Paralympic sports
Encyclopedia
The Paralympic sports comprise all the sport
s contested in the Summer
and Winter Paralympic Games
. As of 2010, the Summer Paralympics include 20 sports and disciplines and about 420 events, and the Winter Paralympics include 5 sports and disciplines and about 64 events. The number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympiad to another.
The Paralympic Games
are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness
, and Cerebral Palsy
. Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement. These sports are organized and run under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee
and other international sports federations.
programs. Following the Second World War, in response to the needs of large numbers injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Ludwig Guttmann
of the Stoke Mandeville
Hospital in England
. In 1948, while the Olympic Games
were being held in London
, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games
.
(IWAS), the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), and the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
(CP-ISRA) govern some sports that are specific to certain disability groups. In addition, certain single-sport federations govern sports for athletes with a disability, either as part of an able-bodied sports federation such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports
(FEI), or as a disabled sports federation such as the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
.
At the national level, there are a wide range of organizations that take responsibility for Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees, which are members of the IPC, and many others.
Athletes who participate in Paralympic sport are grouped into six major categories, based on their type of disability:
The disability category affects who athletes compete against and which sports they participate in. Some sports are open to multiple disability categories (e.g. cycling), while others are restricted to only one (e.g. Five-a-side football
). In some sports athletes from multiple categories compete, but only within their category (e.g. athletics), while in others athletes from different categories compete against one another (e.g. swimming
).
Athletes are classified through a variety of processes that depend on their disability group and the sport they are participating in. Evaluation may include a physical or medical examination, a technical evaluation of how the athlete performs certain sport-related physical functions, and observation in and out of competition. Each sport has its own specific classification system which forms part of the rules of the sport.
Sport
A Sport is all forms of physical activity which, through casual or organised participation, aim to use, maintain or improve physical fitness and provide entertainment to participants. Sport may be competitive, where a winner or winners can be identified by objective means, and may require a degree...
s contested in the Summer
Summer Paralympic Games
The Summer Paralympic Games or the Games of the Paralympiad, are an international multi-sport event, where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. The Paralympic Games are held every four years,...
and Winter Paralympic Games
Winter Paralympic Games
The Winter Paralympic Games is an international multi-sport event where athletes with physical disabilities compete. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and cerebral palsy. The Winter Paralympic Games are held every four years directly following the Winter...
. As of 2010, the Summer Paralympics include 20 sports and disciplines and about 420 events, and the Winter Paralympics include 5 sports and disciplines and about 64 events. The number and kinds of events may change from one Paralympiad to another.
The Paralympic Games
Paralympic Games
The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event where athletes with a physical disability compete; this includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their...
are a major international multi-sport event for athletes with physical disabilities. This includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness
Blindness
Blindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors.Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision loss and define blindness...
, and Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral palsy
Cerebral palsy is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement....
. Paralympic sports refers to organized competitive sporting activities as part of the global Paralympic movement. These sports are organized and run under the supervision of the International Paralympic Committee
International Paralympic Committee
The International Paralympic Committee is an international non-profit organisation and the global governing body for the Paralympic Movement. The IPC organizes the Paralympic Games and functions as the international federation for nine sports...
and other international sports federations.
History
Organized sport for persons with physical disabilities developed out of rehabilitationPhysical medicine and rehabilitation
Physical medicine and rehabilitation , physiatry or rehabilitation medicine, is a branch of medicine that aims to enhance and restore functional ability and quality of life to those with physical impairments or disabilities. A physician having completed training in this field is referred to as a...
programs. Following the Second World War, in response to the needs of large numbers injured ex-service members and civilians, sport was introduced as a key part of rehabilitation. Sport for rehabilitation grew into recreational sport and then into competitive sport. The pioneer of this approach was Ludwig Guttmann
Ludwig Guttmann
Sir Ludwig "Poppa" Guttmann CBE, FRS was a German neurologist who founded the Paralympic Games while living in England, and is considered one of the founding fathers of organized physical activities for people with a disability....
of the Stoke Mandeville
Stoke Mandeville
Stoke Mandeville is a village and also a civil parish within Aylesbury Vale district to the south-east of Aylesbury in the county of Buckinghamshire, England. Although a separate civil parish, the village falls within the Aylesbury Urban Area...
