Peruvian Army
Encyclopedia
The Peruvian Army is the branch of the Peru
vian Armed Forces
tasked with safeguarding the independence
, sovereignty
and integrity
of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief
operations and participating in international peacekeeping
operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho
(1824) on December 9.
. After the Spanish conquest
, small garrisons were kept at strategic locations but no standing army existed until the Bourbon reforms
of the 18th century. The main purpose of this force was the defense of the Viceroyalty
from pirates and corsair
s as well as internal rebellion
s.
established the Legión Peruana de la Guardia (Peruvian Guard Legion), although some militia units had been formed before. Peruvian troops were key participants in the final campaign against Spanish rule in South America, under the leadership of general Simón Bolívar
, which ended victoriously in the battles of Junín
and Ayacucho
in 1824.
After the War of Independence the strong position of the Army and the lack of solid political institutions meant that every Peruvian president until 1872 held some military rank. The Ejército del Perú also had a major role in the definition of national borders by participating in several wars against neighbor countries. This included an indecisive conflict against the Gran Colombia (1828–1829), the wars of the Peru-Bolivian Confederacy (1836–1839), two invasions of Bolivia
(1827–1828 and 1841) and a brief occupation of Ecuador
(1859–1860). Starting in 1842, increased state revenues from guano
exports allowed the expansion and modernization of the Army, as well as the consolidation of its political power. This improvements were an important factor in the defeat of a Spanish naval expedition at the Battle of Callao
(1866). However, continuous overspending and a growing public debt led to a chronic fiscal crisis in the 1870s which severely affected defense budgets. The consequent lack of military preparedness combined with bad leadership were major causes of Peru's defeat against Chile
in the War of the Pacific
(1879–1883). The reconstruction of the Army started slowly after the war due to a general lack of funds. A major turning point in this process was the arrival in 1896 of a French Military Mission contracted by president Nicolás de Piérola
. By 1900 the peacetime strength of the army was evaluated at six infantry battalions (nearly 2,000 soldiers), two regiments and four squadrons and cavalry (between six and seven hundred soldiers), and one artillery regiment (just over 500 soldiers) for a total of 3,075 personnel. A military school was reportedly operating in the Chorrillos District of Lima and French officers were continuing to assist in the army's reorganization.
, the establishment of the Escuela Superior de Guerra (War College
) in 1904, the creation of four military regions (North, Center, South and Orient) in 1905 and a general professionalization of the military career. Improvements such as this were instrumental in the good performance of the Army in border skirmishes with Colombia
(1911 and 1932) and a major war against Ecuador
(1941).
Even though the Peruvian Army was not involved in World War II
, this conflict had a significant effect in its development, mainly through the replacement of French military influence by that of the United States
. A US military mission started operations in 1945 followed by an influx of surplus American military equipment delivered as military aid
or sold at a very low cost.
Washington also established itself as the leader of continental defense through the creation of the Inter-American Defense Board
in 1942 and the signing of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
in 1947. A parallel development was the founding in 1950 of the Centro de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM, Center of High Military Studies) for the formation of officers
in the major problems of the nation beyond those related to its military defense.
The Peruvian Army was the main protagonist of the Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas (Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces), an institutionalized military government
that ruled the country between 1968 and 1980. During this period, defense expenditures underwent exponential growth allowing a rapid expansion of the Armed Forces
and an unprecedented level of weapon acquisitions. In the early 1970s, US influence over the Army was replaced by a massive influx of Soviet
training and equipment. Political power returned to the civilians in the 1980s, but the rise of the terrorist
insurgent group
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path
) prompted the deployment of several Army units in a counter-insurgency
role. Human rights
violations associated with this intervention and a sharp decrease in the defense budget due to a general economic crisis caused serious problems for the Army morale
and readiness as well as a strain on civil-military relations
.
The presidency of Alberto Fujimori
(1990–2000) saw the Army regain protagonism in the public scene, but its increased political power led to some cases of corruption
. The internal conflict
ceased for the most part after the capture in 1992 of Abimael Guzmán
, leader of the terrorist group Shining Path
, but a brief border war with Ecuador
broke out in 1995. During this period, women were incorporated into the Army first as conscripts
in 1993 and then as officers
in 1997. Army commandos had an important participation in operation Chavín de Huantar which put an end to the Japanese embassy hostage crisis
. In 1999, one year after the signing of a peace treaty with Ecuador conscription
was abolished and replaced by a voluntary military service
.
The downfall of the Alberto Fujimori
regime left the Peruvian Army in a difficult state, with some of its senior officers compromised in scandals of corruption
and human rights
violations. Several reforms were undertaken during the presidencies of Valentín Paniagua
(2000–2001) and Alejandro Toledo
(2001–2006), among them the prosecution of criminal cases related to the military, the reorganization of the military rank system and an increased civilian supervision through a revamped Ministry of Defense. The outcome of this and other initiatives is an major factor of order, major preparation, new equipment and development of the Ejército del Perú. G-3 America (G3 and Associates International Corporation) facilitated the incorporation of new technology to eliminate or reduce terrorism. They have been working tenaciously in getting the right equipment for the Armed Forces while working with the US State Department and US companies to accomplish it.
The current Commanding General of the Peruvian Army is General Otto Guibovich
. Land forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense
and ultimately to the President as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
. They are organized as follows:
Operational units are assigned to one of the following military regions, which are directly subordinate to the Army General Command.
Peru
Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean....
vian Armed Forces
Military of Peru
The Peruvian Armed Forces are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity against any threat...
tasked with safeguarding the independence
Independence
Independence is a condition of a nation, country, or state in which its residents and population, or some portion thereof, exercise self-government, and usually sovereignty, over its territory....
, sovereignty
Sovereignty
Sovereignty is the quality of having supreme, independent authority over a geographic area, such as a territory. It can be found in a power to rule and make law that rests on a political fact for which no purely legal explanation can be provided...
and integrity
Integrity
Integrity is a concept of consistency of actions, values, methods, measures, principles, expectations, and outcomes. In ethics, integrity is regarded as the honesty and truthfulness or accuracy of one's actions...
of national territory on land through military force. Additional missions include assistance in safeguarding internal security, conducting disaster relief
Emergency management
Emergency management is the generic name of an interdisciplinary field dealing with the strategic organizational management processes used to protect critical assets of an organization from hazard risks that can cause events like disasters or catastrophes and to ensure the continuance of the...
operations and participating in international peacekeeping
Peacekeeping
Peacekeeping is an activity that aims to create the conditions for lasting peace. It is distinguished from both peacebuilding and peacemaking....
operations. It celebrates the anniversary of the Battle of Ayacucho
Battle of Ayacucho
The Battle of Ayacucho was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. It was the battle that sealed the independence of Peru, as well as the victory that ensured independence for the rest of South America...
(1824) on December 9.
History
Military traditions in Peruvian territory go back to prehispanic times, ranging from small armed bands to the large armies assembled by the Inca EmpireInca Empire
The Inca Empire, or Inka Empire , was the largest empire in pre-Columbian America. The administrative, political and military center of the empire was located in Cusco in modern-day Peru. The Inca civilization arose from the highlands of Peru sometime in the early 13th century...
. After the Spanish conquest
Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire
The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. This historic process of military conquest was made by Spanish conquistadores and their native allies....
