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Panama–Pacific International Exposition
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The Panama-Pacific International Exposition (PPIE) was a world's fair held in San Francisco, California
San Francisco, California
San Francisco , officially the City and County of San Francisco, is the financial, cultural, and transportation center of the San Francisco Bay Area, a region of 7.15 million people which includes San Jose and Oakland...

 between February 20 and December 4 in 1915. Its ostensible purpose was to celebrate the completion of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, the canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships early on to 14,702 vessels measuring a total of 309.6...

, but it was widely seen in the city as an opportunity to showcase its recovery from the 1906 earthquake
1906 San Francisco earthquake
The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was a major earthquake that struck San Francisco, California, and the coast of Northern California at 5:12 a.m. on Wednesday, April 18, 1906. The most widely accepted estimate for the magnitude of the earthquake is a moment magnitude of 7.9; however, other...

. The fair was constructed on a 635 acre (2.6 km²) site in San Francisco, along the northern shore now known as the Marina.

Exhibits

Among the exhibits at the Exposition was C. P. Huntington
C. P. Huntington
C. P. Huntington is a 4-2-4T steam locomotive currently on static display at the California State Railroad Museum in Sacramento, California, USA. It is the first locomotive purchased by the Southern Pacific Railroad, carrying that railroad's number 1. The locomotive is named in honor of Collis P...

, the first steam locomotive
Steam locomotive
A steam locomotive is a railway locomotive that produces its power through a steam engine. These locomotives are fueled by burning some combustible material, usually coal, wood or oil, to produce steam in a boiler, which drives the steam engine...

 purchased by Southern Pacific Railroad
Southern Pacific Railroad
The Southern Pacific Transportation Company , earlier Southern Pacific Railroad and Southern Pacific Company, and usually simply called the Southern Pacific or Espee, was an American railroad....

; the locomotive is now on static display at the California State Railroad Museum
California State Railroad Museum
The California State Railroad Museum is a museum in the state park system of California, USA, interpreting the role of the "iron horse" in connecting California to the rest of the nation. It is located in Old Sacramento at 111 I Street....

 in Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the county seat of Sacramento County. It is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California's expansive Central Valley. With a population of 466,488 at the 2010 census,...

. A telephone
Telephone
The telephone , colloquially referred to as a phone, is a telecommunications device that transmits and receives sounds, usually the human voice. Telephones are a point-to-point communication system whose most basic function is to allow two people separated by large distances to talk to each other...

 line was also established to New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...

 so people across the continent could hear the Pacific Ocean
Pacific Ocean
The Pacific Ocean is the largest of the Earth's oceanic divisions. It extends from the Arctic in the north to the Southern Ocean in the south, bounded by Asia and Australia in the west, and the Americas in the east.At 165.2 million square kilometres in area, this largest division of the World...

. The Liberty Bell
Liberty Bell
The Liberty Bell is an iconic symbol of American Independence, located in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Formerly placed in the steeple of the Pennsylvania State House , the bell was commissioned from the London firm of Lester and Pack in 1752, and was cast with the lettering "Proclaim LIBERTY...

 traveled by train on a nationwide tour to and from Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...

 to attend the exposition. After that trip, the Liberty Bell returned to Pennsylvania, and has not been moved since.

The 1915 American Grand Prize
1915 American Grand Prize
The 1915 American Grand Prize was the first race of the 1915 Grand Prix season and was held February 27, 1915 at the Panama–Pacific International Exposition, sometimes mistakenly referred to as the San Francisco World's Fair. Unlike the previous American Grand Prize races that saw few entrants, 39...

 and Vanderbilt Cup
Vanderbilt Cup
The Vanderbilt Cup was the first major trophy in American auto racing.-History:An international event, it was founded by William Kissam Vanderbilt II in 1904 and first held at a course set out in Nassau County on Long Island, New York. The announcement that the race was to be held caused...

 auto races were held February 27 and March 6 on a 3.84 miles (6.2 km) circuit set up around the Exposition grounds.

