Plasmodiidae
Encyclopedia
The Plasmodiidae are a family
of apicomplexa
n parasites, including the type genus
Plasmodium
, which is responsible for malaria
. This genus was created in 1903 by Mesnil.
They are one of the four families in the order
Haemosporida.
The Haemoproteidae and the Plasmodiidae both produce pigment. These families have been placed in the order Laveraniina.
Neither the Haemoproteidae or the Leucocytozoidae have an asexual cycle in the peripheral blood.
The Garniidae do not produce pigment but do have an asexual cycle in the blood.
Family Haemoproteidae
Family Leucocytozoidae
Family Plasmodiidae
Genera:
The hameogregarines:
Cyrilia
Desseria
Hepatozoon
Hemogregarina
Hemolivia
Karyolysus
Others:
Chelonplasma
Pirhemocyton
Sauroplasma
Serpentoplasma
Dactylosomatids
Family
In human context, a family is a group of people affiliated by consanguinity, affinity, or co-residence. In most societies it is the principal institution for the socialization of children...
of apicomplexa
Apicomplexa
The Apicomplexa are a large group of protists, most of which possess a unique organelle called apicoplast and an apical complex structure involved in penetrating a host's cell. They are unicellular, spore-forming, and exclusively parasites of animals. Motile structures such as flagella or...
n parasites, including the type genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Plasmodium
Plasmodium
Plasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...
, which is responsible for malaria
Malaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
. This genus was created in 1903 by Mesnil.
They are one of the four families in the order
Order (biology)
In scientific classification used in biology, the order is# a taxonomic rank used in the classification of organisms. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, with order fitting in between class and family...
Haemosporida.
Diagnostic criteria
The diagnostic criteria of the Plasmodiidae are:- macrogametes and microgamonts develop independently
- syzygy absent
- microgametocyte produces 8 flagellated microgametes
- zygoteZygoteA zygote , or zygocyte, is the initial cell formed when two gamete cells are joined by means of sexual reproduction. In multicellular organisms, it is the earliest developmental stage of the embryo...
is motile (known as an ookinete) - conoidConoidIn geometry, a conoid is a Catalan surface all of whose rulings intersect a fixed line, called the axis of the conoid. If all its rulings are perpendicular to its axis, then the conoid is called a right conoid....
present in ookinete stage only - sporozoites naked in oocyst (that is without a sporocystSporocystSporocyst is a common name of a lifecycle stage in two unrelated groups of species:*Apicomplexa parasites: see Apicomplexa lifecycle stages*Trematode flatworms: see Trematode lifecycle stages...
) - sporozoites have three walls.
- heteroxenous: merogony and gamogony occur in vertebrateVertebrateVertebrates are animals that are members of the subphylum Vertebrata . Vertebrates are the largest group of chordates, with currently about 58,000 species described. Vertebrates include the jawless fishes, bony fishes, sharks and rays, amphibians, reptiles, mammals, and birds...
host and fertilization and sporogony in definitive host (a blood sucking insectInsectInsects are a class of living creatures within the arthropods that have a chitinous exoskeleton, a three-part body , three pairs of jointed legs, compound eyes, and two antennae...
) - hemozoin pigment is produced
Taxonomy
The order has four families: the Garniidae, the Haemoproteidae, the Leucocytozoidae and the Plasmodiidae.The Haemoproteidae and the Plasmodiidae both produce pigment. These families have been placed in the order Laveraniina.
Neither the Haemoproteidae or the Leucocytozoidae have an asexual cycle in the peripheral blood.
The Garniidae do not produce pigment but do have an asexual cycle in the blood.
Taxa
Family GarniidaeGarniidae
Garniidae is a family of parasitic protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexia.Like many species in the Apicomplexia all species in this family have two hosts in their life cycle – one in a vertebrate and one invertebrate...
- Genus FallisiaFallisiaFallisia is a genus of the family PlasmodiidaeThe genus was created by Lainson, Landau and Shaw in 1974. A revision of the genus Plasmodium by Levine in 1985 considered this subgenus to be a synonom of Plasmodium. The description of a new species Plasmodium siamense by Telford in 1986 lead to a...
Lainson, Landau & Shaw 1974- Subgenus Fallisia
- Subgenus Plasmodioides Gabaldon, Ulloa and Zerpa 1985
- Genus GarniaGarniaGarnia is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.-Description:Ulike members of the Plasmodiidae and Haemoproteidae, species in this genus do not produce pigment when developing in the erythrocytes....
Lainson, Landau and Shaw 1971 - Genus ProgarniaProgarniaProgarnia is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.-Description:Merogony occurs principally in leucocytes and thrombocytes and to a lesser extent in the erythrocytes. No pigment is produced....
