A pub crawl is the act of one or more people drinking

Alcoholic beverage

An alcoholic beverage is a drink containing ethanol, commonly known as alcohol. Alcoholic beverages are divided into three general classes: beers, wines, and spirits. They are legally consumed in most countries, and over 100 countries have laws regulating their production, sale, and consumption...

 in multiple pub

Public house

A public house, informally known as a pub, is a drinking establishment fundamental to the culture of Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. There are approximately 53,500 public houses in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller...

s or bar

Bar (establishment)

A bar is a business establishment that serves alcoholic drinks — beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails — for consumption on the premises.Bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bars have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go...

s in a single night, normally walking

Walking

Walking is one of the main gaits of locomotion among legged animals, and is typically slower than running and other gaits. Walking is defined by an 'inverted pendulum' gait in which the body vaults over the stiff limb or limbs with each step...

 or busing to each one between drinking.

Origin of the term

According to the Oxford English Dictionary

Oxford English Dictionary

The Oxford English Dictionary , published by the Oxford University Press, is the self-styled premier dictionary of the English language. Two fully bound print editions of the OED have been published under its current name, in 1928 and 1989. The first edition was published in twelve volumes , and...

, the term (including variations such as "gin crawl" and "beer crawl" and "bohemian death march") has been in use since the late 19th century.

The New Partridge Dictionary of Slang and Unconventional English defines 'pub crawl' as both a noun and a verb, with the noun (dating from 1915) being defined as "a drinking session that moves from one licensed premises to the next, and so on", and the verb (1937) meaning "to move in a group from one drinking establishment to the next, drinking at each." The term is a combination of "pub (a public house

Public house

A public house, informally known as a pub, is a drinking establishment fundamental to the culture of Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. There are approximately 53,500 public houses in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller...

, licensed for the sale of alcohol) and a less-and-less figurative sense of crawl".

Details

The city that holds the Guinness World Record for the largest pub crawl is Maryborough, Queensland

Maryborough, Queensland

Maryborough is a city located on the Mary River in South East Queensland, Australia, approximately north of the state capital, Brisbane. The city is serviced by the Bruce Highway, and has a population of approximately 22,000 . It is closely tied to its neighbour city Hervey Bay which is...

, Australia (4718 people) for the World's Greatest Pub Crawl held in June 2009. The city has broken the record each year since it started the pub crawl, now known as the World's Greatest Pub Fest, in 2005.

Many European cities have public pub crawls that act as social gatherings for the local expatriate communities and tourists. These crawls focus on the social aspect of meeting new friends and being introduced to new bars in a strange city.

In the UK, pub crawls are generally unstructured and spontaneous nights-out, in which the participants arrange to meet in a particular location and decide over drinks on where to drink next. Structured routes with regular stops are rare. Most drinking sessions based around a special occasion such as a birthday or a leaving celebration will involve a pub-crawl, often with the group splitting up but agreeing on meeting at the next location. It is a common sight in UK towns to see several groups orbiting the various drinking locations with little apparent coherence or structure.

World's biggest pub crawl

The World's Greatest Pub Fest, held annually in Maryborough, Queensland

Maryborough, Queensland

Maryborough is a city located on the Mary River in South East Queensland, Australia, approximately north of the state capital, Brisbane. The city is serviced by the Bruce Highway, and has a population of approximately 22,000 . It is closely tied to its neighbour city Hervey Bay which is...

, Australia

Australia

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

, holds the Guinness World Record for the largest pub crawl. The World's Greatest Pub Crawl, as it was then known, set the official record of 4,718 participants, on June 14, 2009. Maryborough, a city of 26,000, three hours north of Brisbane

Brisbane

Brisbane is the capital and most populous city in the Australian state of Queensland and the third most populous city in Australia. Brisbane's metropolitan area has a population of over 2 million, and the South East Queensland urban conurbation, centred around Brisbane, encompasses a population of...

, is home to 17 hotels. The World's Greatest Pub Crawl began in 2005 and has broken the Guinness World Record each year since then, although on occasions the record has been beaten between events. The World's Greatest Pub Fest, as it became in 2010, is held on the Sunday of the June Queen's Birthday long weekend. Charity is a major focus of the crawl, with proceeds of the 2010 blue-themed event going to prostate cancer causes. It has been presumed that bad weather may have prevented the city from re-breaking its record on June 13, 2010. Numbers will not be official for weeks or potentially months.