Hospital in England
England
England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...
. In 1948, while the Olympic Games
Olympic Games
The Olympic Games is a major international event featuring summer and winter sports, in which thousands of athletes participate in a variety of competitions. The Olympic Games have come to be regarded as the world’s foremost sports competition where more than 200 nations participate...
were being held in London
London
London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...
, England, he organized a sports competition for wheelchair athletes at Stoke Mandeville. This was the origin of the Stoke Mandeville Games, which evolved into the modern Paralympic Games
Paralympic Games
The Paralympic Games are a major international multi-sport event where athletes with a physical disability compete; this includes athletes with mobility disabilities, amputations, blindness, and Cerebral Palsy. There are Winter and Summer Paralympic Games, which are held immediately following their...
.
Organization
Globally, the International Paralympic Committee is recognized as the leading organization, with direct governance of thirteen sports and responsibility over the Paralympic Games and other multi-sport, multi-disability events. Other international organizations, notably the International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports FederationInternational Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
The International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation is an international sports organization that governs sports for athletes with a disability....
(IWAS), the International Blind Sports Federation (IBSA), and the Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
The Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association is the international governing body for sports for athletes with cerebral palsy....
(CP-ISRA) govern some sports that are specific to certain disability groups. In addition, certain single-sport federations govern sports for athletes with a disability, either as part of an able-bodied sports federation such as the International Federation for Equestrian Sports
International Federation for Equestrian Sports
The Fédération Équestre Internationale or in English, the International Federation for Equestrian Sports, is the international governing body of equestrian sports. It recognizes ten international disciplines...
(FEI), or as a disabled sports federation such as the International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation is the international governing body for the sport of wheelchair basketball. IWBF is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee as the sole competent authority in wheelchair basketball world wide...
.
At the national level, there are a wide range of organizations that take responsibility for Paralympic sport, including National Paralympic Committees, which are members of the IPC, and many others.
Disability categories
- Amputee: Persons with a partial or total amputationAmputationAmputation is the removal of a body extremity by trauma, prolonged constriction, or surgery. As a surgical measure, it is used to control pain or a disease process in the affected limb, such as malignancy or gangrene. In some cases, it is carried out on individuals as a preventative surgery for...
of at least one limb.
- Cerebral palsy: Persons who have a non-progressive neurological disorder resulting from cerebral palsyCerebral palsyCerebral palsy is an umbrella term encompassing a group of non-progressive, non-contagious motor conditions that cause physical disability in human development, chiefly in the various areas of body movement....
, traumatic brain injuryTraumatic brain injuryTraumatic brain injury , also known as intracranial injury, occurs when an external force traumatically injures the brain. TBI can be classified based on severity, mechanism , or other features...
, or strokeStrokeA stroke, previously known medically as a cerebrovascular accident , is the rapidly developing loss of brain function due to disturbance in the blood supply to the brain. This can be due to ischemia caused by blockage , or a hemorrhage...
, or similar disabilities affecting muscle control, balance or coordination.
- Intellectual disability: Persons who have a significant impairment in intellectual functioningDevelopmental disabilityDevelopmental disability is a term used in the United States and Canada to describe lifelong disabilities attributable to mental or physical impairments, manifested prior to age 18. It is not synonymous with "developmental delay" which is often a consequence of a temporary illness or trauma during...
with associated limitations in adaptive behaviour.
- Les autres: From the FrenchFrench languageFrench is a Romance language spoken as a first language in France, the Romandy region in Switzerland, Wallonia and Brussels in Belgium, Monaco, the regions of Quebec and Acadia in Canada, and by various communities elsewhere. Second-language speakers of French are distributed throughout many parts...
for the others, this includes persons with a mobility impairment or other loss of physical function that does not fall strictly into one of the other five categories. Participants include those with dwarfismDwarfismDwarfism is short stature resulting from a medical condition. It is sometimes defined as an adult height of less than 4 feet 10 inches , although this definition is problematic because short stature in itself is not a disorder....
, multiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosisMultiple sclerosis is an inflammatory disease in which the fatty myelin sheaths around the axons of the brain and spinal cord are damaged, leading to demyelination and scarring as well as a broad spectrum of signs and symptoms...
or other disabilities.
- Visually impaired: Persons who have a non-correctable vision impairmentBlindnessBlindness is the condition of lacking visual perception due to physiological or neurological factors.Various scales have been developed to describe the extent of vision loss and define blindness...
ranging from partially sighted to total blindness.
- Wheelchair: Persons with a disability that requires them to compete using a wheelchairWheelchairA wheelchair is a chair with wheels, designed to be a replacement for walking. The device comes in variations where it is propelled by motors or by the seated occupant turning the rear wheels by hand. Often there are handles behind the seat for someone else to do the pushing...
. This includes most athletes with spinal cord injuries as well as other athletes who require wheelchairs, including some lower limb amputees, persons with polio, and other disabilities.
The disability category affects who athletes compete against and which sports they participate in. Some sports are open to multiple disability categories (e.g. cycling), while others are restricted to only one (e.g. Five-a-side football
Paralympic football
Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of association football for athletes with a physical disability. These sports are typically played using International Federation of Association Football rules, with modifications to the field of play, equipment, numbers of players, and...
). In some sports athletes from multiple categories compete, but only within their category (e.g. athletics), while in others athletes from different categories compete against one another (e.g. swimming
Paralympic swimming
Paralympic swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic swimming is contested not only at the Summer Paralympic Games, but at disabled sports competitions throughout the world...
).
Classification
A major component of Paralympic sport is classification. Classification provides a structure for competition which allows athletes to compete against others with similar disabilities or similar levels of physical function. It is similar in aim to the weight classes or age categories used in some able-bodied sports.Athletes are classified through a variety of processes that depend on their disability group and the sport they are participating in. Evaluation may include a physical or medical examination, a technical evaluation of how the athlete performs certain sport-related physical functions, and observation in and out of competition. Each sport has its own specific classification system which forms part of the rules of the sport.
Current summer sports
The following table lists the currently practiced Paralympic sports:| Sport | Categories | Governing body | Paralympic Games status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Archery | ALA, CP, WC | IPC | Summer sport Archery at the Summer Paralympics Para-archery has been contested at every Summer Paralympic Games since they were first held in 1960. Separate individual and team events are held for men and women. Archers are classified according to the extent of their disability, with separate individual events for each class.... (1960–present) |
| Athletics | ALA, CP, ID, VI, WC | IPC | Summer sport Athletics at the Summer Paralympics Athletics has been contested at every Summer Paralympics since the first games in 1960. Men and women from all disability groups compete in the sport.Some athletes use wheelchairs or prosthetic limbs.... (1960–present) |
| Boccia Boccia Boccia is a traditional recreational sport, similar to bocce. The name Boccia is derived from the Latin word for boss – bottia. The sport is competed at national and international level, by athletes who require a wheelchair because of physical disability... |
CP | CP-ISRA | Summer sport Boccia at the Summer Paralympics Boccia has been contested at the Summer Paralympics since the 1984 Games in New York and Stoke Mandeville. Five boccia events were held at those games, two for men, two for women, and one mixed event where men and women competed together. Since then, all boccia events at the Paralympics have been... (1984–present) |
| Cycling | ALA, CP, VI, WC | IPC | Summer sport Cycling at the Summer Paralympics Cycling has been contested at every Summer Paralympic Games since the 1984 Summer Paralympics.-Classification:Cyclists are given a classification depending on the type and extent of their disability... (1988–present) |