Architecture

The centerpiece was the Tower of Jewels, which rose to 435 feet and was covered with over 100,000 cut glass Novagems. The 3/4 to 2 inch colored "gems" sparkled in sunlight throughout the day and were illuminated by over 50 powerful electrical searchlights at night.

In front of the Tower, the Fountain of Energy flowed at the center of the South Gardens, flanked by the Palace of Horticulture on the west and the Festival Hall to the east. The arch of the Tower served as the gateway to the Court of the Universe, leading to the Court of the Four Seasons to the west and the Court of Abundance to the east. These courts formed the primary exhibit area for the fair, which included the Food Products Palace, the Education and Social Economy Palace, the Agriculture Palace, the Liberal Arts Palace, the Transportation Palace, the Manufacturers Palace, the Mines and Metallurgy Palace, and the Varied Industries Palace. The Machinery Palace, the largest hall, dominated the east end of the central court.

At the west end of central court group was the Palace of Fine Arts
Palace of Fine Arts
The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is the only one still...

. Further west toward the bay down The Avenue of the Nations were national and states' buildings, displaying customs and products unique to the area represented.

At the opposite end of the Fair, near Fort Mason
Fort Mason
Fort Mason, once known as San Francisco Port of Embarkation, US Army, in San Francisco, California, is a former United States Army post located in the northern Marina District, alongside San Francisco Bay. Fort Mason served as an Army post for more than 100 years, initially as a coastal defense...

 (then an active Naval station, now a center for non-profit organizations) was "The Zone," an avenue of popular amusements and concessions stands.

Construction

Constructed from temporary materials (primarily staff
Staff (building material)
Staff is a kind of artificial stone used for covering and ornamenting buildings.Staff is chiefly made of powdered gypsum or plaster of Paris, with a little cement, glycerin, and dextrin, mixed with water until it is about as thick as molasses, when staff is cast in molds it can form any shape...

, a combination of plaster and burlap fiber), almost all the fair's various buildings and attractions were pulled down in late 1915. Intended to fall into pieces at the close of the fair (reportedly because the architect believed every great city needed ruins), the only surviving building, Bernard Maybeck
Bernard Maybeck
Bernard Ralph Maybeck was a architect in the Arts and Crafts Movement of the early 20th century. He was a professor at University of California, Berkeley...

's Palace of Fine Arts
Palace of Fine Arts
The Palace of Fine Arts in the Marina District of San Francisco, California, is a monumental structure originally constructed for the 1915 Panama-Pacific Exposition in order to exhibit works of art presented there. One of only a few surviving structures from the Exposition, it is the only one still...

, remained in place, slowly falling into disrepair (although the hall used to display painting and sculpture during the Fair was repurposed as a garage for jeeps during World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...

). The Palace, including the colonnade with its signature weeping women and rotunda dome, was completely reconstructed in the 1960s and is currently occupied by the Exploratorium
Exploratorium
The Exploratorium is a museum in San Francisco with over 475 participatory exhibits, all of them made onsite, that mix science and art. It also aims to promote museums as informal education centers....

, an interactive science museum.

Commemorations

The US Post Office
United States Post Office Department
The Post Office Department was the name of the United States Postal Service when it was a Cabinet department. It was headed by the Postmaster General....

 issued a set of four postage stamps to commemorate the exposition, with designs depicting a profile of Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Vasco Núñez de Balboa
Vasco Núñez de Balboa was a Spanish explorer, governor, and conquistador. He is best known for having crossed the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific Ocean in 1513, becoming the first European to lead an expedition to have seen or reached the Pacific from the New World.He traveled to the New World in...

 (1¢), the Pedro Miguel Locks of the Panama Canal
Panama Canal
The Panama Canal is a ship canal in Panama that joins the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean and is a key conduit for international maritime trade. Built from 1904 to 1914, the canal has seen annual traffic rise from about 1,000 ships early on to 14,702 vessels measuring a total of 309.6...

