and brigadier general...
Denzil Kobbekaduwa
Denzil Kobbekaduwa
Lieutenant General Denzil Lakshman Kobbekaduwa RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, rcds, psc, SLAC was a highly decorated and respected General in the Sri Lanka army...
took charge as the commanding officer Norther Operations, he instituted an operation codenamed "Operation Gajasinghe" to pull out troops from Kilinochchi and strengthen the camp at Elephant Pass. He also established a temporary camp at Paranthan, north of Paranthan junction, for obtaining fresh water for the camp at Elephant Pass. Subsequently, Elephant Pass camp was expanded and transformed into a massive military complex, with a main base and four mini-camps, within a stretch of land three miles in diameter. At one time, the Elephant Pass base and the satellite camps covered an area about 23 kilometers long and nearly 10 kilometers wide. About 800 troops of the 6th battalion of the Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
The Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment is the first rifle regiment in the Sri Lanka Army and the second oldest infantry regiment in the army. It is made up of seven regular battalions, five volunteer battalions and a headquarter battalion...
manned the military installations.
Battle for Elephant Pass
The LTTE began its first assault on the camp from the south of Elephant Pass. On the very first day LTTE attacked the camp at dawn and were supported by armour plated bulldozers . Heavy mortars, machine guns and whatever the available fire power the LTTE had, was thrown into battle. Hundreds of cadres attempted to storm the defences of the camp wave after wave. Only a small portion of the southern defences fell into the enemy hands. The battalion stationed there valiantly stood before the ferocious attack. At this juncture, Lance Corporal Kularatna of the 6th battalion of the Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
The Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment is the first rifle regiment in the Sri Lanka Army and the second oldest infantry regiment in the army. It is made up of seven regular battalions, five volunteer battalions and a headquarter battalion...
managed to climb on top of an advancing bulldozer and lobbed a grenade with total disregard of his own life. He was killed during this action displaying true grit and valour. The bulldozer which would have caused much destruction was immobilized. Later this soldier was posthumously awarded Parama Weera Vibhushanaya
Parama Weera Vibhushanaya
Parama Weera Vibhushanaya , is the highest Sri Lankan military decoration equivalent to the British Victoria Cross , or the United States Medal of Honor, that's awarded as a reward for all ranks of the tri services individual acts of gallantry...
, the highest gallantry medal in the Sri Lankan Armed Forces.
On the second day, Major Lalith Buddhadasa, the second in command of the base, was killed along with a few other soldiers by a mortar attack. Attempts by the Sri Lankan Air Force to land helicopters inside the base proved futile, due to the heavy AA gunfire of the Tigers. The LTTE by then had surrounded the army base and was closing in from all direction. The main thrust was from the south and there were attempts to penetrate the defenses with earth moving vehicles and artillery fire on the outer defense positions. But the army, which fought valiantly, foiled all of the LTTE's attempts. Eventually, the Rest House camp in the southern sector of the base, fell into the hands of the LTTE. Sustaining heavy losses, the Sri Lankan troops fell back to the rear positions.
"Prabhakaran openly declared that, he had waged the 'Mother of all Battles'. He was very confident of victory. Troops were running short of ammunition, food and medicine. Many airdrops were carried out and fortunately, about 60 percent of the airdrops fell within the camp premises.
Fierce fighting continued for four days and the LTTE forces, both male and female cadres, continued their relentless onslaught on the southern and northern sectors of Elephant Pass despite mounting casualties. The entrapped Sri Lankan soldiers were completely surrounded and fought for their lives.
Operation Balavegaya I
Denzil Kobbekaduwa
Lieutenant General Denzil Lakshman Kobbekaduwa RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, rcds, psc, SLAC was a highly decorated and respected General in the Sri Lanka army...
the GOC
General Officer Commanding
General Officer Commanding is the usual title given in the armies of Commonwealth nations to a general officer who holds a command appointment. Thus, a general might be the GOC II Corps or GOC 7th Armoured Division...
the 2nd Division, along with Brigadier
Brigadier
Brigadier is a senior military rank, the meaning of which is somewhat different in different military services. The brigadier rank is generally superior to the rank of colonel, and subordinate to major general....