, small garrisons were kept at strategic locations but no standing army existed until the Bourbon reforms
Bourbon Reforms
The Bourbon Reforms were a set of economic and political legislation introduced by the Spanish Crown under various kings of the House of Bourbon throughout the 18th century. The reforms were intended to stimulate manufacturing and technology in order to modernize Spain...
of the 18th century. The main purpose of this force was the defense of the Viceroyalty
Viceroyalty of Peru
Created in 1542, the Viceroyalty of Peru was a Spanish colonial administrative district that originally contained most of Spanish-ruled South America, governed from the capital of Lima...
from pirates and corsair
Corsair
Corsairs were privateers, authorized to conduct raids on shipping of a nation at war with France, on behalf of the French Crown. Seized vessels and cargo were sold at auction, with the corsair captain entitled to a portion of the proceeds...
s as well as internal rebellion
Rebellion
Rebellion, uprising or insurrection, is a refusal of obedience or order. It may, therefore, be seen as encompassing a range of behaviors aimed at destroying or replacing an established authority such as a government or a head of state...
s.
Independence
The Ejército del Perú was officially established on August 18, 1821 when the government of general José de San MartínJosé de San Martín
José Francisco de San Martín, known simply as Don José de San Martín , was an Argentine general and the prime leader of the southern part of South America's successful struggle for independence from Spain.Born in Yapeyú, Corrientes , he left his mother country at the...
established the Legión Peruana de la Guardia (Peruvian Guard Legion), although some militia units had been formed before. Peruvian troops were key participants in the final campaign against Spanish rule in South America, under the leadership of general Simón Bolívar
Simón Bolívar
Simón José Antonio de la Santísima Trinidad Bolívar y Palacios Ponte y Yeiter, commonly known as Simón Bolívar was a Venezuelan military and political leader...
, which ended victoriously in the battles of Junín
Battle of Junín
The Battle of Junín was a military engagement of the Peruvian War of Independence, fought in the highlands of the Junín Region on August 6, 1824. The preceding February the royalists had regained control of Lima, and having regrouped in Trujillo, Simón Bolívar in June led his rebel forces south to...
and Ayacucho
Battle of Ayacucho
The Battle of Ayacucho was a decisive military encounter during the Peruvian War of Independence. It was the battle that sealed the independence of Peru, as well as the victory that ensured independence for the rest of South America...
in 1824.
19th century
Bolivia
Bolivia officially known as Plurinational State of Bolivia , is a landlocked country in central South America. It is the poorest country in South America...
(1827–1828 and 1841) and a brief occupation of Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
(1859–1860). Starting in 1842, increased state revenues from guano
Guano
Guano is the excrement of seabirds, cave dwelling bats, and seals. Guano manure is an effective fertilizer due to its high levels of phosphorus and nitrogen and also its lack of odor. It was an important source of nitrates for gunpowder...
exports allowed the expansion and modernization of the Army, as well as the consolidation of its political power. This improvements were an important factor in the defeat of a Spanish naval expedition at the Battle of Callao
Battle of Callao
The Battle of Callao occurred on May 2, 1866 between a Spanish fleet under the command of Admiral Casto Méndez Núñez and the fortified battery emplacements of the Peruvian port city of Callao during the Chincha Islands War...
(1866). However, continuous overspending and a growing public debt led to a chronic fiscal crisis in the 1870s which severely affected defense budgets. The consequent lack of military preparedness combined with bad leadership were major causes of Peru's defeat against Chile
Chile
Chile ,officially the Republic of Chile , is a country in South America occupying a long, narrow coastal strip between the Andes mountains to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. It borders Peru to the north, Bolivia to the northeast, Argentina to the east, and the Drake Passage in the far...
in the War of the Pacific
War of the Pacific
The War of the Pacific took place in western South America from 1879 through 1883. Chile fought against Bolivia and Peru. Despite cooperation among the three nations in the war against Spain, disputes soon arose over the mineral-rich Peruvian provinces of Tarapaca, Tacna, and Arica, and the...
(1879–1883). The reconstruction of the Army started slowly after the war due to a general lack of funds. A major turning point in this process was the arrival in 1896 of a French Military Mission contracted by president Nicolás de Piérola
Nicolás de Piérola
H.E. Don Jose Nicolás Baltasar Fernández de Piérola y Villena was a prominent Peruvian politician, the Finance Minister and twice President of the Republic of Peru .-Early years:Nicolás de Piérola was born and educated in the southern Peruvian city of Arequipa...
. By 1900 the peacetime strength of the army was evaluated at six infantry battalions (nearly 2,000 soldiers), two regiments and four squadrons and cavalry (between six and seven hundred soldiers), and one artillery regiment (just over 500 soldiers) for a total of 3,075 personnel. A military school was reportedly operating in the Chorrillos District of Lima and French officers were continuing to assist in the army's reorganization.
20th century
During the early years of the 20th century the Peruvian Army underwent a series of reforms under the guidance of the French Military Mission which operated in the periods 1896-1914, 1919–1924 and 1932-1939. Changes included the streamlining of the General StaffGeneral Staff
A military staff, often referred to as General Staff, Army Staff, Navy Staff or Air Staff within the individual services, is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units...
, the establishment of the Escuela Superior de Guerra (War College
War College
A War College is a senior military academy which is normally intended for veteran military officers and whose purpose is to educate and 'train on' senior military tacticians, strategists, and leaders...
) in 1904, the creation of four military regions (North, Center, South and Orient) in 1905 and a general professionalization of the military career. Improvements such as this were instrumental in the good performance of the Army in border skirmishes with Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
(1911 and 1932) and a major war against Ecuador
Ecuadorian-Peruvian war
The Ecuadorian–Peruvian War was a border war fought between July 5, 1941 and July 31, 1941, the first of three military conflicts that occurred between these two South American nations during the 20th century....
(1941).
Even though the Peruvian Army was not involved in World War II
World War II
World War II, or the Second World War , was a global conflict lasting from 1939 to 1945, involving most of the world's nations—including all of the great powers—eventually forming two opposing military alliances: the Allies and the Axis...
, this conflict had a significant effect in its development, mainly through the replacement of French military influence by that of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
. A US military mission started operations in 1945 followed by an influx of surplus American military equipment delivered as military aid
Military aid
Military aid is aid which is used to assist an ally in its defense efforts, or to assist a poor country in maintaining control over its own territory. Many countries receive military aid to help with counter-insurgency efforts...
or sold at a very low cost.
Washington also established itself as the leader of continental defense through the creation of the Inter-American Defense Board
Inter-American Defense Board
The Inter-American Defense Board is an international committee of nationally appointed defense officials who develop collaborative approaches on common defense and security issues facing countries in North, Central, and South America...
in 1942 and the signing of the Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance
The Inter-American Treaty of Reciprocal Assistance was an agreement signed on 1947 in Rio de Janeiro among many countries of the Americas...
in 1947. A parallel development was the founding in 1950 of the Centro de Altos Estudios Militares (CAEM, Center of High Military Studies) for the formation of officers
Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position...
in the major problems of the nation beyond those related to its military defense.
The Peruvian Army was the main protagonist of the Gobierno Revolucionario de las Fuerzas Armadas (Revolutionary Government of the Armed Forces), an institutionalized military government
Militarism
Militarism is defined as: the belief or desire of a government or people that a country should maintain a strong military capability and be prepared to use it aggressively to defend or promote national interests....
that ruled the country between 1968 and 1980. During this period, defense expenditures underwent exponential growth allowing a rapid expansion of the Armed Forces
Armed Forces
Armed Forces is Elvis Costello's third album, his second with the Attractions, and the first to officially credit the Attractions on the cover. It was released in the UK by Radar Records and in the U.S. by Columbia in 1979...
and an unprecedented level of weapon acquisitions. In the early 1970s, US influence over the Army was replaced by a massive influx of Soviet
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
training and equipment. Political power returned to the civilians in the 1980s, but the rise of the terrorist
Terrorism
Terrorism is the systematic use of terror, especially as a means of coercion. In the international community, however, terrorism has no universally agreed, legally binding, criminal law definition...
insurgent group
Insurgency
An insurgency is an armed rebellion against a constituted authority when those taking part in the rebellion are not recognized as belligerents...
