Plenty Coups
Encyclopedia
Sioux
The Sioux are Native American and First Nations people in North America. The term can refer to any ethnic group within the Great Sioux Nation or any of the nation's many language dialects...
and Cheyenne
Cheyenne
Cheyenne are a Native American people of the Great Plains, who are of the Algonquian language family. The Cheyenne Nation is composed of two united tribes, the Só'taeo'o and the Tsétsêhéstâhese .The Cheyenne are thought to have branched off other tribes of Algonquian stock inhabiting lands...
(who were opposing white settlement of the area) were the traditional enemies of the Crow. Plenty Coups had also experienced a vision when he was very young that non-Native people would ultimately take control of his homeland (Montana
Montana
Montana is a state in the Western United States. The western third of Montana contains numerous mountain ranges. Smaller, "island ranges" are found in the central third of the state, for a total of 77 named ranges of the Rocky Mountains. This geographical fact is reflected in the state's name,...
), so he always felt that cooperation would benefit his people much more than opposition.
One of his famous quotes is: "Education is your greatest weapon. With education you are the white man's equal, without education you are his victim and so shall remain all of your lives. Study, learn, help one another always. Remember there is only poverty and misery in idleness and dreams - but in work there is self respect and independence."
He very much wanted the Crow to continue as a people and their customs and spiritual beliefs to carry on. His efforts on their behalf ensured that this happened and he led his people peacefully into the 20th century.
He was the principal chief of the Mountain Crows, or the Apsáalooke, of the Crow Nation
Crow Nation
The Crow, also called the Absaroka or Apsáalooke, are a Siouan people of Native Americans who historically lived in the Yellowstone River valley, which extends from present-day Wyoming, through Montana and into North Dakota. They now live on a reservation south of Billings, Montana and in several...
.
Early Life: Buffalo Bull Facing The Wind
Plenty Coups was born into the Mountain Crow tribe in 1848 at the-cliffs-that-have-no-name (possibly near Billings, MontanaBillings, Montana
Billings is the largest city in the U.S. state of Montana, and is the principal city of the Billings Metropolitan Area, the largest metropolitan area in over...
), to his father Medicine-Bird and his mother Otter-woman. He was given the birth name Chíilaphuchissaaleesh, or "Buffalo Bull Facing The Wind".
At the time of his birth, the Crow nation's numbers had been decimated by smallpox
Smallpox
Smallpox was an infectious disease unique to humans, caused by either of two virus variants, Variola major and Variola minor. The disease is also known by the Latin names Variola or Variola vera, which is a derivative of the Latin varius, meaning "spotted", or varus, meaning "pimple"...
from contact with white foreigners, reducing their population from between ten and fifteen thousand members down to around one- to two-thousand. Surrounding tribes took advantage of their reduced numbers and were incessantly attacking the Crows, in particular the Sioux
Sioux Tribe of Minnesota
The Shakopee Mdewakanton Sioux Community is a federally recognized Indian tribe formally organized under federal reservation status in 1969. Tribal members are direct lineal descendants of Mdewakanton Dakota people who resided in villages near the banks of the lower Minnesota River...
. Additionally, all Indian nations, including the Crow, were under heavy pressure from foreigners who where exterminating bison and squeezing the various Indian nations together to compete for land and food, which created a peak of inter-tribal warfare at this time. Plenty Coups grew up facing perhaps the most difficult times his people had seen in many years, perhaps their history.
A Change Of Name
In accordance to tradition, as a young man his birth name was changed: his grandfather predicted that he would become chief of the Crow Tribe, live a very long life, and accomplish many great deeds, thus christening him Alaxchiiaahush, meaning "many achievements". Plenty Coups is the English translation of his name, coming from the word coupCounting coup
Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige in battle, rather than having to prove a win by injuring one's opponent. Its earliest known reference is from Shakespeare's "Hamlet" where Laertes and Hamlet conduct a mock swordfight before King Claudius and Queen Gertrude...
, or act of bravery. Over the course of his life, he would live up to his name and his grandfather's predictions.
Visions Of The Future
Early in his life, Plenty Coups started having prophetic dreams and visions. Many seemed so far-fetched that no one believed them, but when they started coming true his fellow tribe members began to revere him and listened to him carefully:After the death of his beloved older brother he was nine years old, he had a vision where one of the Little People of the Pryor Mountains
Little People of the Pryor Mountains
The Little People of the Pryor Mountains are a race of ferocious dwarves in the folklore of the Crow Nation, a Native American tribe...
told him that to develop his senses and his wits, that if he used them well he would become a chief. As he later said, "I had a will and I would use it, make it work for me, as the Dwarf-chief had advised. I became very happy, lying there looking up into the sky. My heart began to sing like a bird, and I went back to the village, needing no man to tell me the meaning of my dream. I took a sweat-bath and rested in my father's lodge. I knew myself now." Later, when he was 11 years old, Plenty Coups (along with other young men of the Crow Nation) was challenged to have a vision which might guide his people's future. After fasting and spending several days in the Crazy Mountains
Crazy Mountains
The Crazy Mountains, often called the Crazies, are a mountain range in the northern Rocky Mountains in the U.S. state of Montana.-Geography:...