Lainson 1995
Family Haemoproteidae
Haemoproteidae
The Haemoproteidae are a family of parasitic protozoa in the phylum Apicomplexia.The species in this family produce pigment and do not have an asexual cycle in the blood.There are three genera in this family...
- Genus HaemocystidiumHaemocystidiumHaemocystidium is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.-History:The genus Haemocystidium was created to give a name to the haemoproteid of a gecko belonging to the genus Hemidactylus in Sri Lanka by Castellani and Willey in 1904...
Castellani and Willey 1904, emend. Telford 1996
- Genus HaemoproteusHaemoproteusHaemoproteus is a genus of protozoa that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: Haima - blood and Proteus - a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name Haemoproteus was first used in the description of Haemoproteus columbae in the...
Kruse 1890- Subgenus Parahaemoproteus Bennett et al 1965
- Subgenus HaemoproteusHaemoproteusHaemoproteus is a genus of protozoa that are parasitic in birds, reptiles and amphibians. Its name is derived from Greek: Haima - blood and Proteus - a sea god who had the power of assuming different shapes. The name Haemoproteus was first used in the description of Haemoproteus columbae in the...
- Genus PaleohaemoproteusPaleohaemoproteusPaleohaemoproteus is an extinct genus of Haemoproteus like organisms.The type species and only known example is that of an isolate found in the abdominal cavity of a female biting midge trapped 100 million years ago in amber found in Myanmar....
Poinar and Telford 2005
Family Leucocytozoidae
- Genus Leucocytozoon Ziemann 1898 emend. Berestneff 1904, Sambon 1908
- Subgenus Leucocytozoon
- Subgenus AkibaAkibaAkiba may refer to:*Akiba-kei, a Japanese slang term*Tadatoshi Akiba , mayor of Hiroshima* Akiba, a subgenus of protozoa in the genus LeucocytozoonIn entertainment:* Akiba , a 2006 Japanese film...
Family Plasmodiidae
- Genus BioccalaBioccalaBioccala is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.- Host range :The only known host of these parasites is the intermediate roundleaf bat ....
Landau et al 1984 - Genus BiguetiellaBiguetiellaBiguetiella is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.The type species of this genus is Biguetiella minuta.- Description :The genus was described by Landau et al. in 1984....
Landau et al 1984 - Genus BillbrayaBillbrayaBillbraya is a genus of parasitic protozoa. The genus lies within the phylum Apicomplexia.There is one recognised species in this genus: Billbraya australis.-Description:This genus was described in 1990 by Paperna and Landau...
Paperna and Landau 1990 - Genus DionisiaDionisiaDionisia is a genus of parasitic protozoa belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia.The type species of this genus is Dionisia bunoi.- Description :The genus was described by Landau et al. in 1980....
Landau et al 1980 - Genus HepatocystisHepatocystisHepatocystis is a genus of parasitic protozoa transmitted by midges of the Culicoides genus. Hosts include Old World primates, bats, hippopotamus and squirrels. This genus is not found in the New World...
Miller 1908 - Genus MesniliumMesniliumMesnilium is a genus of parasitic protozoa of belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia. Its vertebrate hosts are fish. The vectors are not presently known but are thought likely to be leeches.-Description:...
Misra, Haldar and Chakravarty 1972 - Genus NycteriaNycteriaNycteria is a genus of parasitic protozoa of belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia. Its vertebrate hosts are bats. The vectors are not presently known.-Description:Schizonts are found in liver parenchymal cells...
Garnham and Heisch 1953
- Genus PlasmodiumPlasmodiumPlasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...
Marchiafava and Celli 1885- Subgenus AsiamoebaAsiamoebaAsiamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created by Telford in 1988. Species in this subgenus infect lizards.- Diagnostic features :...
Telford 1988 - Subgenus BennettiniaBennettiniaBennettinia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1997 by Valkiunas. Species in this subgenus infect birds.- Diagnostic features :...
Valkiūnas 1997 - Subgenus CarinamoebaCarinamoebaCarinamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. Species in this subgenus infect reptiles.- Diagnostic features :...
Garnham 1966 - Subgenus GiovannolaiaGiovannolaiaGiovanolaia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium created by Corradetti et al. in 1963. The parasites within this subgenus infect birds.- Diagnostic features :Species in the subgenus Giovanolaia have the following characteristics:...
Corradetti, Garnham & Laird 1963 - Subgenus HaemamoebaHaemamoebaHaemamoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1963 by created by Corradetti et al....
Grassi & Feletti 1890 - Subgenus HuffiaHuffiaHuffia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasitic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1963 by Corradetti et al....
Garnham & Laird 1963 - Subgenus LacertaemobaLacertaemobaLacertaemoba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parasitic protozoa. All species in this subgenus infect reptiles.This subgenus was created by Telford to refine the classification of species then given as Plasmodium tropiduri...