 (2¢), the Golden Gate
Golden Gate
The Golden Gate is the North American strait connecting San Francisco Bay to the Pacific Ocean. Since 1937 it has been spanned by the Golden Gate Bridge...

 (5¢), and the discovery of San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay
San Francisco Bay is a shallow, productive estuary through which water draining from approximately forty percent of California, flowing in the Sacramento and San Joaquin rivers from the Sierra Nevada mountains, enters the Pacific Ocean...

 (10¢). The stamps were first put on sale in 1913, to promote the coming event, and perforated 12, and then reissued in 1914 and 1915, perforated 10. Their prices today range widely; the 2¢ of 1913 is available for under a dollar in used condition, while an unused 10¢ of 1915 goes for a thousand United States dollar
United States dollar
The United States dollar , also referred to as the American dollar, is the official currency of the United States of America. It is divided into 100 smaller units called cents or pennies....

s.

Commemorative coin
Coin
A coin is a piece of hard material that is standardized in weight, is produced in large quantities in order to facilitate trade, and primarily can be used as a legal tender token for commerce in the designated country, region, or territory....

s were also issued. The United States Congress
United States Congress
The United States Congress is the bicameral legislature of the federal government of the United States, consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Congress meets in the United States Capitol in Washington, D.C....

 authorized the San Francisco Mint
San Francisco Mint
The San Francisco Mint is a branch of the United States Mint, and was opened in 1854 to serve the gold mines of the California Gold Rush. It quickly outgrew its first building and moved into a new one in 1874. This building, the Old United States Mint, also known affectionately as The Granite Lady,...

 (also known as "The Granite Lady") to issue a series of five commemorative coins. Said coins were the 1915S silver Panama-Pacific half dollar and four gold coins. The denominations of the gold coins were 1 dollar, 2½ dollars (quarter eagle), a 50 dollar round coin, and an unusual 50 dollar octagonal coin. Legendary numismatist Farran Zerbe
Farran Zerbe
Farran Zerbe was the former President of the American Numismatic Association from 1908 to 1910. In 1969, he was posthumously inducted into the ANA Hall of Fame. An award is named in his honour and awarded by the ANA on an annual basis...

 supervised the creation of a series of commemorative medals, an award medal, a souvenir medal, and diplomas.

The half dollar
Half dollar (United States coin)
Half dollar coins have been produced nearly every year since the inception of the United States Mint in 1794. Sometimes referred to as the fifty-cent piece, the only U.S. coin that has been minted more consistently is the cent.-Circulation:...

, with a mintage of 27,000, can be purchased in midrange circulated condition for less than $500 as of 2006, but pristine specimens are considerably costlier. The gold $1 with a mintage of 15,000 pieces sells in the same range while $2.50 pieces with a mintage of 6,749 pieces are more expensive, with worn pieces costing in excess of $1,000, while the round and octagonal $50 coins sell for multiple tens of thousands of dollars in any condition. With a mintage of just 483 the round $50 coin has, in fact, the lowest mintage figure of any official U.S. mint issue of the 20th century. At the Fair these five coins were sold both individually and in framed sets. Not surprisingly, few were purchased. The Pan-Pac coins have the distinction of being the first commemorative coins to bear the motto "In God We Trust", and were also the first commemoratives to be struck at a branch mint.

See also

  • Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco
    Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco
    Mabel and Fatty Viewing the World's Fair at San Francisco is a 1915 short comedy-documentary film both starring and directed by Roscoe Arbuckle and Mabel Normand.-Production background:...

  • Golden Gate International Exposition
    Golden Gate International Exposition
    The Golden Gate International Exposition , held at San Francisco, California's Treasure Island, was a World's Fair that celebrated, among other things, the city's two newly-built bridges. The San Francisco – Oakland Bay Bridge was dedicated in 1936 and the Golden Gate Bridge was dedicated in 1937...