Sendero Luminoso (Shining Path
Shining Path
Shining Path is a Maoist guerrilla terrorist organization in Peru. The group never refers to itself as "Shining Path", and as several other Peruvian groups, prefers to be called the "Communist Party of Peru" or "PCP-SL" in short...
) prompted the deployment of several Army units in a counter-insurgency
Counter-insurgency
A counter-insurgency or counterinsurgency involves actions taken by the recognized government of a nation to contain or quell an insurgency taken up against it...
role. Human rights
Human rights
Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
violations associated with this intervention and a sharp decrease in the defense budget due to a general economic crisis caused serious problems for the Army morale
Morale
Morale, also known as esprit de corps when discussing the morale of a group, is an intangible term used to describe the capacity of people to maintain belief in an institution or a goal, or even in oneself and others...
and readiness as well as a strain on civil-military relations
Civil-military relations
Civil–military relations describes the relationship between civil society as a whole and the military organization or organizations established to protect it. More narrowly, it describes the relationship between the civil authority of a given society and its military authority...
.
The presidency of Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
(1990–2000) saw the Army regain protagonism in the public scene, but its increased political power led to some cases of corruption
Political corruption
Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by...
. The internal conflict
Internal conflict in Peru
It has been estimated that nearly 70,000 people died in the internal conflict in Peru that started in 1980 and, although still ongoing, had greatly wound down by 2000. The principal actors in the war were the Shining Path , the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement and the government of Peru.A great...
ceased for the most part after the capture in 1992 of Abimael Guzmán
Abimael Guzmán
Manuel Rubén Abimael Guzmán Reynoso , also known by the nom de guerre Presidente Gonzalo , a former professor of philosophy, was the leader of the Shining Path during the Maoist insurgency known as the internal conflict in Peru...
, leader of the terrorist group Shining Path
Shining Path
Shining Path is a Maoist guerrilla terrorist organization in Peru. The group never refers to itself as "Shining Path", and as several other Peruvian groups, prefers to be called the "Communist Party of Peru" or "PCP-SL" in short...
, but a brief border war with Ecuador
Cenepa War
The Cenepa War , also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of a disputed area on the border between the two countries...
broke out in 1995. During this period, women were incorporated into the Army first as conscripts
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
in 1993 and then as officers
Officer (armed forces)
An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position...
in 1997. Army commandos had an important participation in operation Chavín de Huantar which put an end to the Japanese embassy hostage crisis
Japanese embassy hostage crisis
The Japanese embassy hostage crisis began on 17 December 1996 in Lima, Peru, when 14 members of the Túpac Amaru Revolutionary Movement took hostage hundreds of high-level diplomats, government and military officials and business executives who were attending a party at the official residence of...
. In 1999, one year after the signing of a peace treaty with Ecuador conscription
Conscription
Conscription is the compulsory enlistment of people in some sort of national service, most often military service. Conscription dates back to antiquity and continues in some countries to the present day under various names...
was abolished and replaced by a voluntary military service
Military service
Military service, in its simplest sense, is service by an individual or group in an army or other militia, whether as a chosen job or as a result of an involuntary draft . Some nations require a specific amount of military service from every citizen...
.
21st century
Alberto Fujimori
Alberto Fujimori Fujimori served as President of Peru from 28 July 1990 to 17 November 2000. A controversial figure, Fujimori has been credited with the creation of Fujimorism, uprooting terrorism in Peru and restoring its macroeconomic stability, though his methods have drawn charges of...
regime left the Peruvian Army in a difficult state, with some of its senior officers compromised in scandals of corruption
Political corruption
Political corruption is the use of legislated powers by government officials for illegitimate private gain. Misuse of government power for other purposes, such as repression of political opponents and general police brutality, is not considered political corruption. Neither are illegal acts by...
and human rights
Human rights
Human rights are "commonly understood as inalienable fundamental rights to which a person is inherently entitled simply because she or he is a human being." Human rights are thus conceived as universal and egalitarian . These rights may exist as natural rights or as legal rights, in both national...
violations. Several reforms were undertaken during the presidencies of Valentín Paniagua
Valentín Paniagua
Valentín Paniagua Corazao was a Peruvian politician and former Interim President of Peru. Paniagua was elected by the Peruvian Congress to serve as interim president of the country after Alberto Fujimori was ousted from office by Congress in November 2000.As Interim President, his main task was to...
(2000–2001) and Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Toledo
Alejandro Celestino Toledo Manrique is a politician who was President of Peru from 2001 to 2006. He was elected in April 2001, defeating former President Alan García...
(2001–2006), among them the prosecution of criminal cases related to the military, the reorganization of the military rank system and an increased civilian supervision through a revamped Ministry of Defense. The outcome of this and other initiatives is an major factor of order, major preparation, new equipment and development of the Ejército del Perú. G-3 America (G3 and Associates International Corporation) facilitated the incorporation of new technology to eliminate or reduce terrorism. They have been working tenaciously in getting the right equipment for the Armed Forces while working with the US State Department and US companies to accomplish it.
Organization
Otto Guibovich
Otto Napoleón Guibovich Arteaga is a Peruvian soldier and the current Commanding General of the Peruvian Army. General Guibovich previously served as commander of the Center Military Region...
. Land forces are subordinated to the Ministry of Defense
Ministry of Defence (Peru)
The Ministry of Defence of Peru is the agency of the Peruvian government responsible for safeguarding of national security on land, sea and air. For such purpose it exercises command over the Peruvian Armed Forces composed of the Army, the Navy and the Air Force.-History:The Ministry of Defense of...
and ultimately to the President as Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces
Military of Peru
The Peruvian Armed Forces are the military services of Peru, comprising independent Army, Navy and Air Force components. Their primary mission is to safeguard the country's independence, sovereignty and territorial integrity against any threat...
. They are organized as follows:
- Comandancia General del Ejército (Army General CommandCommand (military formation)A command in military terminology is an organisational unit that the individual in Military command has responsibility for. A Commander will normally be specifically appointed into the role in order to provide a legal framework for the authority bestowed...
) - Estado Mayor General del Ejército (Army General StaffGeneral StaffA military staff, often referred to as General Staff, Army Staff, Navy Staff or Air Staff within the individual services, is a group of officers and enlisted personnel that provides a bi-directional flow of information between a commanding officer and subordinate military units...
) - Inspectoría General del Ejército (Army General InspectorateInspector GeneralAn Inspector General is an investigative official in a civil or military organization. The plural of the term is Inspectors General.-Bangladesh:...
) - Secretaría General del Ejército (Army General Secretariat)
Operational units are assigned to one of the following military regions, which are directly subordinate to the Army General Command.
Región Militar del Norte
North Military Region, headquartered at PiuraPiura
Piura is a city in northwestern Peru. It is the capital of the Piura Region and the Piura Province. The population is 377,496.It was here that Spanish Conqueror Francisco Pizarro founded the third Spanish city in South America and first in Peru, San Miguel de Piura, in July 1532...
- 1st CavalryCavalryCavalry or horsemen were soldiers or warriors who fought mounted on horseback. Cavalry were historically the third oldest and the most mobile of the combat arms...
BrigadeBrigadeA brigade is a major tactical military formation that is typically composed of two to five battalions, plus supporting elements depending on the era and nationality of a given army and could be perceived as an enlarged/reinforced regiment...
(SullanaSullanaSullana is the name of the capital of the Sullana Province, in the north-western coastal plains of Peru on the Chira valley.-Location:Sullana is located at 04°53' south latitude and 80°41' west longitude, 38 km north of Piura, the capital of the region.-Climate:The province has a tropical...