On October 9, 2010 London

London

London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

 is attempting to break Maryborough's Guinness World Record with an event called World Record Pub Crawl 2010. Organisers are expecting 5,000+ people.

Annually in London

London

London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, thousands of New Zealanders take part in the Waitangi Day pub crawl, a crawl around the Circle Line on the London Underground

London Underground

The London Underground is a rapid transit system serving a large part of Greater London and some parts of Buckinghamshire, Hertfordshire and Essex in England...

. Starting at Paddington they work counter-clockwise around the line, usually ending at Westminster for a haka (traditional New Zealand challenge/dance) and then many continue on to the Temple Walkabout bar. While numbers vary depending on the weather, in 2008 there were reported to be around 12,000 people involved.

The largest student bar crawl in the world, known as 'Seven Legged,' is held each year in Nottingham

Nottingham

Nottingham is a city and unitary authority in the East Midlands of England. It is located in the ceremonial county of Nottinghamshire and represents one of eight members of the English Core Cities Group...

, England

England

England is a country that is part of the United Kingdom. It shares land borders with Scotland to the north and Wales to the west; the Irish Sea is to the north west, the Celtic Sea to the south west, with the North Sea to the east and the English Channel to the south separating it from continental...

. In 2009, 6,750 students took part. The University of Nottingham

University of Nottingham

The University of Nottingham is a public research university based in Nottingham, United Kingdom, with further campuses in Ningbo, China and Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia...

's fundraising and events organization team, Karnival, hosts the event each autumn. The event requires a team of seven, six of these team members are tied together in a similar fashion to a three legged race at school. The seventh member acts as the 'runner' buying the teams drinks at each of the seven bars which they attend. All teams must have their own fancy dress code. At the end of the evening the teams end up in a final destination. In 2009 these clubs were Oceana, Ocean and Rock City. The entire event raised £50,000 for Karnival to be distributed to local Nottingham charities.

The Adelaide University Engineering Society (AUES) holds an annual pub crawl attracting students from all over South Australia. In March 2011, they sold 3000 "PlasterChef" T-shirts, making it the largest known pub crawl in the world where all participants wear the same shirt.

In 2010, The Twelve Bars of Christmas (TBOX) in Chicago hosted 10,000 patrons, becoming the biggest Christmas pub Crawl on record.

The Largest Organized Pub Crawl takes place in Buenos Aires and operates 7 days a week in 4 different neighborhoods. They have the record for most Pub Crawler's in a calendar year.

Other notable pub crawls

Gator Stompin' takes place annually in Gainesville, Florida, home of the University of Florida. This event, which occurs throughout midtown and downtown, has been a Gainesville tradition for over 29 years. The bar crawl consists of over 50 bars and includes multiple prizes that entrants can win and currently attempts to set the world record for the largest bar crawl in the world.

Wisconsin is well known for its many pub crawls. Oshkosh holds two pub crawls (fall/spring) and its most recent crawl attracted over 3000 participants. In the greater Milwaukee area over 1,500 people attended the North Avenue Stumble in 2010 and the event doubled in 2011 with over 3,000 people. Also thousands of people have attended the Wolski's Pub Crawl, the Bay View Pub Crawl, and the Zombie Pub Crawls.

The Buffalo Bar Crawl is a biannual bar crawl event in Buffalo, NY drawing nearly 3,000 participants semiannually. Encompassing twenty bars in the downtown Buffalo area, a portion of proceeds from the event go to help beautifucation efforts and security enhancements for downtown Buffalo's entertainment district.

StayClassy, a San Diego-based Web site that helps charities raise money online, held its fifth annual charity pub crawl March 27, 2010. The event has been held in different areas of the city, most recently in Pacific Beach

Pacific Beach, San Diego, California

Pacific Beach is a neighborhood of San Diego, bounded by La Jolla to the north, Mission Beach and Mission Bay to the south, Interstate 5 to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. While largely populated by young people, surfers, and college students, the population is becoming older, more...