| Equestrian | ALA, CP, VI, WC | FEI | Summer sport (1996–present) |
| Diving | WC | FEI | Summer sport (1996–present) |
| Football 5-a-Side Paralympic football Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of association football for athletes with a physical disability. These sports are typically played using International Federation of Association Football rules, with modifications to the field of play, equipment, numbers of players, and... |
VI | IBSA | Summer sport Football 5-a-side at the Summer Paralympics Football 5-a-side has been contested at the Summer Paralympics since 2004. The competition has consisted of a single event, men's team; women have never competed.- Medalists :... (2004–present) |
| Football 7-a-Side Paralympic football Paralympic football consists of adaptations of the sport of association football for athletes with a physical disability. These sports are typically played using International Federation of Association Football rules, with modifications to the field of play, equipment, numbers of players, and... |
CP | CP-ISRA | Summer sport Football 7-a-side at the Summer Paralympics Football 7-a-side has been contested at every Summer Paralympics since 1984. At the 1984 Summer Paralympics, two events were held—one for men with wheelchairs and one for men standing. Every Summer Paralympics since then has consisted of only a standing men's team event; women have never competed.-... (1984–present) |
| Goalball Goalball Goalball is a team sport designed for blind athletes. It was devised by Hanz Lorenzen , and Sepp Reindle , in 1946 in an effort to help in the rehabilitation of visually impaired World War II veterans... |
VI | IBSA | Summer sport Goalball at the Summer Paralympics -Men:-Women:... (1980–present) |
| Judo Paralympic Judo Paralympic judo is an adaptation of the Japanese martial art of judo for visually impaired competitors. The rules of the sport are only slightly different from regular judo competitions... |
VI | IBSA | Summer sport Judo at the Summer Paralympics Paralympic judo has been contested at the Summer Paralympic Games since 1988. The sport is restricted to visually impaired competitors. Men's and women's events are held in various weight classes, just like judo at the Summer Olympics... (1988–present) |
| Powerlifting Paralympic powerlifting Paralympic powerlifting is an adaptation of the sport of powerlifting for athletes with disabilities. The only discipline in Paralympic powerlifting is the bench press.... |
ALA, CP, WC | IPC | Summer sport Powerlifting at the Summer Paralympics Paralympic powerlifting has been competed at every Summer Paralympics since 1984. Weightlifting had been on the Paralympic program since 1964, however after the 1992 Games the IPC decided to drop weightlifting and hold powerlifting events only... (1964–present) |
| Rowing | ALA, CP, VI, WC | IFDS | Summer sport {2008-present} |
| Sailing | ALA, CP, VI, WC | IFDS | Summer sport Sailing at the Summer Paralympics Sailing has been an official part of the Summer Paralympic Games since 2000, after being a demonstration sport in 1996. The International Association for Disabled Sailing is responsible for coordinating the event with the International Paralympic Committee and the hosts.... (2000–present) |
| Shooting Paralympic shooting Paralympic shooting is an adaptation of shooting sports for competitors with disabilities. Shooting is a test of accuracy and control, in which competitors use pistols or rifles to fire a series of shots at a stationary target. Competitions are open to all athletes with a physical disability.... |
ALA, CP, VI, WC | IPC | Summer sport Shooting at the Summer Paralympics Paralympic shooting has been competed at the Summer Paralympic Games since 1976. Events include men's, women's, and mixed events using rifles and pistols.... (1976–present) |
| Swimming Paralympic swimming Paralympic swimming is an adaptation of the sport of swimming for athletes with disabilities. Paralympic swimming is contested not only at the Summer Paralympic Games, but at disabled sports competitions throughout the world... |
ALA, CP, ID, VI, WC | IPC | Summer sport Swimming at the Summer Paralympics Swimming has been contested at every Summer Paralympics. At the first games, the 1960 Paralympics, 62 swimming events were held in distances of 25 and 50 metres, plus a 3×50 metre relay for men. Since then, swimming at the Paralympics has grown to 140 events covering distances from 50 to 400... (1960–present) |
