Procambarus
Encyclopedia
Procambarus is a genus
of crayfish
in the family
Cambaridae
, all native to North
and Central America
. It includes a number of troglobitic
species, and the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs
. Originally described as a subgenus for four species, it now contains 160 species in 16 subgenera.
, but the genus extends as far south as Belize
and Guatemala
, and as far east as Cuba
. Subgenus Ortmannicus is the most widespread, with the range of Procambarus acutus extending as far north as the Great Lakes
and New England
, as well as south into north-eastern Mexico
; the subgenus Girardella also extends from the Great Lakes to Mexico, but is distributed further west than Ortmannicus. Scapulicambarus and Pennides are widespread in the southeastern United States
, where Remoticambarus also lives, further west (Texas
and Louisiana
) than Leconticambarus which is centred on Florida
and neighbouring states. The subgenus Austrocambarus has the most southerly distribution, being found in Cuba
and parts of Central America
from Mexico
to Belize
. The other subgenera are more restricted in their distributions, including three endemic to central Mexico, and six endemic to small areas in the United States.
Many species of Procambarus have been introduced to other continents, where they are frequently categorized as invasive species
.
, living in cave
s, particularly in karst
ic areas. These include both species in subgenus Lonnbergius (Procambarus acherontis and Procambarus morrisi) and the single species in the subgenus Remoticambarus, Procambarus pecki.
in 1905 as a subgenus
of a wider genus Cambarus
, and originally contained only four species (Procambarus williamsoni, Procambraus diguieti, Procambraus mexicanus and Procambraus cubensis). The subgenus was elevated in 1942 to the taxonomic rank
of genus
by Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.
, who later erected most of the subgenera now recognised within the genus, in his 1972 monograph
The subgenera of the crayfish genus Procambarus (Decapoda: Astacidae).
Austrocambarus Hobbs, 1972
Capillicambarus Hobbs, 1972
Girardiella Lyle, 1938
Hagenides Hobbs, 1972
Leconticambarus Hobbs, 1972
Lonnbergius Hobbs, 1972
Mexicambarus Hobbs, 1972
Ortmannicus Fowler, 1912
Paracambarus Ortmann, 1906
Pennides Hobbs, 1972
Procambarus Ortmann, 1905
Remoticambarus Hobbs, 1972
Scapulicambarus Hobbs, 1972
Tenuicambarus Hobbs, 1972
Villalobosus Hobbs, 1972
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of crayfish
Crayfish
Crayfish, crawfish, or crawdads – members of the superfamilies Astacoidea and Parastacoidea – are freshwater crustaceans resembling small lobsters, to which they are related...
in the family
Family (biology)
In biological classification, family is* a taxonomic rank. Other well-known ranks are life, domain, kingdom, phylum, class, order, genus, and species, with family fitting between order and genus. As for the other well-known ranks, there is the option of an immediately lower rank, indicated by the...
Cambaridae
Cambaridae
Cambaridae is the largest of the three families of freshwater crayfish, with over 400 species. Most of the species in the family are native to North America east of the Great Divide, such as the invasive species Procambarus clarkii and Orconectes rusticus, with fewer species living in East Asia and...
, all native to North
North America
North America is a continent wholly within the Northern Hemisphere and almost wholly within the Western Hemisphere. It is also considered a northern subcontinent of the Americas...
and Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
. It includes a number of troglobitic
Troglobite
Troglobites are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglobite species include spiders, insects, fish and others. They live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglobite adaptations and characteristics include a heightened...
species, and the parthenogenetic Marmorkrebs
Marmorkrebs
', or marbled crayfish, are parthenogenetic crayfish that were discovered in the pet trade in Germany in the 1990s. are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax. Procambarus fallax is widely distributed across Florida, but there are no known natural populations of Marmorkrebs...
. Originally described as a subgenus for four species, it now contains 160 species in 16 subgenera.
Biogeography
The majority of the diversity is found in the south-eastern United StatesUnited States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, but the genus extends as far south as Belize
Belize
Belize is a constitutional monarchy and the northernmost country in Central America. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Even though Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official...
and Guatemala
Guatemala
Guatemala is a country in Central America bordered by Mexico to the north and west, the Pacific Ocean to the southwest, Belize to the northeast, the Caribbean to the east, and Honduras and El Salvador to the southeast...