.

The Mad Hatter Pub Crawl in San Diego, CA (Pacific Beach to be exact) celebrated their 8th annual event on May 20, 2010. This event requires participants involved to wear crazy, fun hats. Along with a well planned crawl route, the Mad Hatter Pub Crawl always boasts numerous sponsors, prizes for the best hats, laynards for each participant, specials at each location, and a stop called the "energy stop surprise", which is a favorite with the hundreds of crawlers each year. Money is also raised for the charity of choice for each year. The Mad Hatter Pub Crawl's main organizer has moved to Richmond, Virgina, thus so has the crawl itself. More details at madhatterpubcrawl.com Pacific Beach

Pacific Beach, San Diego, California

Pacific Beach is a neighborhood of San Diego, bounded by La Jolla to the north, Mission Beach and Mission Bay to the south, Interstate 5 to the east and the Pacific Ocean to the west. While largely populated by young people, surfers, and college students, the population is becoming older, more...

The Ghent Winter Bar Tour in Norfolk, Virginia

Norfolk, Virginia

Norfolk is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. With a population of 242,803 as of the 2010 Census, it is Virginia's second-largest city behind neighboring Virginia Beach....

 takes place each year on the last Saturday in February and is the largest charitable pub crawl in the United States based on dollars raised. The annual event had nearly 1,250 participants on February 26, 2011 and raised $30,390 in one night for Edmarc Hospice for Children.

In Iceland

Iceland

Iceland , described as the Republic of Iceland, is a Nordic and European island country in the North Atlantic Ocean, on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Iceland also refers to the main island of the country, which contains almost all the population and almost all the land area. The country has a population...

, a “runtur” is a popular way of getting to know the bars and beers in the area during the celebration of Beer Day every year on March 1—many bars and nightclubs are open until 4:00 a.m. Beacon NY also had a pub crawl,for the last 12 years. Last years attendance was estimitated at 5000.

The biggest Bar Golf pub crawl is known as "Bar Golf USA"
formally known as Boston Bar Golf), who’s popular has grown over the last five years. They host Pub Crawls all over the country, but their most popular crawl would be in Boston, Ma. They’re annual Boston Bar Crawl has had anywhere from 1000 to 1500 people.

Notable pub crawls in the UK include the Otley Run

Otley Run

The Otley Run is a pub crawl in Leeds, West Yorkshire. The route follows the A660, also known as Otley Road at the point the pub crawl commonly begins...

, Hillsborough Street

Hillsborough Street

Hillsborough Street is a prominent business and cultural thoroughfare through Raleigh, North Carolina. The street serves as a center for social life among North Carolina State University students. Nearby Meredith College students also frequent the street's area businesses...

, and the Mumbles

Mumbles

Mumbles or The Mumbles is an area and community in Swansea, Wales which takes its name from the adjacent headland stretching into Swansea Bay...

. The circular underground train line in Glasgow allows for a variation on the pub-crawl known as the sub-crawl or "clockwork orange". This involves the purchase of an all day ticket for the subway and consuming a drink at the nearest bar to each of the fifteen stops on the route. This is referenced in the Iain Banks novel "Espedair Street"

A long standing Christmas pub crawl takes place in the town of Alsager on the Staffordshire/Cheshire border. School friends have now been attending the marathon session, beginning at 11am until 2am, for the past 9 years. The event, held on the last Friday before Christmas each year, owes its success to the comradery and idiocy of the participants and features a team based quiz session running throughout the day. Participants must be of legal drinking age and a yoth.

The Hunterdon County Bar Tour is an annual event held in the rolling hills of Hunterdon County, New Jersey in the United States. The Bar Tour was established in 1977. The Tour is held in the fall and is not generally a walking tour. The American Tavern Touring Association awarded the Tour its Charter. In recent years, the Tour has presented the Tavern of the Year award to Christie's (2006) and the Little York Tavern (2008). The Little York Tavern in Little York, New Jersey was awarded The "Friendliest Tavern in Hunterdon County" in 2009. The Hunterdon County Bar Tour is not the largest or most renown Bar Tour but it cited for its longevity.