) - 1st InfantryInfantryInfantrymen are soldiers who are specifically trained for the role of fighting on foot to engage the enemy face to face and have historically borne the brunt of the casualties of combat in wars. As the oldest branch of combat arms, they are the backbone of armies...
Brigade (Tumbes) - 7th Infantry Brigade (LambayequeLambayeque, PeruLambayeque is a city in the Lambayeque region of northern Peru. It is notable for its exceptional museums featuring artefacts from local archaeological sites. The Bruning Museum, established in the early 1900s, contains hundreds of gold and silver pieces, as well as textiles and ceramics, from the...
) - 32nd Infantry Brigade (TrujilloTrujillo, PeruTrujillo, in northwestern Peru, is the capital of the La Libertad Region, and the third largest city in Peru. The urban area has 811,979 inhabitants and is an economic hub in northern Peru...
) - 6th JungleJungle warfareJungle warfare is a term used to cover the special techniques needed for military units to survive and fight in jungle terrain.It has been the topic of extensive study by military strategists, and was an important part of the planning for both sides in many conflicts, including World War II and the...
Brigade (El Milagro)
Región Militar del Centro
Center/South Central Military Region, headquartered at LimaLima
Lima is the capital and the largest city of Peru. It is located in the valleys of the Chillón, Rímac and Lurín rivers, in the central part of the country, on a desert coast overlooking the Pacific Ocean. Together with the seaport of Callao, it forms a contiguous urban area known as the Lima...
- 18th ArmoredArmoured warfareArmoured warfare or tank warfare is the use of armoured fighting vehicles in modern warfare. It is a major component of modern methods of war....
Brigade (Lima) - 2nd Infantry Brigade (AyacuchoAyacuchoAyacucho is the capital city of Huamanga Province, Ayacucho Region, Peru.Ayacucho is famous for its 33 churches, which represent one for each year of Jesus's life. Ayacucho has large religious celebrations, especially during the Holy Week of Easter...
) - 31st Infantry Brigade (HuancayoHuancayoHuancayo with a rock') is the capital of the Junín Region, in the central highlands of Peru. It is located in Junín Province, of which it is also capital. Situated near the Mantaro Valley at an altitude of 3,271 meters, it has a population of 377,000 and is the fifth most populous city of the...
) - 1st Special ForcesSpecial forcesSpecial forces, or special operations forces are terms used to describe elite military tactical teams trained to perform high-risk dangerous missions that conventional units cannot perform...
Brigade (Lima) - 3rd Special Forces Brigade (TarapotoTarapotoTarapoto, known as the "City of Palms", is a thriving commercial hub in northern Peru, an hour by plane from Lima, situated in the San Martín Province of the San Martín Region, located in the high jungle plateau to the east of what is known as the selva baja...
) - 1st Army AviationMilitary aviationMilitary aviation is the use of aircraft and other flying machines for the purposes of conducting or enabling warfare, including national airlift capacity to provide logistical supply to forces stationed in a theater or along a front. Air power includes the national means of conducting such...
Brigade (CallaoCallaoCallao is the largest and most important port in Peru. The city is coterminous with the Constitutional Province of Callao, the only province of the Callao Region. Callao is located west of Lima, the country's capital, and is part of the Lima Metropolitan Area, a large metropolis that holds almost...
) - 1st Mechanized Cavalry Regiment "Glorious Junin Hussars" (Peru's Liberators) (Lima)
- 1st Infantry Battalion "Peruvian Guards Legion" (Lima)
Región Militar del Sur
South Military Region, headquartered at ArequipaArequipa
Arequipa is the capital city of the Arequipa Region in southern Peru. With a population of 836,859 it is the second most populous city of the country...
- 3rd Armored Brigade (MoqueguaMoqueguaMoquegua is a city in southern Peru, located in the Moquegua Region, of which it is the regional capital. It is also capital of Mariscal Nieto Province and Moquegua District. It is located 1144 kilometers south from the capital city of Lima.-History:...
) - 3rd Cavalry Brigade (TacnaTacna- Rail :Tacna is served by a cross-border standard gauge railway to Arica, Chile.It is also the location of the National Railway Museum of Peru.-Air:Tacna is served by the Crnl. FAP...
) - 4th MountainMountain warfareMountain warfare refers to warfare in the mountains or similarly rough terrain. This type of warfare is also called Alpine warfare, named after the Alps mountains...
Brigade (PunoPunoPuno is a city in southeastern Peru, located on the shore of Lake Titicaca. It is the capital city of the Puno Region and the Puno Province with a population of approximately 100,000. The city was established in 1668 by viceroy Pedro Antonio Fernández de Castro as capital of the province of...
) - 5th Mountain Brigade (CuzcoCuscoCusco , often spelled Cuzco , is a city in southeastern Peru, near the Urubamba Valley of the Andes mountain range. It is the capital of the Cusco Region as well as the Cuzco Province. In 2007, the city had a population of 358,935 which was triple the figure of 20 years ago...
)
Región Militar del Oriente
Orient Military Region, headquartered at IquitosIquitos
Iquitos is the largest city in the Peruvian rainforest, with a population of 370,962. It is the capital of Loreto Region and Maynas Province.Located on the Amazon River, it is only above sea level, although it is more than from the mouth of the Amazon at Belém on the Atlantic Ocean...