, and as far east as Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
. Subgenus Ortmannicus is the most widespread, with the range of Procambarus acutus extending as far north as the Great Lakes
Great Lakes
The Great Lakes are a collection of freshwater lakes located in northeastern North America, on the Canada – United States border. Consisting of Lakes Superior, Michigan, Huron, Erie, and Ontario, they form the largest group of freshwater lakes on Earth by total surface, coming in second by volume...
and New England
New England
New England is a region in the northeastern corner of the United States consisting of the six states of Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut...
, as well as south into north-eastern Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
; the subgenus Girardella also extends from the Great Lakes to Mexico, but is distributed further west than Ortmannicus. Scapulicambarus and Pennides are widespread in the southeastern United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, where Remoticambarus also lives, further west (Texas
Texas
Texas is the second largest U.S. state by both area and population, and the largest state by area in the contiguous United States.The name, based on the Caddo word "Tejas" meaning "friends" or "allies", was applied by the Spanish to the Caddo themselves and to the region of their settlement in...
and Louisiana
Louisiana
Louisiana is a state located in the southern region of the United States of America. Its capital is Baton Rouge and largest city is New Orleans. Louisiana is the only state in the U.S. with political subdivisions termed parishes, which are local governments equivalent to counties...
) than Leconticambarus which is centred on Florida
Florida
Florida is a state in the southeastern United States, located on the nation's Atlantic and Gulf coasts. It is bordered to the west by the Gulf of Mexico, to the north by Alabama and Georgia and to the east by the Atlantic Ocean. With a population of 18,801,310 as measured by the 2010 census, it...
and neighbouring states. The subgenus Austrocambarus has the most southerly distribution, being found in Cuba
Cuba
The Republic of Cuba is an island nation in the Caribbean. The nation of Cuba consists of the main island of Cuba, the Isla de la Juventud, and several archipelagos. Havana is the largest city in Cuba and the country's capital. Santiago de Cuba is the second largest city...
and parts of Central America
Central America
Central America is the central geographic region of the Americas. It is the southernmost, isthmian portion of the North American continent, which connects with South America on the southeast. When considered part of the unified continental model, it is considered a subcontinent...
from Mexico
Mexico
The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of...
to Belize
Belize
Belize is a constitutional monarchy and the northernmost country in Central America. Belize has a diverse society, comprising many cultures and languages. Even though Kriol and Spanish are spoken among the population, Belize is the only country in Central America where English is the official...
. The other subgenera are more restricted in their distributions, including three endemic to central Mexico, and six endemic to small areas in the United States.
Many species of Procambarus have been introduced to other continents, where they are frequently categorized as invasive species
Invasive species
"Invasive species", or invasive exotics, is a nomenclature term and categorization phrase used for flora and fauna, and for specific restoration-preservation processes in native habitats, with several definitions....
.
Description
Procambarus can be distinguished from other genera of crayfish by the form of the first pleopod in males, which typically has three or more processes at the tip, compared to two or fewer in Orconectes and Cambarus.Ecology
A number of Procambarus species are troglobiticTroglobite
Troglobites are small cave-dwelling animals that have adapted to their dark surroundings. Troglobite species include spiders, insects, fish and others. They live permanently underground and cannot survive outside the cave environment. Troglobite adaptations and characteristics include a heightened...
, living in cave
Cave
A cave or cavern is a natural underground space large enough for a human to enter. The term applies to natural cavities some part of which is in total darkness. The word cave also includes smaller spaces like rock shelters, sea caves, and grottos.Speleology is the science of exploration and study...
s, particularly in karst
KARST
Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope is a Chinese telescope project to which FAST is a forerunner. KARST is a set of large spherical reflectors on karst landforms, which are bowlshaped limestone sinkholes named after the Kras region in Slovenia and Northern Italy. It will consist of...
ic areas. These include both species in subgenus Lonnbergius (Procambarus acherontis and Procambarus morrisi) and the single species in the subgenus Remoticambarus, Procambarus pecki.