| Table tennis Paralympic table tennis Paralympic table tennis is a Paralympic sport which follows the rules set by the International Table Tennis Federation with slight modifications for wheelchair athletes. Athletes from all disability groups can take part. Athletes receive classifications between 1-10... |
ALA, CP, WC | IPC | Summer sport Table tennis at the Summer Paralympics Paralympic table tennis has been competed at every Summer Paralympic Games since they were first held in 1960. Men and women compete in singles and team events in ten different classes according to the extent of their disability.... (1960–present) |
| Volleyball Paralympic volleyball Volleyball for disabled athletes entered the Paralympic Games as a "demonstration" sport for amputees in 1976 in Toronto Canada. In sitting volleyball, the net is about 3 feet high, and the court is 10 x 6 meters with a 2-meter attack line. Players are allowed to block serves, but one “cheek” must... |
ALA | WOVD | Summer sport Volleyball at the Summer Paralympics Paralympic volleyball was first competed at the Summer Paralympic Games in 1976. That first year, the traditional standing form of volleyball was contested. At all subsequent games, sitting volleyball was held instead.... (1976–present) |
| Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair basketball Wheelchair basketball is basketball played by people in wheelchairs and is considered one of the major disabled sports practiced. The International Wheelchair Basketball Federation is the governing body for this sport. It is recognized by the International Paralympic Committee as the sole... |
WC, ALA | IWBF | Summer sport Wheelchair basketball at the Summer Paralympics Wheelchair basketball has been contested at the Summer Paralympics since the 1960 Summer Paralympics in Rome.Winning the Paralympics is considered to be the highest honor in international wheelchair basketball, followed by the World Championships of the International Wheelchair Basketball... (1960–present) |
| Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair fencing Wheelchair fencing is a version of Fencing for athletes with a disability. Wheelchair fencing is governed by the International Wheelchair Fencing that is a federation of the International Paralympic Committee, and is one of the sports in the Summer Paralympic Games.-Classification:*class A *class B... |
WC | IWAS | Summer sport (1960–present) |
| Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair rugby Wheelchair rugby, , is a team sport for athletes with a disability. It is currently practiced in over twenty countries around the world and is a Paralympic sport.... |
WC | IWRF | Summer sport Wheelchair rugby at the Summer Paralympics Wheelchair rugby was first contested at the Summer Paralympics as a demonstration sport in 1996. It became an official medal-awarding sport in 2000 and has been competed at every Summer Paralympics since then... (2000–present) |
| Wheelchair tennis Wheelchair Tennis Wheelchair tennis is one of the forms of tennis adapted for those who have disabilities in their lower bodies. The size of courts, balls, and rackets are same, but there are two major differences from pedestrian tennis; they use specially designed wheelchairs and the ball may bounce up to two times... |
WC | ITF | Summer sport Wheelchair tennis at the Summer Paralympics Wheelchair tennis was first contested at the Summer Paralympics as a demonstration sport in 1988, with two events being held . It became an official medal-awarding sport in 1992 and has been competed at every Summer Paralympics since then... (1992–present) |
Discontinued summer sports
| Sport | Categories | Governing body | Paralympic Games status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Basketball ID | ID | INAS-FID | Summer sport (1996–2000) |
| Lawn bowls | ALA, CP, VI, WC, | IPC | Summer sport (1968–1988, 1996) |
| Snooker | WC | IWAS | Summer sport (1960–1976, 1984-1988) |
| Dartchery | Summer sport Dartchery at the Summer Paralympics Dartchery was contested at the Summer Paralympic Games from 1960 to 1980. Competitions were carried out in pairs: mixed pairs from 1960 to 1980, and men's pairs and women's pairs from 1972 to 1980.... (1960–1980) |
||
| Weightlifting | Summer sport (1964–1992) | ||
| Wrestling | Summer sport (1980–1984) |
Current winter sports
| Sport | Categories | Governing body | Paralympic Games status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Alpine skiing Paralympic alpine skiing Paralympic alpine skiing is an adaptation of alpine skiing for athletes with a disability. Paralympic alpine skiing is one of the sports in the Paralympic Winter Games... |