     (1939-40 SF World's Fair)

Further reading

  • An English Decorator at the Fair. The Literary Digest, Vol. L, p. 546-8. March 13, 1915.
  • An Exhibition Defeating Itself. The Literary Digest, Vol. LI, p. 404-5. August 28, 1915.
  • Art Exhibits at the Panama Exposition. The International Studio, Vol. LIV, sup. 78. January, 1915.
  • Art Lessons of the Exposition. The Nation, vol. CI, p. 86. July 15, 1915.
  • At the Panama-California Exposition at San Diego. The Scientific American, vol. CXIII, p. 40, July 10, 1915.
  • Austin, Mary. Art Influence in the West. The Century, Vol. LXXXIX, p. 829-33. April, 1915.
  • Ayscough, Florence Wheelock. Catalogue of Chinese Paintings Exhibited at the China Pavilion, Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco.
  • Barry, John D. In the Palace of Fine Arts and the French Pavilion. John J. Newbegin, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Barry, John D. The City of Domes. John J. Newbegin, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Barry, John D. The Meaning of the Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Berry, Rose V. S. The Dream City, It's Art in Story and Symbolism. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Bradley, A. Z. The Exposition Gardens. Sunset, The Pacific Monthly, vol. XXX, p. 665-79. April, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. American Painting at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The International Studio, Vol. LVI, sup. 25-32. August, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. Foreign Painting at the Panama-Pacific Exposition I. The International Studio, Vol. LVI, sup. 47-54. September, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. Foreign Painting at the Panama-Pacific Exposition II. The International Studio, Vol. LVI, sup. 89-96. October, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. Scandinavian Art at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The American Scandinavian Review, vol. III, p. 349-57. November-December, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. Sculpture at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The International Studio, Vol. LVII, sup. 3-9. November, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. The San Diego and San Francisco Expositions. I. San Diego. The International Studio, Vol. LV, sup. 105-9. June, 1915.
  • Brinton, Christian. The San Diego and San Francisco Expositions. II. San Francisco. The International Studio, Vol. LVI, sup. 3-10. July, 1915.
  • Burke, Katherine Delmar. Storied Walls of the Exposition. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Cahill, B. J. S. The Panama-Pacific Exposition from an Architect's Viewpoint. The Architect and Engineer of California, vol. XXXIX, p. 47-60. December, 1914.
  • Calder, A. Stirling. Sculpture at the Exposition. Sunset, The Pacific Monthly, vol. XXXII, p. 610-15. March, 1914.
  • Catalogue of the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Wahlgreen Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Catalogue De Luxe of the Department of Fine Arts of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Edited by John E. D. Trask, Chief of the Department of Fine Arts, and J. Nilsen Laurvik. Two Volumes. Fully Illustrated. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Cheney, Sheldon. Art Lovers' Guide to the Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Clark, Arthur B. The Significance of the Paintings at the Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Collecting Art Exhibits in War-ridden Europe. The Review of Reviews, vol. LI, p. 462-4. April, 1915.
  • Colour Scheme of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The American Architect, Vol. CV, p. 28-9. January 21, 1914.
  • Critcher, Edward Payson. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Multitude, Vol. I, p. 103-16. August, 1914.
  • Eight Decorations by Frank Brangwyn for the East Court of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco. Scribner's Magazine, vol. LVII, p. 170-5. February, 1915.
  • Famous Paintings for the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The International Studio, vol. LIV, sup. 126-9. February, 1915.
  • Faville, W. B. Phases of Panama-Pacific International Exposition Architecture. The American Architect, vol. CVII, p. 2-7. January 6, 1915.
  • Faville, W. B. The Panama-California Exposition, San Diego, California. The American Architect, Vol. CVII, p. 177-80. March 17, 1915.
  • Festal Court, The Panama-Pacific Exposition. The American Architect, Vol. CIV, p. 217-22. December 3, 1913.
  • Furniss, George B. Gardens of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Garden Magazine, vol. XX, p. 160-1. December, 1914.