Vijaya Wimalaratne
Vijaya Wimalaratne
Major General Vijaya Wimalaratne RWP, RSP, VSV, USP, psc, GR was a Sri Lankan army officer and one of the most distinguished generals in Sri Lanka.-Education:...
launched "Operation Balavegaya", an amphibious operation had to be launched as there was no cleared land route available to ensure speedy reinforcement. The army drew up this massive operation plan with a huge force of 10,000 soldiers, which consisted of several battle-hardened and experienced regiments which included battalions from the Sri Lanka Light Infantry
Sri Lanka Light Infantry
The Sri Lanka Light Infantry is the oldest regiment in the Sri Lanka Army and the oldest infantry regiment in the army. It is made up of ten regular battalions, five volunteer battalions. Headquartered at Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda...
(SLLI), Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment
The Sri Lanka Sinha Regiment is the first rifle regiment in the Sri Lanka Army and the second oldest infantry regiment in the army. It is made up of seven regular battalions, five volunteer battalions and a headquarter battalion...
(SLSR), Gemunu Watch
Gemunu Watch
The Gemunu Watch was formed with troops from the Ceylon Light Infantry and the Ceylon Sinha Regiment in 1962. It has been deployed in many major operations against the LTTE. It is made up of 9 regular units and 4 volunteer units. Headquartered at Kuruwita Army Camp, Ratnapura...
(GW), the Gajaba Regiment
Gajaba Regiment
The Gajaba Regiment was formed when 1st Battalion the Rajarata Rifles and 1st Battalion the Vijayabahu Infantry Regiment were amalgamated in 1983 to counter the threat from the LTTE. It is made up of six regular battalions and five volunteer battalions. Headquartered at Saliyapura Camp, Anuradhapura...
(GR) supported by the Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
The Sri Lanka Armoured Corps is currently a collection of six regular regiments and a volunteer regiment. It has an independent Armoured Brigade and provides the armour capability of the Sri Lankan Army, with vehicles such as the T-55, T-55AM2, and Type 69 main battle tanks, the BMP infantry...
(SLAC) and the Sri Lanka Artillery
Sri Lanka Artillery
The Sri Lanka Artillery is a corps of the Sri Lanka Army. It is made up of 7 regular regiments and 2 volunteer regiments. The SLA is headquartered at Panagoda Cantonment, Panagoda.-History:...
.
The troops of the 2 Division commanded by Maj.Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa were moved to Pullimodai from the Trincomalee
Trincomalee
Trincomalee is a port city in Eastern Province, Sri Lanka and lies on the east coast of the island, about 113 miles south of Jaffna. It has a population of approximately 100,000 . The city is built on a peninsula, which divides the inner and outer harbours. Overlooking the Kottiyar Bay,...
Naval base, made up the amphibious Task Force, commanded by Brig Vijaya Wimalaratne, consisted of 1st brigade (Col. Anton Wijendra) and 3rd brigade (Col. Sarath Fonseka
Sarath Fonseka
Gardihewa Sarath Chandralal Fonseka, known as Sarath Fonseka is a former commander and General of the Sri Lanka Army and a former candidate for President of Sri Lanka. As Commander of the Army, he played an instrumental role in ending the 26 year Sri Lankan Civil War in 2009, defeating the...
). A flotilla of ships made up of landing crafts, gunboats and fast attack crafts of the Sri Lanka Navy under the command of Rear-Admiral Quitus Wickramaratne transported the troops. Maj.Gen. Denzil Kobbekaduwa was present on broad the flag ship SLNS Wickrama with troops from the 3rd battalion, SLLI (Lt. Col. Gamini Jayasundera) and 3rd battalion, GR (Lt. Col. Seevali Wanigasekera) and Brig Vijaya Wimalaratne was on the SLNS Edithara with Captain H.R. Amaraweera who commanded the flotilla, and Group Captain Dick Sally who co-ordinated the air operations.
The first attempt at a sea borne landing at Vettilakerni, located 12 kilometers east of Elephant Pass, scheduled for 14:30 hours on July 15, 1991 met with stiff resistance. Brig Wimalaratne delayed the landing due to havy resistance. With Brigadier Wimalaratne's personal effort, the second attempt was made at 18:00 hours under cover of fire from Navy gunboats and close air support from air force Sia Marchetti SF-260 bombers directed by Wing Commander Sunil Cabral. The first wave landed led by Capt Dushan Rajaguru, Coy Comd 1 SLSR, and Capt Ralf Nugera, Coy Comd 3 SLLI,under heavy resistance that continued to be stiff, yet the 1st Battalion 1 SLSR and 3rd battalion SLLI secured a beachhead that night. Within 24 hours the remaining units of the 1st Brigade and the 3rd Brigade landed. Thereafter arrived a holding Brigade under the command of Col. Devinda Kalupahana. Once the beachhead was securely established, Gen. Kobbekaduwa authorized Brig. Wimalaratne to begin the operation to link up with garrison in Elephant Pass which was about 10 km away.