ALA, CP, VI, WC | IPC | Winter sport Alpine skiing at the Winter Paralympics Paralympic alpine skiing has been competed at the Winter Paralympic Games since they were first held in 1976. Events include men's and women's downhill, Super G, giant slalom, slalom, and combined.... (1976–present) |
| Ice sledge hockey | ALA, CP, WC | IPC | Winter sport Ice sledge hockey at the Winter Paralympics Ice sledge hockey tournaments have been staged at the Paralympic Games since 1994 in Lillehammer.The tournament was to change from a men's to a mixed tournament for the 2010 Paralympic Games in Vancouver, allowing the teams to include female players.,but no women participated in the 2010... (1994–present) |
| Nordic skiing Paralympic nordic skiing Paralympic Nordic skiing is a Winter Paralympics sport consisting of biathlon and cross-country skiing. The sport is governed by the International Paralympic Committee.... : Biathlon Paralympic biathlon Paralympic biathlon is an adaptation of biathlon for athletes with a disability. Paralympic biathlon is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games... Cross-country skiing Paralympic cross-country skiing Paralympic cross-county skiing is an adaptation of cross-country skiing for athletes with a disability. Paralympic cross-country skiing is one of two Nordic skiing disciplines in the Winter Paralympic Games... |
ALA, CP, VI, WC | IPC | Winter sport Biathlon at the Winter Paralympics Biathlon has been contested at the Winter Paralympic Games since the Winter Games in 1988, in Innsbruck, Austria.- Events :- Medal table : NPCs in italics no longer compete at the Winter ParalympicsAs of 2010 Winter Paralympics... (1988–present) Winter sport Cross-country skiing at the Winter Paralympics Cross-country skiing has been contested at the Winter Paralympic Games since the first Winter Games in 1976.- Events :- Medal table : NPCs in italics no longer compete at the Winter ParalympicsAs of 2010 Winter Paralympics-References:... (1976–present) |
| Wheelchair curling | WC | ICF | Winter sport Wheelchair curling at the Winter Paralympics Wheelchair curling tournaments have been staged at the Paralympic Games since the Winter Paralympic Games in 2006 in Turin.The tournaments are staged for mixed gender teams.... (2006–present) |
Discontinued winter sports
| Sport | Categories | Governing body | Paralympic Games status |
|---|---|---|---|
| Ice sledge racing | Winter sport Ice sledge speed racing at the Winter Paralympics Ice sledge speed racing was contested at the Winter Paralympic Games from the second Winter Games in 1980, to the 1988 Winter Games, and then at the 1994 and 1988 Winter Games.... (1980–1988, 1994-1998) |
Abbreviations
- Categories:
- ALA - Amputee and les autres
- CP - Cerebral palsy
- ID - Intellectual disability
- VI - Visually impaired
- WC - Wheelchair
- Governing bodies:
- CP-ISRA - Cerebral Palsy International Sports and Recreation Association
- FEI - International Federation for Equestrian Sports
- IBSA - International Blind Sports Federation
- ICF - International Curling Federation
- IFDS - International Association for Disabled SailingInternational Association for Disabled SailingThe International Association for Disabled Sailing is an affiliate member of the International Sailing Federation and is responsible for coordinating the paralympic sailing competition with the International Paralympic Committee...
- INAS-FID - International Sports Federation for Persons with an Intellectual Disability
- IPC - International Paralympic Committee
- ITF - International Tennis FederationInternational Tennis FederationThe International Tennis Federation is the governing body of world tennis, made up of 205 national tennis associations.It was established as the International Lawn Tennis Federation by 12 national associations meeting at a conference in Paris, France on 1 March 1913...
- IWAS - International Wheelchair and Amputee Sport Federation
- IWBF - International Wheelchair Basketball Federation
- WOVD - World Organization Volleyball for DisabledWorld Organization Volleyball for DisabledThe World Organization Volleyball for Disabled is an international organization that is for people with physical disabilities, WOVD is affiliated with the International Paralympic Committee. The World Organization Volleyball for Disabled was established in 1951 and was part of the International...
- CISS - Comite International des Sport des Sourd
- WCH - Wheelchair hockey
External links
- International Paralympic Committee
- Cerebral Palsy International Sport and Recreation Association
- International Blind Sports Association
- INAS-FID: International Sports Federation for Persons with Intellectual Disability
- International Wheelchair and Amputee Sports Federation
- Discussion forum of Disabled sports