  • Garnett, Porter. The Inscriptions at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The San Francisco News Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Gordon, Elizabeth. What We Saw at Madame World's Fair. Samuel Levinson, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Great International Panama-Pacific Exposition, The. The Scientific American, Vol. CXII, p. 194-S. February 27, 1915.
  • Grey, Elmer. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition of 1915. Scribner's Magazine, vol. LIV, p. 44-57. July, 1913.
  • Harada, Prof. Jiro. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition and its Meaning. The International Studio, Vol. LVI, p. 186-95. September, 1915.
  • Hardy, Lowell. Sculpture and Colour at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. Out West Magazine, New Series, vol. VIII, p. 321-30. December, 1914.
  • Hardy, Lowell. The Architecture of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Architect and Engineer of California, Vol. XXXIX, p. 61-74. December, 1914.
  • Illustrated Record of the Exposition. By Louis C. Mullgardt and A. Stirling Calder. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Ito, B. The Japanese Garden at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Architect and Engineer of California, Vol. XXXIX, p. 86-8.December, 1914.
  • James, Juliet. Palaces and Courts of the Exposition. California Book Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • James, Juliet. Sculpture of the Exposition Palaces and Courts. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Japan and Her Exhibits at the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915. Prepared by Hakurankwai Kyokwai (Société des Expositions), Tokyo, Japan.
  • Jules Guérin, Director of Colour, Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Century Magazine, Vol. XC, p. 797-8. September, 1915.
  • Knauft, Ernest. Architecture at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Reviews of Reviews, Vol. LI, p. 165-74. February, 1915.
  • Laurvik, J. Nilsen. Notes on the Foreign Paintings at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Art and Progress, Vol. VI, p. 353-63. August, 1915.
  • Macomber, Ben. The Jewel City. J. H. Williams, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Magic Spanish City at San Diego. Out West Magazine, New Series, Vol. VIII, p. p. 291-306. December, 1914.
  • Maybeck, Bernard R. The Palace of Fine Arts and Lagoon. With Introduction by Frank Morton Todd. Verses by John E. D. Trask. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • McCullagh, Minne Althea. The Jewel City. With Decorations by Pedro J. Lemos. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Merrill, Mollie Slater. Gullible's Travels Through the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Mitchell, W. Garden. An Architect's Impressions of a Wonderful Exposition. The Architect and Engineer of California, Vol. XXXIX, p. 77-82. December, 1914.
  • Mullgardt, Louis C. The Architecture and Landscape Gardening of the Exposition. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Mullgardt, Louis C. The Panama-Pacific Exposition at San Francisco. The Architectural Record, Vol. XXXVII, p. 193-228. March, 1915.
  • Murphy, J. C. San Diego's Evolutionary Exposition. Collier's, Vol. LIV, p. 920-2. December 5, 1914.
  • Neuhaus, Eugen. Sculpture and Mural Decorations at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Art and Progress, Vol. VI, p. 364-74. August, 1915.
  • Neuhaus, Eugen. The Art of the Exposition. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Neuhaus, Eugen. The Critical Review of the Exposition. Two Volumes. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Neuhaus, Eugen. The Galleries of the Exposition. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Newton Photographs and Photochromes of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Official Guide Book of the Panama-California Exposition. San Diego, California, 1915.
  • Official Guide of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915, U. S. A. The Wahlgreen Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Official Illustrated Catalogue of the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition (With Awards). The Wahlgreen Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Official Miniature View Book of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. R. A. Reid, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Official Souvenir View Book of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. R. A. Reid, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Olmstead, Charles. Prints at the Exposition. Art and Progress, vol. VI, p. 379-84. August, 1915.