- 5th Jungle Brigade (Iquitos)
Region Militar V
5th (North Central) Military Region- 2nd Infantry Brigade
- 31st Infantry Brigade
Personnel
| Personnel (as of 2001) | |
| Commissioned Officers Officer (armed forces) An officer is a member of an armed force or uniformed service who holds a position of authority. Commissioned officers derive authority directly from a sovereign power and, as such, hold a commission charging them with the duties and responsibilities of a specific office or position... |
6,231 |
| Non-commissioned officer Non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer , called a sub-officer in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission... s |
13,586 |
| Cadets Officer Cadet Officer cadet is a rank held by military and merchant navy cadets during their training to become commissioned officers and merchant navy officers, respectively. The term officer trainee is used interchangeably in some countries... |
1,090 |
| NCO in training Non-commissioned officer A non-commissioned officer , called a sub-officer in some countries, is a military officer who has not been given a commission... |
1,000 |
| Enlisted Enlisted rank An enlisted rank is, in most Militaries, any rank below a commissioned officer or warrant officer. The term can also be inclusive of non-commissioned officers... |
54,321 |
| Civilians | 11,480 |
| Total | 76,228 (excl. civilians) |
Ranks
- Ranks of the officers, sub-officers and enlisted of the Army http://www.ejercito.mil.pe/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=93&Itemid=39
Infantry weapons
| Name | Type | Caliber | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| MP9 Smith & Wesson M&P The Smith & Wesson Model 10, previously known as the Smith & Wesson Military & Police or the Smith & Wesson Victory Model, is a .38-caliber revolver developed from the Smith & Wesson .38 Hand Ejector Model of 1889. In production since 1899, it is a fixed-sight, six-shot handgun with a fluted... |
Semi-automatic pistol | 9x19mm Parabellum | United States | |
| Beretta 92 Beretta 92 The Beretta 92 is a series of semi-automatic pistols designed and manufactured by Beretta of Italy. The model 92 was designed in 1972 and production of many variants in different calibers continues today... |
Semi-automatic pistol | 9x19mm Parabellum | Italy | |
| Browning Hi-Power Browning Hi-Power The Browning Hi-Power is a single-action, 9 mm semi-automatic handgun. It is based on a design by American firearms inventor John Browning, and completed by Dieudonné Saive at Fabrique Nationale of Herstal, Belgium. Browning died in 1926, several years before the design was finalized... |
Semi-automatic pistol | 9x19mm Parabellum | Belgium United States |
|
| Winchester 1300 Winchester 1200 The Model 1200 and Model 1300 were two American pump-action shotguns that were manufactured by the Winchester-Western Division of Olin Corporation. It was produced in 12-, 16- and 20-gauge. The 1200 has the ability to have a bayonet fixed on the end of the barrel to be used in close quarter combat... |
Pump-action shotgun | 12-gauge | United States | |
| M16A2 M16 rifle The M16 is the United States military designation for the AR-15 rifle adapted for both semi-automatic and full-automatic fire. Colt purchased the rights to the AR-15 from ArmaLite, and currently uses that designation only for semi-automatic versions of the rifle. The M16 fires the 5.56×45mm NATO... |
Assault rifle Assault rifle An assault rifle is a selective fire rifle that uses an intermediate cartridge and a detachable magazine. Assault rifles are the standard infantry weapons in most modern armies... |
5.56x45mm NATO 5.56x45mm NATO 5.56×45mm NATO is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States and originally chambered in the M16 rifle. Under STANAG 4172, it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. It is derived from, but not identical to, the .223 Remington cartridge... |
United States | |
| M4A1 | Assault rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | United States | |
| Zastava M21 Zastava M21 The Zastava M21 is a 5.56mm assault rifle developed and manufactured by the Zastava Arms company.-Overview:The M21 is based on the AK-47 Kalashnikov principle, chambered in the 5.56×45mm cartridge... |
Assault rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Serbia | |
| F2000 | Assault rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Belgium | Special forces |
| SAR-21 SAR-21 The SAR 21 is a bullpup assault rifle designed and manufactured in Singapore. First revealed and subsequently adopted by the Singapore Armed Forces in 1999, it was designed & developed over a four year period and was intended to replace the locally license-built M16S1 by the Singaporean Ministry... |
Assault rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Singapore | Special forces |
| FAD FAD assault rifle The Dual Automatic Rifle was designed by Salomón Braga Lozo from SIMA Electronica, a division of the state-owned SIMA shipyards, based in the port of Callao... |
Assault Rifle, Light Machine Gun, Sniper Rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Peru | |
| AKM AKM The AKM is a 7.62mm assault rifle designed by Mikhail Kalashnikov. It is an upgraded version of the AK-47 rifle and was developed in the 1950s.... |
Assault rifle | 7.62x39mm | USSR | Airborne only |
| Galil IMI Galil The Galil is a family of Israeli small arms designed by Yisrael Galil and Yaacov Lior in the late 1960s and produced by Israel Military Industries Ltd of Ramat HaSharon... |
Assault rifle | 5.56x45mm NATO | Israel | |
| FN SCAR-L FN SCAR-H. |
Assault rifle Battle rifle |
5.56x45mm NATO 5.56x45mm NATO 5.56×45mm NATO is a rifle cartridge developed in the United States and originally chambered in the M16 rifle. Under STANAG 4172, it is a standard cartridge for NATO forces as well as many non-NATO countries. It is derived from, but not identical to, the .223 Remington cartridge... 7.62x51mm NATO |
Belgium | |
| FAL 50.00 FAL 50.41 / FALO FN FAL The Fusil Automatique Léger or FAL is a self-loading, selective fire battle rifle produced by the Belgian armaments manufacturer Fabrique Nationale de Herstal . During the Cold War it was adopted by many North Atlantic Treaty Organization countries, with the notable exception of the United States... |
Battle rifle Battle rifle A battle rifle is a military service rifle that fires a full power rifle cartridge, such as 7.62x51mm NATO. While the designation of battle rifle is usually given to post-World War II select fire infantry rifles such as the H&K G3, the FN FAL or the M14, this term can also apply to older military... |
7.62x51mm NATO | Belgium | |
| G3 Heckler & Koch G3 The G3 is a 7.62mm battle rifle developed in the 1950s by the German armament manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH in collaboration with the Spanish state-owned design and development agency CETME .... |
Battle rifle | [7.62x51mm NATO | Germany | |
| McMillan Tac-50 McMillan Tac-50 The McMillan Tac-50 sniper rifle is produced in Phoenix, Arizona in the United States by the McMillan Brothers Rifle Company. This long-range anti-materiel/anti-personnel weapon is based on previous designs from the same company, which first appeared during the late 1980s... |
Sniper rifle Sniper rifle In military and law enforcement terminology, a sniper rifle is a precision-rifle used to ensure more accurate placement of bullets at longer ranges than other small arms. A typical sniper rifle is built for optimal levels of accuracy, fitted with a telescopic sight and chambered for a military... |
.50 BMG .50 BMG The .50 Browning Machine Gun or 12.7×99mm NATO is a cartridge developed for the Browning .50 caliber machine gun in the late 1910s. Entering service officially in 1921, the round is based on a greatly scaled-up .30-06 cartridge... (12.7 x 99 mm) |
Israel | |
| .408 Chey Tac .408 Chey Tac The .408 Cheyenne Tactical is a specialized rimless, bottlenecked, centerfire cartridge for military long-range sniper rifles that was developed by Dr. John D. Taylor and machinist William O. Wordman... |
Sniper rifle | .408 in (10.4 mm) | United States | |
| Galatz Galatz Galatz may refer to:* Yiddish and German name of Galaţi, a town in Romania* Galil Tzalafim , a sniper version of the Israeli IMI Galil assault rifle* Galey Tzahal , an abbreviation of the Israel Army Radio network* Galgalatz... |