, he had a vision where he saw many buffalo coming out of a hole. They spread over the plains, then disappeared. Surreal buffalo with weird tails, different colors (even spots), and odd bellows then came out of the hole and covered the plains. He saw himself as an old man, living near a cold spring in the foothills of the Arrowhead Mountains
Pryor Mountains
The Pryor Mountains are a mountain range in Carbon County, Montana and Big Horn County, Montana. They are located on the Crow Indian Reservation and the Custer National Forest, and portions of them are on private land...
. He also saw a forest, and strong winds blew down the trees in the forest until only one tree was left standing. In it was the home of the chickadee.
His vision was interpreted by tribal elders to mean that the white man would take over the Indian lands and their way of life, like the wind that blew down the trees in the forest—all except one, which represented the Crow people. The Crow tribe would be spared if they could learn how to work with the white man. His spirit guide then became the chickadee, and he would carry a pair of chickadee legs in a medicine bag
Medicine bag
A medicine bag is a traditional North American Indian container for various items of supernatural power. While anyone may have one, usually it would be the medicine man, or shaman, of a tribe who would carry one...
he used for protection and spiritual power. This vision would guide his actions (and that of the Crow People) for the remainder of his life.
Young Warrior
Plenty Coups started learning early in life the ways of an Indian warrior. Constant attacks by neighboring tribes provided many opportunities to prove his valor, and he quickly started earning coups. He spent his youth fighting and learning alongside many other young warriors, including Medicine Crow (Sacred Raven), who would also become a chief along with Plenty Coup. Many times he would cover himself with a gray wolf hide, and sneak alone into an enemy camp and scout about. He would return to his fellow warriors and devise a plan of attack. They would execute the attack, and Plenty Coups would seek to touch an enemy with his coup stickCounting coup
Counting coup refers to the winning of prestige in battle, rather than having to prove a win by injuring one's opponent. Its earliest known reference is from Shakespeare's "Hamlet" where Laertes and Hamlet conduct a mock swordfight before King Claudius and Queen Gertrude...
, or take a weapon or horse, then return without being killed or captured. This was considered a greater act of bravery more than actually killing an enemy.
He soon gained a reputation for being fearless and cunning, like the wolf. He became a member of the elite warriors of his tribe, who stood apart and above the other warriors for their ferocity and bravery. They would do everything backwards, in a fashion that was bizarre to onlookers, which helped create fear in hearts of their enemies because of their reputation.
Young Diplomat
As a young man, Plenty Coups also gained a reputation for being a wise and eloquent speaker. He was often looked to for guidance and advice, and spoke out often during tribal councils regarding their neighboring enemies, and their interaction with the encroaching white population and their government.The Last Great Chief
Plenty Coups was named Chief of the Mountain Crow at age 28. As a young man and chief, he was a fierce and well-respected warrior. He was thought to have between 50-100 feathers on his coup stick, each one representing an act of valor. Many times over, he had accomplished the four requirements for becoming a chief.Warrior: Fighting To Protect A Nation
Plenty Coups became chief of the Crow Tribe in 1876, which is the same year the Battle of the Little BighornBattle of the Little Bighorn
The Battle of the Little Bighorn, also known as Custer's Last Stand and, by the Indians involved, as the Battle of the Greasy Grass, was an armed engagement between combined forces of Lakota, Northern Cheyenne and Arapaho people against the 7th Cavalry Regiment of the United States Army...
took place. Six Crow warriors worked as scouts for General Custer at this time, and were allied with the white man in order to fight their own primary enemies during this period: the Lakota, Sioux and Cheyenne. According to the interpretation of Plenty Coups' vision, cooperating with the white man was the only way to ensure the Crow's future survival in a white man's world.
Diplomat: Speaking To Protect A People
He was selected to represent the Crow in Washington, D.C., where he fought successfully against the U.S. senators' plans to abolish the Crow nation and take away their lands. He made many trips to Washington during those ten years in order protect his people.He was fairly successful in doing so, and managed to keep the Crows' original land (although it amounted to only 80% of what they originally were allotted), despite many foreigners' desire to take the land for gold prospecting and other uses. Many other Native Americans tribes had been relocated to reservations on entirely different land than where they had lived their lives.