  • Panama-Pacific International Exposition, A Record of the. By Eugen Neuhaus, Louis C. Mullgardt, and A. Stirling Calder. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Panama-Pacific International Exposition at San Francisco, 1915. Official Publication. R. A. Reid, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Panama-Pacific International Exposition, San Francisco, 1915. The International Studio, vol. LIV, p. 99-lOS. December, 1914.
  • Panama-Pacific International Exposition, The Buildings of the States at the. The American Architect, Vol. CVI, p. 85-90. August 12, 1914.
  • Panama-Pacific International Exposition, 1915, Souvenir Guide, with natural colour views and descriptive text. Souvenir Guide Publishers, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Perry, Stella G. S. Little Bronze Playfellows of the Fine Arts Colonnade. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Perry, Stella G. S. The Sculpture and Murals of the Panama-Pacific Exposition. (Official Guide.) San Francisco, 1915.
  • Photographic Studies. By Francis Bruguiére. Day and Night Views. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Plastic Art at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The American Architect, Vol. CIV, p. 109-11. September 17, 1913.
  • Price, C. Matlack. The Panama-California Exposition, San Diego. The Architectural Record, Vol. XXXVII, p. 29-51. March, 1915.
  • Red Book of Views of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. R. A. Reid, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Rosé, Jack Manley. Four Drawings of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The Architectural Record, vol. XXXVII, p. 221-4. March, 1915.
  • Ryan, W. D'A. The Illumination of the Exposition Buildings. The Architect and Engineer of California, vol. XXXIX, p. 83-5. December, 1914.
  • San Francisco Fair, The. The Literary Digest, vol. L, p. 533-5. March 13, 1915.
  • Sculpture and Mural Decorations of the Exposition. Introduction by A. Stirling Calder. Edited by Paul Elder. Descriptions by Stella G. S. Perry. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Sculpture at the Fair. The Literary Digest, Vol. L, p. 1328-9. June 5, 1915.
  • Simpson, Anna Pratt. Problems Women Solved: Being the Story of the Woman’s Board of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco: The Woman’s Board, 1915.
  • Soulas, Marie. The French Pavilion and its Contents. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Spectator at the San Diego Fair. The Outlook, Vol. CIX, p. 94-5. April 1, 1915.
  • Spectator at the World's Fair. The Outlook, vol. CIX, p. 895-7. April 14, 1915.
  • Strother, French. The Panama-Pacific International Exposition. The World's Work, vol. XXX, p. 337-61. July, 1915.
  • Taylor, Edward Robeson. In the Court of the Ages. Poems in Commemoration of the Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Taylor, II. A. Camera-work at the Panama-California Exposition. Photo Era, Vol. XXXIV, p. 267-70. June, 1915.
  • The European War and the Panama-Pacific Exposition - A Monumental Contrast. Current Opinion, vol. LVIII, p. 315-20. May, 1915.
  • Trask, John E. D. The Influence of the Worlds' Fairs on the Development of Art. Art and Progress, vol. VI, p. 113-17. February, 1915.
  • Viewing the Panama-Pacific Exposition as a Work of Art. Current Opinion, vol. LIV, p. 50-1. July, 1915.
  • Watson, Mark S. Fine Arts at the San Diego Exposition. Art and Progress, vol. VI, p. 446-55. October, 1915.
  • Watson, Mark S. Permanent Buildings at the San Diego Exposition. The Architect and Engineer of California, vol. XXXIX, p. 47-57. November, 1914.
  • Williams, Cora L. Fourth Dimensional Reaches of the Exposition. Paul Elder and Company, San Francisco, 1915.
  • Williams, Jesse Lynch. The Colour Scheme at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Scribner's Magazine, vol. LVI, p. 277-89. September, 1914.
  • Williams, Michael. A Brief Guide to the Department of Fine Arts, Panama-Pacific International Exposition. San Francisco, 1915.
  • Williams, Michael. A Pageant of American Art. Art and Progress, vol. VI, p. 337-53. August, 1915.
  • Williams, Michael. Arts and Crafts at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. Art and Progress, vol. VI, p. 374-8. August, 1915.
  • Williams, Michael. Western Art at the Exposition. Sunset, The Pacific Monthly, vol. XXXV, p. 317-26. August, 1915.
  • Woehlke, Walter V. Nueva España by the Silver Gate. Sunset, The Pacific Monthly, vol. XXXII, p. 119-32. December, 1914.
  • Woollet, William L. Colour in Architecture at the Panama-Pacific Exposition. The Architectural Record, vol. XXXVII, p. 437-44.May, 1915.


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