Sniper rifle | [7.62x51mm NATO | Israel | |
| Beretta PM12S | Submachine gun Submachine gun A submachine gun is an automatic carbine, designed to fire pistol cartridges. It combines the automatic fire of a machine gun with the cartridge of a pistol. The submachine gun was invented during World War I , but the apex of its use was during World War II when millions of the weapon type were... |
9x19mm Parabellum | Italy | |
| BXP BXP The BXP is 9 mm submachine gun developed in the mid-1980s by the South African company Mechem and brought into production in 1988. Due to international arms embargoes of Apartheid South Africa, the country was forced to design and manufacture their own weapons. The weapon was intended for use by... |
Submachine gun | 9x19mm Parabellum | South Africa | |
| MP5A4 MP5A5 MP5SD MP5K Heckler & Koch MP5 The Heckler & Koch MP5 is a 9mm submachine gun of German design, developed in the 1960s by a team of engineers from the German small arms manufacturer Heckler & Koch GmbH of Oberndorf am Neckar.... |
Submachine gun | 9x19mm Parabellum | Germany | |
| P90 FN P90 The FN P90 is a selective fire personal defense weapon designed and manufactured by FN Herstal in Belgium. The P90's name is taken from 1990, the year it was introduced... |
Submachine gun | 5.7x28mm | Belgium | |
| Uzi Uzi submachine gun The Uzi is a family of Israeli open bolt, blowback-operated submachine guns. Smaller variants are considered to be machine pistols. The Uzi was one of the first weapons to use a telescoping bolt design which allows for the magazine to be housed in the pistol grip for a shorter weapon.The first Uzi... |
Submachine gun | 9x19mm Parabellum | Israel | |
| M249 Minimi FN Minimi The Minimi is a Belgian 5.56mm light machine gun developed by Fabrique Nationale in Herstal by Ernest Vervier. First introduced in 1974, it has entered service with the armed forces of over thirty countries... |
Light machine gun Light machine gun A light machine gun is a machine gun designed to be employed by an individual soldier, with or without an assistant, as an infantry support weapon. Light machine guns are often used as squad automatic weapons.-Characteristics:... |
5.56x45mm NATO | Belgium | |
| Ultimax 100 Ultimax 100 The Ultimax 100 is a Singaporean 5.56mm light machine gun, developed by the Chartered Industries of Singapore by a team of engineers under the guidance of American firearms designer L. James Sullivan. The gun is extremely accurate due to its low recoil.Work on a new light support weapon for the... |
Light machine gun | 5.56x45mm NATO | Singapore | |
| Mini-SS | Light machine gun | 5.56x45mm NATO | South Africa | |
| Browning M1919A4 Browning M1919A4A6 PK machine gun The PK is a 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun designed in the Soviet Union and currently in production in Russia. The PK machine gun was introduced in the 1960s and replaced the SGM and RPD machine guns in Soviet service... |
Medium machine gun Medium machine gun A medium machine gun or MMG, in modern terms, usually refers to a belt-fed automatic firearm firing a full-power rifle cartridge.-History:... |
.30-06 Springfield .30-06 Springfield The .30-06 Springfield cartridge or 7.62×63mm in metric notation, was introduced to the United States Army in 1906 and standardized, and was in use until the 1960s and early 1970s. It replaced the .30-03, 6 mm Lee Navy, and .30 US Army... |
United States | |
| M2 | Heavy machine gun Heavy machine gun The heavy machine gun or HMG is a larger class of machine gun generally recognized to refer to two separate stages of machine gun development. The term was originally used to refer to the early generation of machine guns which came into widespread use in World War I... |
.50 BMG (12.7x99mm NATO) | United States | |
| DShK DShK The DShK 1938 is a Soviet heavy machine gun firing the 12.7x108mm cartridge. The weapon was also used as a heavy infantry machine gun, in which case it was frequently deployed with a two-wheeled mounting and a single-sheet armour-plate shield... |
Heavy machine gun | 12.7x108mm | USSR | |
| Heckler & Koch HK21E | General purpose machine gun General purpose machine gun A general-purpose machine gun is a multi-purpose weapon: it is a machine gun firing a full-power rifle cartridge and which can be used in a variety of roles, from a bipod- or tripod-mounted infantry support weapon to a helicopter door gun or a vehicle-mounted support weapon... |
7.62x51mm NATO | Germany | |
| PK PKM PK machine gun The PK is a 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun designed in the Soviet Union and currently in production in Russia. The PK machine gun was introduced in the 1960s and replaced the SGM and RPD machine guns in Soviet service... |
General purpose machine gun | 7.62x54mmR | USSR | |
| MAG FN MAG The FN MAG is a Belgian 7.62 mm general-purpose machine gun, designed in the early 1950s at Fabrique Nationale by Ernest Vervier. It has been used by more than 80 countries, and it has been made under licence in countries such as Argentina, Egypt, India, Singapore, the United Kingdom and the... |
General purpose machine gun | 7.62x51mm NATO | Belgium | |
| MGL Milkor MGL The MGL is a lightweight 40 mm semi-automatic, 6-shot grenade launcher developed and manufactured in South Africa by Milkor Ltd. The MGL was demonstrated as a concept to the South African Defence Force in 1981. The operating principle was immediately accepted and subjected to a stringent... |
Grenade launcher Grenade launcher A grenade launcher or grenade discharger is a weapon that launches a grenade with more accuracy, higher velocity, and to greater distances than a soldier could throw it by hand.... |
40mm | South Africa | |
| Type 87 grenade launcher | Grenade launcher | 35x32mm | China | |
| MGL-6 XRGL-40 Milkor MGL The MGL is a lightweight 40 mm semi-automatic, 6-shot grenade launcher developed and manufactured in South Africa by Milkor Ltd. The MGL was demonstrated as a concept to the South African Defence Force in 1981. The operating principle was immediately accepted and subjected to a stringent... |
Grenade launcher | 40mm | South Africa | |
| M203 grenade launcher M203 grenade launcher The M203 is a single shot 40 mm grenade launcher designed to attach to a rifle. It uses the same rounds as the older M79 break-action grenade launcher, which utilize the High-Low Propulsion System to keep recoil forces low. Though versatile, and compatible with many rifle models, the M203 was... |
Grenade launcher | 40mm | United States | |
| M65 | Rocket-propelled grenade | 88.9 mm | USSR | |
| RPG-22 Neto RPG-22 The Soviet RPG-22 Netto is a one-shot disposable anti-tank rocket launcher first deployed in 1985, based on the RPG-18 rocket launcher, but firing a larger 72.5 mm fin stabilised projectile. The weapon can be prepared to fire in around 10 seconds, and can penetrate 400 mm of armour, 1.2 meters of... |
Rocket-propelled grenade | 72.5 mm | USSR | |
| RPG-7V RPG-7 The RPG-7 is a widely-produced, portable, unguided, shoulder-launched, anti-tank rocket-propelled grenade launcher. Originally the RPG-7 and its predecessor, the RPG-2, were designed by the Soviet Union, and now manufactured by the Bazalt company... |
Rocket-propelled grenade | 85mm | USSR | |
Armour
| Name | Type | Version | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| T-55 T-55 The T-54 and T-55 tanks were a series of main battle tanks designed in the Soviet Union. The first T-54 prototype appeared in March 1945, just before the end of the Second World War. The T-54 entered full production in 1947 and became the main tank for armored units of the Soviet Army, armies of... |
MBT Main battle tank A main battle tank , also known as a battle tank or universal tank, is a tank that fills the heavy direct fire role of many modern armies. They were originally conceived to replace the light, medium, heavy and super-heavy tanks. Development was spurred onwards in the Cold War with the development... |
50 TIFON-2/100 León-2/30 Leon-1/100 T-55 | 280 | USSR | |
| AMX-13 AMX-13 The AMX-13 is a French light tank produced from 1953 to 1985. It served with the French Army and was exported to over twenty-five other nations... |