Le Tour de Shores is an annual bar crawl held in St. Clair Shores, Michigan

St. Clair Shores, Michigan

St. Clair Shores is a suburban city bordering Lake St. Clair in Macomb County of the U.S. state of Michigan. It forms a part of the Metro Detroit area, and is located approximately northeast of downtown Detroit. As of the 2010 census, the city had a total population of 59,715. The current mayor is...

 every summer, beginning in 2009. What makes the Tour unique is that it is actually a bike crawl - participants must go from bar to bar on bicycle., led by the King of the Shores.

The Twin Lakes Pub crawl of Twin Lakes Wisconsin is held every 3 years, 2011 being the next "crawl". The quaint southeasthern Wisconsin village Twin Lakes has a population of 5124 people, but boasts an impressive 17 bars.

Pub Crawl Shanghai started in April of 2010 and has run pub crawls every Thursday since. Their claim to fame is being the only weekly pub crawl in China, and in September they started running crawls on Thursdays and Saturdays. Regular events run at 40-60 people (bused around the city to popular hot spots) but holidays or special events have been known to reach over 200 crawlers. The crawl offers drink discounts, free shots, and an open bar to start the night before progressing to 2 other bars and ending at one of Shanghai's biggest clubs.

Variations

The MADride Pub Crawl in Madrid, Spain was the first of its kind. Meeting at the famous landmark Oso y Madroño (bear and strawberry-tree sculpture) in the center of the city every night at 11PM, they take tourists and locals alike to discover the Madrid nightlife.

The Glasgow Subway

Glasgow Subway

The Glasgow Subway is an underground metro line in Glasgow, Scotland. Opened on 14 December 1896, it is the third-oldest underground metro system in the world after the London Underground and the Budapest Metro. Formerly a cable railway, the Subway was later electrified, but its twin circular lines...

 "sub crawl" requires participants to drink from a pub near each of the 15 stations on the circular route. Two similar events are the Circle Line Pub Crawl involving London's Circle Line (attracting expatriate New Zealanders on Waitangi Day

Waitangi Day

Waitangi Day commemorates a significant day in the history of New Zealand. It is a public holiday held each year on 6 February to celebrate the signing of the Treaty of Waitangi, New Zealand's founding document, on that date in 1840.-History:...

) and the Metro Pub Crawl from Birmingham to Wolverhampton on the Midland Metro

Midland Metro

The Midland Metro is a light-rail or tram line in the West Midlands of England between the cities of Birmingham and Wolverhampton via West Bromwich and Wednesbury. It is owned and promoted by Centro, and operated by West Midlands Travel Limited, a subsidiary of the National Express Group , under...

. Glaswegians also get to enjoy the Thirst Bus which takes revellers from the city centre to the east end and back with frequent visits to licensed premises along the route.

Pub crawls need not be officially organized events. Pub crawls, such as the Louisville, Kentucky

Louisville, Kentucky

Louisville is the largest city in the U.S. state of Kentucky, and the county seat of Jefferson County. Since 2003, the city's borders have been coterminous with those of the county because of a city-county merger. The city's population at the 2010 census was 741,096...

 "Bambi Walk", can be undertaken by friends when the desire strikes. According to Stuff

Stuff (magazine)

Stuff is a men's magazine featuring reviews of consumer electronics, and other articles of interest to a predominantly male audience.- UK edition :...

, the "Bambi Walk" has been crawled, unorganized, since the 1980s.

Pub crawling has become a tourism category, with UK tour operators offering weekend pub crawls to former Eastern Bloc

Eastern bloc

The term Eastern Bloc or Communist Bloc refers to the former communist states of Eastern and Central Europe, generally the Soviet Union and the countries of the Warsaw Pact...

 countries, and Australian touring company Thirsty Swagman offering a round-the-world pub crawl tour.

The Beacon New York pub crawl attracts around 3000 people from all over New York. Proceeds from the sale of wrist bands goes to families in need.

The Buenos Aires Pub Crawl is the biggest Organized Pub Crawl in South America, operating seven nights a week in 4 different neighborhoods and involving groups of between 15 and 250 pub crawlers. There are also sister Pub Crawl's in Santiago and Vina Del Mar, Chile also in Rio, Brazil.