Taxonomy
Procambarus was originally described by Arnold Edward OrtmannArnold Edward Ortmann
Arnold Edward Ortmann was a naturalist, and zoologist who specialized in malacology.- Biography :Ortmann was born in Magdeburg, Prussia. A student of Ernst Haeckel, he was graduated from the University of Jena in 1885 with a Ph.D. From 1886 on, he worked as an instructor at the University of...
in 1905 as a subgenus
Subgenus
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.In zoology, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the Tiger Cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, which...
of a wider genus Cambarus
Cambarus
Cambarus is a large and diverse genus of North American crayfish. The adults range in size from about up to approximately .-Classification:...
, and originally contained only four species (Procambarus williamsoni, Procambraus diguieti, Procambraus mexicanus and Procambraus cubensis). The subgenus was elevated in 1942 to the taxonomic rank
Taxonomic rank
In biological classification, rank is the level in a taxonomic hierarchy. Examples of taxonomic ranks are species, genus, family, and class. Each rank subsumes under it a number of less general categories...
of genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
by Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.
Horton H. Hobbs, Jr.
Horton Holcombe Hobbs, Jr. was an American taxonomist and carcinologist, specialising in freshwater decapods. He was also a capable artist, musician, cook and botanist....
, who later erected most of the subgenera now recognised within the genus, in his 1972 monograph
Monograph
A monograph is a work of writing upon a single subject, usually by a single author.It is often a scholarly essay or learned treatise, and may be released in the manner of a book or journal article. It is by definition a single document that forms a complete text in itself...
The subgenera of the crayfish genus Procambarus (Decapoda: Astacidae).
Subgenera and species
Acucauda Hobbs, 1972- Procambarus fitzpatricki Hobbs, 1972
Austrocambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus acanthophorus Villalobos, 1948
- Procambarus atkinsoni (Ortmann, 1913)
- Procambarus catemacoensis Rojas, Alvarez & Villalobos, 2000
- Procambarus citlaltepetl Rojas, Alvarez & Villalobos, 1999
- Procambarus cubensis (Erichson, 1846)
- Procambarus llamasi Villalobos, 1954
- Procambarus mexicanus (Erichson, 1846)
- Procambarus mirandai Villalobos, 1954
- Procambarus niveus Hobbs & Villalobos, 1964
- Procambarus oaxacae Hobbs, 1973
- Procambarus olmecorum Hobbs, 1987
- Procambarus pilosimanus (Ortmann, 1906)
- Procambarus primaevus (Packard, 1880)
- Procambarus rodriguezi Hobbs, 1943
- Procambarus ruthveni Pearse, 1911
- Procambarus sbordonii Hobbs, 1977
- Procambarus vasquezae Villalobos, 1954
- Procambarus veracruzanus Villalobos, 1954
- Procambarus williamsoni (Ortmann, 1905)
- Procambarus zapoapensis Villalobos, 1954
Capillicambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus brazoriensis Albaugh, 1975
- Procambarus hinei (Ortmann, 1905)
- Procambarus incilis Pennington, 1962
Girardiella Lyle, 1938
- Procambarus barbiger Fitzpatrick, 1978
- Procambarus ceruleus Fitzpatrick & Wicksten, 1998
- Procambarus cometes Fitzpatrick, 1978
- Procambarus connus Fitzpatrick, 1978
- Procambarus curdi Reimer, 1975
- Procambarus ferrugineus Hobbs & Robison, 1988
- Procambarus gracilis (Bundy, 1876)
- Procambarus hagenianus (Faxon, 1884)
- Procambarus kensleyi Hobbs, Jr., 1990
- Procambarus liberorumProcambarus liberorumProcambarus liberorum is a species of crayfish endemic to Arkansas and Oklahoma.-Distribution:In Arkansas, P. liberorum is found in the Boston Mountains, Ouachita Mountains, and Arkansas Valley, as far east as Lonoke County...
Fitzpatrick, 1978 - Procambarus nigrocinctus Hobbs, Jr., 1990
- Procambarus parasimulans Hobbs & Robison, 1982
- Procambarus pogum Fitzpatrick, 1978
- Procambarus regalis Hobbs & Robison, 1988
- Procambarus regiomontanus Villalobos, 1954
- Procambarus reimeriProcambarus reimeriProcambarus reimeri is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the Upper Irons Fork of the Ouachita River basin in Polk County, Arkansas....