Light tank Light tank A light tank is a tank variant initially designed for rapid movement, and now primarily employed in low-intensity conflict. Early light tanks were generally armed and armored similar to an armored car, but used tracks in order to provide better cross-country mobility.The light tank was a major... |
93 | France | ||
| M-113A1 | APC | M-113A1 | 280 | United States | |
| UR-416 | APC | UR-416 | 220 | Germany | |
| Fiat 6614 Fiat 6614 The Fiat Type 6614 is a 4x4 wheeled armoured personnel carrier developed as a joint venture between Fiat and Oto Melara of Italy. The hull is welded steel, and the vehicle is amphibious.-KM900:... |
APC | Fiat 6614-G Fiat 6614 The Fiat Type 6614 is a 4x4 wheeled armoured personnel carrier developed as a joint venture between Fiat and Oto Melara of Italy. The hull is welded steel, and the vehicle is amphibious.-KM900:... |
60 | Italy | |
| BTR-60 BTR-60 The BTR-60 is the first vehicle in a series of Soviet eight-wheeled armoured personnel carriers. It was developed in the late 1950s as a replacement for the BTR-152 and was seen first time in public in 1961... |
APC | 12 | USSR | ||
| Casspir Casspir The Casspir is a landmine-protected personnel carrier that has been in use in South Africa for over 20 years. It is a four wheeled armoured vehicle, used for transport of troops. It can hold a crew of two, plus 12 additional soldiers and associated gear. The Casspir was unique in design when... |
APC | 20 | South Africa | ||
| M3 Half-track M3 Half-track The Carrier, Personnel Half-track M3 was an armored vehicle used by the United States, the British Empire and the other Allies during World War II and the Cold War. Nearly 43,000 were produced, and supplied to the U.S... |
APC | White M-3A1 Halftrack M3 Half-track The Carrier, Personnel Half-track M3 was an armored vehicle used by the United States, the British Empire and the other Allies during World War II and the Cold War. Nearly 43,000 were produced, and supplied to the U.S... |
100 | United States | |
| BRDM-2/Malyutka | Armored car | 30 | USSR | ||
| Fiat 6616 | Armored car | Fiat 6616-H | 70 | Italy | |
| M8 Greyhound M8 Greyhound The M8 Light Armored Car was a 6x6 armored car produced by the Ford Motor Company during World War II. It was used by the U.S. and British troops in Europe and the Far East until the end of the war. The vehicle was widely exported and as of 2006 still remains in service with some third world... |
Armored car | 60 | United States | ||
| M-20 Greyhound M8 Greyhound The M8 Light Armored Car was a 6x6 armored car produced by the Ford Motor Company during World War II. It was used by the U.S. and British troops in Europe and the Far East until the end of the war. The vehicle was widely exported and as of 2006 still remains in service with some third world... |
Armored car | M-20 Greyhound M8 Greyhound The M8 Light Armored Car was a 6x6 armored car produced by the Ford Motor Company during World War II. It was used by the U.S. and British troops in Europe and the Far East until the end of the war. The vehicle was widely exported and as of 2006 still remains in service with some third world... |
6 | United States | |
| HMMWV | Light utility vehicle Light Utility Vehicle Light utility vehicle is a general term for small, jeep-like military trucks for tactical use. They are generally short, relatively light compared to other trucks and cars, unarmored with 4-wheel drive and short body overhangs for all-terrain mobility and at least 4 passenger capacity... |
M1165 | 136 | United States | |
Artillery
| Name | Type | Version | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M46 | 130 mm gun | M46 | 36 | USSR | |
| OTO Melara Mod 56 OTO Melara Mod 56 The OTO-Melara Mod 56 is an Italian-made 105 mm pack howitzer built and developed by OTO-Melara. It fires the standard US type M1 ammunition.-History:... |
105 mm pack howitzer | M56 | 24 | Italy | |
| D30 2A18 The D-30, or 122-mm howitzer D-30 , is a Soviet howitzer that first entered service in the 1960s. It is a robust piece that focuses on the essential features of a towed field gun suitable for all conditions... |
122 mm howitzer | D30 Lyagushka | 36 | USSR | |
| M101 howitzer M101 howitzer The 105 mm M2A1 howitzer was the standard light field howitzer for the United States in World War II, seeing action in both European and Pacific theaters. Entering production in 1941, it quickly entered the war against the Imperial Japanese Army in the Pacific, where it gained a reputation... |
105 mm howitzer | >M-2A1 | 75 | United States | |
| Yugoimport M56 | 105 mm howitzer | M-56 (copy of the M101A1) |
72 | Yugoslavia | |
| SOFAM | 155 mm howitzer | SOFAM | 12 | France | |
| M109 howitzer M109 howitzer The M109 is an American-made self-propelled 155 mm howitzer, first introduced in the early 1960s. It was upgraded a number of times to today's M109A6 Paladin... |
155 mm self-propelled howitzer | M109A2 | 12 | United States | |
| RO-107 | 107 mm multiple rocket launcher | Denel RO-107 Mechem | 4 | South Africa | |
| BM-21 Grad | 122 mm multiple rocket launcher | BM-21 | 14 | USSR | |
| BM-30 BM-30 The BM-30 Smerch or 9A52 is a Soviet heavy multiple rocket launcher. The system is designed to defeat personnel, armored, and soft-skinned targets in concentration areas, artillery batteries, command posts and ammunition depots. It was created in the early 1980s and entered service in the Soviet... Smerch Smerch Smerch might refer to:* BM-30 Smerch, a modern multiple rocket launcher system* Whirlwind , 1988 action film produced in the Soviet Union* Russian monitor Smerch, launched 1863* Soviet guard ship Uragan, launched 1928... |
MRLs | 300mm | 27 | Russia | |
| Scud Scud Scud is a series of tactical ballistic missiles developed by the Soviet Union during the Cold War, and exported widely to other countries. The term comes from the NATO reporting name SS-1 Scud which was attached to the missile by Western intelligence agencies... -B |
SSMs | 7 | USSR | ||
| 9K132 | Portable single-tube launcher | Grad-1P Partisan | 20 | USSR | |
| BM-13 Katyusha | 132 mm multiple rocket launcher | BM-13 Katyusha | 2 | USSR | |
Anti-tank weapons
| Name | Type | Version | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| M40A2 | 106 mm recoilless rifle Recoilless rifle A recoilless rifle or recoilless gun is a lightweight weapon that fires a heavier projectile than would be practical to fire from a recoiling weapon of comparable size. Technically, only devices that use a rifled barrel are recoilless rifles. Smoothbore variants are recoilless guns... |
M40A2 | 36 | United States | |
| Carl Gustav M2 | 84 mm recoilless rifle | Gustav M2 | 6 | Sweden | |
| SPG-9 | 73 mm recoilless rifle | SPG-9 Koype (spear) | 2 | USSR | |
| 9M14 Malyutka SACLOS | Anti-tank guided weapon Anti-tank guided missile An anti-tank missile , anti-tank guided missile , anti-tank guided weapon or anti-armor guided weapon is a guided missile primarily designed to hit and destroy heavily-armored military vehicles.... |
AT-3 Sagger B | 2000 missiles | USSR | |
| Kornet | Anti-tank guided weapon | Kornet-E | 288 missiles | Russia | |
| Spike Spike (missile) Spike is a fourth generation man-portable fire-and-forget anti-tank guided missile with tandem-charged HEAT warhead, developed and designed by the Israeli company Rafael Advanced Defense Systems and in service with a number of nations.... |
Anti-tank guided weapon | MR LR |
516 missiles | Israel | |
Air-defense systems
| Name | Type | Version | Quantity | Origin | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ZSU-23-4 Shilka | 23 mm self-propelled anti-aircraft gun | 36 | Russia | ||
| ZU-23-2 ZU-23-2 The ZU-23-2, also known as ZU-23, is a Soviet towed 23 mm anti-aircraft twin-barreled autocannon. ZU stands for Zenitnaya Ustanovka - anti-aircraft mount.-Development history:... |
23mm towed anti-aircraft twin autocannon | 80 | USSR | ||
| Bofors 40 mm | Anti-aircraft autocannon | L/60 40 | 28 | Sweden | |
| 9K38 Igla | MANPADS | SA-18 Grouse SA-16 Gimlet |
200 missiles | Russia | |
| QW-1 Vanguard QW-1 Vanguard The People's Republic of China developed QW-1 Vanguard is an all-aspect man-portable surface to air missile, from which a series of missiles were developed.-QW-1:... |
MANPADS | CPMIEC QW-18 QW-1 Vanguard The People's Republic of China developed QW-1 Vanguard is an all-aspect man-portable surface to air missile, from which a series of missiles were developed.-QW-1:... |
18 | China | |