Representative: A Native American In Washington
Chief Plenty Coups was selected as the sole representative of Native Americans for the dedication of the Tomb Of The Unknown SoldierTomb of the Unknown Soldier (Philadelphia)
The Tomb of the Unknown Revolutionary War Soldier is a war memorial located in Washington Square in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania...
and gave a short speech in his native tongue in honor of the soldier and the occasion. He placed his war-bonnet and coup stick upon the tomb, and they are preserved in a display case there.
Legacy
When he died in 1932 at age 84, he was considered by his people to be the last of the great chiefs.Fulfillment of a Vision
Many of the predictions of Plenty Coups vision quest came true:- He was married (his wife was Strikes-the-iron), but had no children of his own.
- Bison were almost wholly replaced by cattle.
- White (European) society and government dominated and completely changed Native America.
- Through diplomacy, foresight and strong leadership Plenty Coups was able to preserve the Crow Nation land, people and culture much more than most Native American tribes were able to.
Autobiography
Author Frank Bird LindermanFrank Bird Linderman
Frank Bird Linderman was a Montana writer, politician, Native American ally and ethnographer.-Early life:Linderman was born in Cleveland, Ohio. He was the child of James Bird Linderman and Mary Ann Brannan Linderman. He attended schools in Ohio and Illinois, including Oberlin College, before...
wrote an autobiography with Chief Plenty Coups when Plenty Coups was 80 years old. Linderman would visit Plenty Coups at his home on the Crow Reservation and ask the Chief to recount parts of his life story. Two Crow Indians, Coyote-runs and Braided-scalp-lock, assisted Plenty Coups in recounting his life to Linderman. The resulting book of Plenty Coup's life was published as American: The Life Story of a Great Indian: Plenty-coups, Chief of the Crows (New York: John Day, 1930). In 1962, it was reprinted as simply Plenty-Coups: Chief of the Crows (Bison Books) and is still in print under that title.
Chief Plenty Coups State Park and Home
Inspired by a visit to George WashingtonGeorge Washington
George Washington was the dominant military and political leader of the new United States of America from 1775 to 1799. He led the American victory over Great Britain in the American Revolutionary War as commander-in-chief of the Continental Army from 1775 to 1783, and presided over the writing of...
's Mount Vernon plantation
Mount Vernon (plantation)
Mount Vernon, located near Alexandria, Virginia, was the plantation home of the first President of the United States, George Washington. The mansion is built of wood in neoclassical Georgian architectural style, and the estate is located on the banks of the Potomac River.Mount Vernon was designated...
in Virginia in 1928, four years before his death Chief Plenty Coups donated 195 acre (0.7891377 km²) of his personal land to Big Horn County
Big Horn County, Montana
- National protected areas :* Bighorn Canyon National Recreation Area * Little Bighorn Battlefield National Monument- Economy :Coal Mining and Agriculture both play major roles in Big Horn County’s economy...
to create a park for future generations to enjoy. The log cabin he lived in is there and is part of Chief Plenty Coups State Park. He is buried here and park visitors may visit his grave, along with a visitor's center and museum that has more information about Plenty Coups and his legacy. The whole park was renovated in 2003. The park is located near Pryor, Montana
Pryor, Montana
Pryor is a census-designated place in Big Horn County, Montana, United States. The population was 628 at the 2000 census. The area is named for Nathaniel Hale Pryor, a sergeant in the Lewis and Clark Expedition.-Geography:...
.
Quotations
- "Education is your most powerful weapon. With education, you are the white man's equal; without education, you are his victim, and so shall remain all your lives."
- "The ground on which we stand is sacred ground. It is the blood of our ancestors."
- "I hear the white men say there will be no more war. But this cannot be true. There will be other wars. Men have not changed, and whenever they quarrel they will fight, as they have always done."
Further reading
- A Place Of Peace by Bert Gildart
- Radical Hope. Ethics in the Face of Cultural Devastation, Jonathan Lear, Harvard University Press, 2006, ISBN 0-674-02329-3
Film
- Native Spirit and the Sun Dance Way, DVD documentary about the preservation of the Crow Sun Dance religion with quotes from Plenty Coups, 2007, World WisdomWorld WisdomWorld Wisdom is an independent publishing company established in 1980 in Bloomington, Indiana. World Wisdom publishes religious and philosophical texts, including the work of authors such as Frithjof Schuon, Seyyed Hossein Nasr, Titus Burckhardt, Ananda K...