Hobbs, 1979 - Procambarus simulans (Faxon, 1884)
- Procambarus steigmani Hobbs, Jr., 1991
- Procambarus tulanei Penn, 1953
Hagenides Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus advena (LeConte, 1856)
- Procambarus caritus Hobbs, 1981
- Procambarus geodytes Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus pygmaeus Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus rogersi (Hobbs, 1938)
- Procambarus talpoides Hobbs, 1981
- Procambarus truculentus Hobbs, 1954
Leconticambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus alleniProcambarus alleniProcambarus alleni is a species of freshwater crayfish endemic to Florida. Its natural range is the area east of St. Johns River and all of Florida from Levy County and Marion County southwards, as well as on some of the Florida Keys. It is widely sold in the aquarium trade under a variety of...
(Faxon, 1884) - Procambarus apalachicolae Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus barbatus (Faxon, 1890)
- Procambarus capillatus Hobbs, 1971
- Procambarus econfinae Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus escambiensis Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus hubbelli (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus kilbyi (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus latipleurumProcambarus latipleurumProcambarus latipleurum is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Gulf County, Florida, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List....
Hobbs, 1942 - Procambarus milleri Hobbs, 1971
- Procambarus pubischelae Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus rathbunaeProcambarus rathbunaeProcambarus rathbunae is a species of crayfish in family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Okaloosa County and Walton County, Florida, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List....
(Hobbs, 1940) - Procambarus shermani Hobbs, 1942
Lonnbergius Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus acherontis (Lönnberg, 1894)
- Procambarus morrisi Hobbs, Jr. & Franz, 1991
Mexicambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus bouvieri (Ortmann, 1909)
Ortmannicus Fowler, 1912
- Procambarus acutissimus (Girard, 1852)
- Procambarus acutus (Girard, 1852)
- Procambarus ancylus Hobbs, 1958
- Procambarus angustatus (LeConte, 1856)
- Procambarus attiguus Hobbs, Jr. & Franz, 1992
- Procambarus bivittatus Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus blandingii (Harlan, 1830)
- Procambarus braswelli J. E. Cooper, 1998
- Procambarus caballeroi Villalobos, 1944
- Procambarus chacei Hobbs, 1958
- Procambarus delicatus Hobbs & Franz, 1986
- Procambarus enoplosternum Hobbs, 1947
- Procambarus epicyrtus Hobbs, 1958
- Procambarus erythrops Relyea & Sutton, 1975
- Procambarus evermanni (Faxon, 1890)
- Procambarus fallax (Hagen, 1870)
- Procambarus fallax form virginalis (Hagen, 1870) a.k.a. MarmorkrebsMarmorkrebs', or marbled crayfish, are parthenogenetic crayfish that were discovered in the pet trade in Germany in the 1990s. are closely related to the "slough crayfish", Procambarus fallax. Procambarus fallax is widely distributed across Florida, but there are no known natural populations of Marmorkrebs...
- Procambarus fallax form virginalis (Hagen, 1870) a.k.a. Marmorkrebs
- Procambarus franzi Hobbs & Lee, 1976
- Procambarus geminus Hobbs, 1975
- Procambarus gonopodocristatus Villalobos, 1958
- Procambarus hayi (Faxon, 1884)
- Procambarus hirsutus Hobbs, 1958
- Procambarus horsti Hobbs & Means, 1972
- Procambarus hybus Hobbs & Walton, 1957
- Procambarus jaculus Hobbs & Walton, 1957
- Procambarus lecontei (Hagen, 1870)
- Procambarus leitheuseri Franz & Hobbs, 1983
- Procambarus leonensis Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus lepidodactylus Hobbs, 1947
- Procambarus lewisi Hobbs & Walton, 1959
- Procambarus litosternum Hobbs, 1947
- Procambarus lophotus Hobbs & Walton, 1960
- Procambarus lucifugus (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus lunzi (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus mancus Hobbs & Walton, 1957
- Procambarus marthae Hobbs, 1975
- Procambarus medialis Hobbs, 1975
- Procambarus nechesae Hobbs, Jr., 1990
- Procambarus nueces Hobbs, Jr. & Hobbs III, 1995
- Procambarus orcinus Hobbs & Means, 1972
- Procambarus pallidus (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus pearsei (Creaser, 1934)
- Procambarus pictus (Hobbs, 1940)
- Procambarus planirostris Penn, 1953
- Procambarus plumimanusProcambarus plumimanusProcambarus plumimanus is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to North Carolina, and is listed as a species of Least Concern on the IUCN Red List....