| S-125 Neva/Pechora | SAM Surface-to-air missile A surface-to-air missile or ground-to-air missile is a missile designed to be launched from the ground to destroy aircraft or other missiles... |
17 | Russia | ||
Peruvian Army aviation
The Peruvian army aviation (Aviación del Ejército Peruano) was formed in 1971 to support army ground units. A large number of MI-8 Hip Cs were purchased in the mid 1970's to provide an airborne assault assets. This led to the purchase of the MI-17 which now makes up much of the army transport fleet. A number of Aerospatiale SA 315Bs are used for training purposes, also used in the training role are nine Enstrom F28F Falcons that were received in 1992. The mainstay of long range army logistics are three AN-32s acquired in 1994.Aircraft Inventory
| Aircraft | Origin | Type | Version | In service | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hawker Beechcraft 1900D | United States | Beechcraft 1900D | 1 | Acquisition 2010 for 1, and the amount was $2,694,000. | |
| Cessna 162 Skycatcher | United States | 162 Skycatcher | 2 | Acquisition 2010 for 2, and the amount was $295,000. | |
| Enstrom F-28 Enstrom F-28 |-See also:-References:*-External links:* *... |
United States | Training helicopter | Enstron F-28F Falcon | 7 | Acquisition 2010 for 2, and the amount was $800,000. |
| Cessna 208 Caravan Cessna 208 The Cessna 208 Caravan is a single turboprop engine, fixed-gear short-haul regional airliner and utility aircraft built in the United States by Cessna. The airplane typically seats nine passengers, with a single person crew, although with a FAR Part 23 waiver, it can seat up to fourteen passengers... |
United States | Liaison | 208B Hidro Caravan | 1 | |
| Cessna 303 Crusader | United States | Liaison | T303 Crusader | 2 | |
| Piper PA-31T Piper PA-31T Cheyenne -See also:-References:*Taylor, John W.R. Jane's All The World's Aircraft 1976-77. London:Jane's Yearbooks, 1976, ISBN 0-354-00538-3.-External links:*... |
United States | Liaison | Cheyenne II | 2 | |
| Piper PA-34T Piper PA-34 Seneca The Piper PA-34 Seneca is an American twin-engined light aircraft, produced by Piper Aircraft since 1971 and still in production in 2011.The Seneca is primarily used for personal and business flying.-Development:... |
United States | Liaison | Seneca III | 1 | |
| Ilyushin Il-103 Ilyushin Il-103 |-See also:-References:NotesBibliography* -External links:* .... |
Russia | Trainer | Il-103 | 5 | |
| Antonov An-28 Antonov An-28 |-See also:-External links:**... |
Ukraine | Transport | An-28 | 2 | |
| Antonov An-32 Antonov An-32 The Antonov An-32 is a twin-engined turboprop military transport aircraft.-Design and development:The An-32 is basically a re-engined An-26. The launch customer was the Indian Air Force, which ordered this aircraft partly due to good relations between then USSR leader Leonid Brezhnev and then... |
Ukraine | Transport | An-32B | 2 | |
| Beechcraft Super King Air Beechcraft Super King Air The Beechcraft Super King Air family is part of a line of twin-turboprop aircraft produced by the Beech Aircraft Corporation . The King Air line comprises a number of model series that fall into two families: the Model 90 series, Model 100 series , Model 200 series and Model 300 series... |
United States | VIP transport | B300 | 1 | |
| Agusta A109 Agusta A109 The AgustaWestland AW109 is a light-weight, twin-engine, eight-seat multi-purpose helicopter built by the Anglo-Italian manufacturer AgustaWestland... |
Italy | Light attack helicopter | A-109K | 5 | In storage |
| Mil Mi-2 Mil Mi-2 The Mil Mi-2 is a small, lightly armored transport helicopter that could also provide close air support when armed with 57 mm rockets and a 23 mm cannon.-Design and development:... |
Poland | Training helicopter | Mi-2 | 6 | |
| Mil Mi-17 Mil Mi-17 The Mil Mi-17 is a Russian helicopter currently in production at two factories in Kazan and Ulan-Ude... |
Russia | Transport helicopter | Mi-17 | 23 | |
| Mil Mi-26 Mil Mi-26 The Mil Mi-26 is a Soviet/Russian heavy transport helicopter. In service with civilian and military operators, it is the largest and most powerful helicopter ever to have gone into production.-Design and development:... |
Russia | Heavy transport helicopter | Mi-26 | 3 | 2 in storage |
Heroes and Patrons
- Patron of the Army: Francisco Bolognesi CervantesFrancisco BolognesiFrancisco Bolognesi Cervantes was a Peruvian military hero. He is considered national hero in Peru and was declared patron of the Army of Peru by the government of Peru on January 2 of 1951.- Early life and education :...
- Patron of the Infantry branch: Andrés A. Cáceres DorregarayAndrés Avelino CáceresAndrés Avelino Cáceres Dorregaray was three times President of Peru during the 19th century, from 1884 to 1885, then from 1886 to 1890, and again from 1894 to 1895...
- Patron of the Cavalry branch: Ramón Castilla y MarquezadoRamón CastillaRamón Castilla y Marquesado was a Peruvian caudillo and President of Peru four times. His earliest prominent appearance in Peruvian history began with his participation in a commanding role of the army of the Libertadores that helped Peru become an independent nation...
- Patron of the Artillery branch: José Joaquín Inclán Gonzáles Vigil
- Patron of the Engineering branch: Pedro Ruiz Gallo
- Patron of the Communications branch: José OlayaJosé OlayaJosé Silverio Olaya Balandra was a Peruvian cultural figure and fighter for the independence. He is remembered for the enunciation of his clear political position towards independence with his declaration "If I have a thousands lives, I would give them very glad before reject my country..."-...
- Patron of the Legal Service: Mariano MelgarMariano MelgarMariano Melgar was a Peruvian patriot, poet, artist, and warrior for the cause of independence from Spain. As a poet, Melgar became one of the most prominent romantic poets of Peru in the 19th century history, best known for his famous poetic love songs known as yaravíes...
- Patron of the Health Service: José Casimiro Ulloa Bucello
- Patron of the War Material Service: Leoncio Prado Gutiérrez
- Patron of the Intendancy Service: Pedro Muñiz Sevilla
Anthem of the Army
Spanish lyrics
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English translation
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Sources
Basadre, Jorge, Historia de la República del Perú. Editorial Universitaria, 1983. Cobas, Efraín, Las Fuerzas Armadas Peruanas en el Siglo XXI. CESLA, 2003.- Cruz, César, "Latin America Air Forces Survey - Peru". Air Forces Monthly 220: 77-78 (July 2006).
- International Institute for Strategic Studies, The Military Balance 2000-2001. IISS, 2000. Mejía, Lewis and César Cruz, "La Aviación del Ejército del Perú".
Defensa 290: 42-48 (June 2002). Ministerio de Defensa del Perú, Libro blanco de la defensa nacional.
http://www.mindef.gob.pe/lb_2005/index.htm Rial, Juan, Los militares tras el fin del régimen de Fujimori-Montesinos.
http://www.resdal.org/art-rial.htm Tecnología Militar, N°1/2006 ISSN 0 722-2904 Marchessini, Alejo, "Plan Bolognesi: Actualidad y Futuro del Ejército del Peru". Defensa 347 (March 2007). - Aircraft information files Brightstar publishing File 344 sheet 4
See also
- Cenepa WarCenepa WarThe Cenepa War , also known as the Alto Cenepa War, was a brief and localized military conflict between Ecuador and Peru, fought over control of a disputed area on the border between the two countries...
- Ecuadorian-Peruvian warEcuadorian-Peruvian warThe Ecuadorian–Peruvian War was a border war fought between July 5, 1941 and July 31, 1941, the first of three military conflicts that occurred between these two South American nations during the 20th century....
- Paquisha WarPaquisha WarThe Paquisha War was a brief military clash that took place between January and February 1981 between Ecuador and Peru over the control of three watchposts. While Peru felt that the matter was already decided in the Ecuadorian-Peruvian War of 1941, Ecuador did not agree with the Rio de Janeiro...
- War of the PacificWar of the PacificThe War of the Pacific took place in western South America from 1879 through 1883. Chile fought against Bolivia and Peru. Despite cooperation among the three nations in the war against Spain, disputes soon arose over the mineral-rich Peruvian provinces of Tarapaca, Tacna, and Arica, and the...