"Many terrorist were killed and large stocks of arms and ammunition captured from the terrorists. There was an intense fighting near the Mulliyan Kovil, northwest of Vettilaikerni. The reason was that the terrorists were determined to recover a stock of gold hidden near the Kovil (Temple). In fact, the terrorists managed to evict the troops from Kovil area for a short while by counter attacking. They managed to take the gold away." - A Soldier's Version by Major General Sarath Munasinghe - pages 115-116.
The terrain consisted of sand dunes, dotted with thorny scrub and Palmyra palms, an area that did not provide any natural cover against aerial, naval and artillery bombardment. Therefore, the confrontation assumed the character of a conventional warfare, with the combatants facing each other in open battle. It took nearly 18 days for Sri Lankan troops to fight their way on the 12 kilometer stretch to reach the Elephant Pass base, due to heavy resistance and mine fields.
On the third week of fighting a squadron of Alvis Saladin
Alvis Saladin
The Saladin is a six-wheeled armoured car built by Alvis, and fitted with a 76mm gun.Used extensively by the British Army, it replaced the AEC Armoured Car that had been in service since World War II.-History:...
armoured cars of the 1st Reconnaissance Regiment, SLAC commanded by Major Shiran Jinasena broke through enemy lines despite two its vehicles being destroyed by mines. The breakthrough was followed up by Saladin and Saracen
Alvis Saracen
The FV603 Saracen is a six-wheeled armoured personnel carrier built by Alvis and used by the British army. It became a recognisable vehicle as a result of its part in the policing of Northern Ireland.-History:...
APCs of the 1st Recce Regiment and 3rd Recce Regiment of the Armoured Corps
Sri Lanka Armoured Corps
The Sri Lanka Armoured Corps is currently a collection of six regular regiments and a volunteer regiment. It has an independent Armoured Brigade and provides the armour capability of the Sri Lankan Army, with vehicles such as the T-55, T-55AM2, and Type 69 main battle tanks, the BMP infantry...
and Buffel
Buffel
The Buffel is a mine-protected APC used by the South African Army during the South African Border War. The Buffel was also used as an armoured fighting vehicle and proved itself in this role...
APCs. The armored thrust on the 2nd of August was led by Major Jinasena and was followed by Major Rohan De Silva of 4/GR who commanded a squadron of Buffel APCs. At this point the three infantry Brigades under Brigadier Wimalarathna , which included the newly arrived 7th Brigade under Colonel Gamini Angammana, went into action.
On the 4th of August forward elements of the Task Force reached the beleaguered garrison singing the battle song Hela Jathika Abhimane.
According to Adele Ann Balasingham, an LTTE operative, "It took exactly 18 days for the several battalions of Sri Lankan army troops, who landed along the Vadamaradchy eastern coast in a massive rescue operation, to reach the besieged Elephant Pass base". To advance the 12 kilometer distance, the Sinhala regiments, backed by heavy armour and air cover, had to engage in fierce clashes with the LTTE and fight for every inch of land. The fighting continued in that area until the August 9th, when the battered LTTE cadres made a tactical withdrawal.
Aftermath
The LTTE suffered heavy casualties 573 Tamil Tigers including 123 women fighters were killed (according to Adele Ann Balasingham) in the battle.According to government official figures, 202 army personnel were killed in the battle to retain Elephant Pass base. There were no official figures of the injuries sustained by the armed forces. Major General Sarath Munasinghe, at that time the Sri Lankan army spokesman and who wrote "A Soldier's Version" after his retirement, writes, "On 4 August 1991, I was lucky to personally witness the link up with the EPS camp. It was the biggest victory ever over the LTTE at that time. There was joy and smiles all over. Prabhakaran's much publicized, 'Mother of all Battles,' was defeated. 202 valiant men including some prominent officers had laid their lives. Over one thousand terrorists were killed at EPS and during the operation to link up. Many citizens voluntarily sent in sweets, chutney, cigarettes and many other food items to the soldiers in the battlefield. There were banners and posters praising the soldiers in many parts of the country.".