Telford 1988 - Subgenus LaveraniaLaveraniaLaverania is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium. The subgenus was created in 1958 by Bray.The name was first proposed by Welch in 1897 as a genus name for the group now known as Plasmodium but for a variety of reasons the genus name Plasmodium was preferred.-History:The first non human primate...
Bray 1963 - Subgenus NovyellaNovyellaNovyella is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1963 by created by Corradetti et al.. Species in this subgenus infect birds...
Corradetti, Garnham & Laird 1963 - Subgenus NyssorhynchusNyssorhynchusNyssorhynchus is an extinct subgenus of the genus Plasmodium.There is one known species in this genus - Plasmodium dominicana. It was identified from Dominican amber....
Poinar 2005 - Subgenus OphidiellaOphidiellaOphidiella is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium created in 1966 by Garnham. .It was created as a subgenus for the then only known species infecting snakes - Plasmodium wenyoni.- Species in this subgenus :Plasmodium pessoai...
Garnham 1966 - Subgenus PlasmodiumPlasmodiumPlasmodium is a genus of parasitic protists. Infection by these organisms is known as malaria. The genus Plasmodium was described in 1885 by Ettore Marchiafava and Angelo Celli. Currently over 200 species of this genus are recognized and new species continue to be described.Of the over 200 known...
Bray 1963 emend. Garnham 1964 - Subgenus ParaplasmodiumParaplasmodiumParaplasmodium is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created by Telford in 1988. Species in this subgenus infect lizards.- Diagnostic features :...
Telford 1988 - Subgenus SauramoebaSauramoebaSauramoeba is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus was created in 1966 by Garnham. Species in this subgenus infect reptiles.- Diagnostic features :...
Garnham 1966 - Subgenus VinckeiaVinckeiaVinckeia is a subgenus of the genus Plasmodium - all of which are parastic protozoa. The subgenus Vinckeia was created by Garnham in 1964 to accommodate the mammalian parasites other than those infecting the primates.- Diagnostic features :...
Garnham 1964
- Subgenus Asiamoeba
- Genus PolychromophilusPolychromophilusPolychromophilus is a genus of protozoa that infects bats. These parasite is transmitted by insect vectors most of whom are presently unknown...
Landau et al 1984 - Genus RayellaRayellaRayella is a genus of parasitic protozoa of belonging to the phylum Apicomplexia. Its vertebrate hosts are flying squirrels. The vectors are not presently known .-Hosts:R. gigantica - spotted giant flying squirrel...
Dasgupta 1967 - Genus SaurocytozoonSaurocytozoonSaurocytozoon is a genus of parasitic protozoa. They infect reptiles and are thought to be transmitted by mosquitoes. Only two species have been described to date. Their relationship with the other members of this order is not presently clear....
Lainson and Shaw 1969
Note
The genus Mesnilium is the only group that infects fish. The genus has a single species and has been reported only once. It may be that this genus has been mistakenly placed in this genus. DNA studies are likely to be needed to clarify this point.Related species
Lankesterellidae- Lainsonia
- LankesterellaLankesterellaLankesterella is a genus of flowering plants from the orchid family, Orchidaceae.- References :*Pridgeon, A.M., Cribb, P.J., Chase, M.A. & Rasmussen, F. eds. . Genera Orchidacearum 1. Oxford Univ. Press....
- SchellackiaSchellackiaSchellackia is a genus of parasitic protozoa within the phylum Apicomplexa. The genus was described in 1919 by Reichenow. Species in this genus infect reptiles and amphibians.The type species is Schellackia bolivari.-Life cycle:...
Genera:
The hameogregarines:
Cyrilia
Cyrilia
Cyrilia is a genus of parasitic protoza in the phylum Apicomplexia. The genus was created by Lainson in 1981. Species in this genus infect fresh water fish and are transmitted by leeches.-Life cycle:...
Desseria
Hepatozoon
Hepatozoon
Hepatozoon is a genus of Apicomplexan protozoa which incorporates over 300 species obligate intraerythrocytic parasites. Species have been described from all groups of tetrapod vertebrates, as well as a wide range of haematophagous arthropods, which serve as both the vectors and definitive hosts of...
Hemogregarina
Hemolivia
Hemolivia
Hemolivia is a genus of the phylum Apicomplexia.-History:This genus was described in 1990 by Petit et al.The type specis is Hemolivia stellata.-Characteristics of the genus:...
Karyolysus
Karyolysus
Karyolysus is a genus of coccidia. With the exception of K. sonomae whose vertebrate host is the yellow legged frog species in this genus only infect lizards of the genus Lacerta.-History:...
Others:
Chelonplasma
Pirhemocyton
Sauroplasma
Sauroplasma
Sauroplasma is a genus of parasitic protozoa of the phylum Apicomplexia.Species in this genus have two hosts in their life cycle: for species in this genus the vertebrate host are lizards...
Serpentoplasma
Dactylosomatids