Hobbs & Walton, 1958 - Procambarus pubescens (Faxon, 1884)
- Procambarus pycnogonopodus Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus seminolae Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus texanus Hobbs, 1971
- Procambarus toltecae Hobbs, 1943
- Procambarus verrucosus Hobbs, 1952
- Procambarus viaeviridis (Faxon, 1914)
- Procambarus villalobosi Hobbs, 1969
- Procambarus xilitlae Hobbs & Grubbs, 1982
- Procambarus youngi Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus zonangulus Hobbs, Jr. & Hobbs III, 1990
Paracambarus Ortmann, 1906
- Procambarus ortmannii Villalobos, 1949
- Procambarus paradoxus (Ortmann, 1906)
Pennides Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus ablusus Penn, 1963
- Procambarus clemmeri Hobbs, 1975
- Procambarus dupratzi Penn, 1953
- Procambarus echinatus Hobbs, 1956
- Procambarus elegans Hobbs, 1969
- Procambarus gibbusProcambarus gibbusProcambarus gibbus is a species of crayfish in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to the Flint River drainage in the U.S. state of Georgia, and is listed as Data Deficient on the IUCN Red List....
Hobbs, 1969 - Procambarus lagniappe Black, 1968
- Procambarus lylei Fitzpatrick & Hobbs, 1971
- Procambarus natchitochae Penn, 1953
- Procambarus ouachitae Penn, 1956
- Procambarus penni Hobbs, 1951
- Procambarus petersi Hobbs, 1981
- Procambarus raneyi Hobbs, 1953
- Procambarus roberti Villalobos & Hobbs, 1974
- Procambarus spiculifer (LeConte, 1856)
- Procambarus suttkusi Hobbs, 1953
- Procambarus versutus (Hagen, 1870)
- Procambarus vioscai Penn, 1946
Procambarus Ortmann, 1905
- Procambarus diguetiProcambarus diguetiProcambarus digueti is a species of crayfish in the genus Procambarus in the family Cambaridae. It is endemic to Central America. P. digueti is the only species in the subgenus Procambarus....
(Bouvier, 1897)
Remoticambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus pecki Hobbs, 1967
Scapulicambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus clarkiiProcambarus clarkiiProcambarus clarkii is a freshwater crayfish species, native to the Southeastern United States, but found also on other continents, where it is often an invasive pest. It is known variously as the red swamp crawfish, red swamp crayfish, Louisiana crawfish, Louisiana crayfish or mudbug.-Range and...
(Girard, 1852) - Procambarus howellae Hobbs, 1952
- Procambarus okaloosae Hobbs, 1942
- Procambarus paeninsulanus (Faxon, 1914)
- Procambarus strenthi Hobbs, 1977
- Procambarus troglodytes (LeConte, 1856)
Tenuicambarus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus tenuisProcambarus tenuisProcambarus tenuis is a species of crayfish in the genus Procambarus in the family Cambaridae. It is the only species in the subgenus Procambarus . P. tenuis is rare throughout its range, which is restricted to the Ouachita Mountains of Le Flore County, Oklahoma and Polk County, Arkansas.-References:...
Hobbs, 1950
Villalobosus Hobbs, 1972
- Procambarus contrerasi (Creaser, 1931)
- Procambarus cuetzalanae Hobbs, 1982
- Procambarus erichsoni Villalobos, 1950
- Procambarus hoffmanni (Villalobos, 1944)
- Procambarus hortonhobbsi Villalobos, 1950
- Procambarus riojai (Villalobos, 1944)
- Procambarus teziutlanensis (Villalobos, 1947)
- Procambarus tlapacoyanensis (Villalobos, 1947)
- Procambarus xochitlanae Hobbs, 1975
- Procambarus zihuateutlensis Villalobos, 1950