Minneapolis, Minnesota

Minnesota

Minnesota is a U.S. state located in the Midwestern United States. The twelfth largest state of the U.S., it is the twenty-first most populous, with 5.3 million residents. Minnesota was carved out of the eastern half of the Minnesota Territory and admitted to the Union as the thirty-second state...

 started a zombie-themed pub crawl in 2005 that has become an annual tradition which has grown to over 5,000 participants in 2009. Zombie pub crawls can be seen as a combination of the pub crawl and zombie walk

Zombie Walk

A zombie walk is an organized public gathering of people who dress up in zombie costumes...

 traditions. During a zombie

Zombie

Zombie is a term used to denote an animated corpse brought back to life by mystical means such as witchcraft. The term is often figuratively applied to describe a hypnotized person bereft of consciousness and self-awareness, yet ambulant and able to respond to surrounding stimuli...

 pub crawl participants wear zombie costumes and shuffle from bar to bar imitating the living dead. Following Minnesota's lead, zombie-themed pub crawls have now spread to multiple cities including Philadelphia, Chicago

Chicago

Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...

, Columbus,Ohio, and Washington DC.

Edinburgh

Edinburgh

Edinburgh is the capital city of Scotland, the second largest city in Scotland, and the eighth most populous in the United Kingdom. The City of Edinburgh Council governs one of Scotland's 32 local government council areas. The council area includes urban Edinburgh and a rural area...

’s Rose Street

Rose Street

Rose Street is a street in the New Town of Edinburgh, Scotland. It is a narrow street running parallel between Princes Street and George Street, and was formerly used as a service entrance to the houses on those roads as well as local shops and servants quarters. Today, it is principally a...

 is well-known locally and beyond as the city’s legendary pub-crawl venue. Situated one street behind Edinburgh’s world-famous Princes Street

Princes Street

Princes Street is one of the major thoroughfares in central Edinburgh, Scotland, UK, and its main shopping street. It is the southernmost street of Edinburgh's New Town, stretching around 1 mile from Lothian Road in the west to Leith Street in the east. The street is mostly closed to private...

, Rose Street occupies four relatively short blocks nowadays boasting 18 pubs. In the 1970's, there were 28 pubs. The pubs’ close proximity to each other in this part-pedestrianised street makes pub-crawling very accessible. Not only popular with young local men, the street has become a shrine to many visiting rugby and football fans wanting to rise to the challenge of this Everest of alcohol consumption. The Rose Street pub crawl, known as the Rose Street Challenge, is not an organized event, but is a year-round, self-imposed challenge to attempt to drink alcohol in every pub / licensed hostelry in the street. There is no prize other than the pride of personal or group achievement.

On the Saturday leading up to St. Patrick's Day March 17th for 14 years is one of the most popular pub crawls in Chicago. The pub crawl typically starts around 9am in Wrigleyville neighborhood and takes participants through the Lakeview and Lincoln Park neighborhoods.

Since 2009, Chicagoans have also set out to take a stance against terrible fashion trends by participating in the "Double Denim Bar Crawl," or the DDBC. Crawlers meander around Wrigleyville Neighborhood bars dressed in a minimum of two articles of Denim. Much like an 80s theme party, the DDBC explores the hilarity of acid-washed jean jackets and jorts, all while consuming their fair share of cold booze. April 9th, 2011 marks the first year the organizers have partnered with a charity, Autism Speaks, to raise money while crawling.

Dallas Uptown McKinney Ave has been hosting its annual "Crawl for Cancer" pub crawl for the past three years. With over 3000 people with teams of 300 with 10 to 12 per team, this crawl includes over 16 bars within a one mile radius. It usually held in the middle of April and raises money for Cancer Research.

Monopoly Board Pub Crawl

A Monopoly pub crawl is a pub crawl involving the visiting of public house

Public house

A public house, informally known as a pub, is a drinking establishment fundamental to the culture of Britain, Ireland, Australia and New Zealand. There are approximately 53,500 public houses in the United Kingdom. This number has been declining every year, so that nearly half of the smaller...

s on each of the streets of a city

City

A city is a relatively large and permanent settlement. Although there is no agreement on how a city is distinguished from a town within general English language meanings, many cities have a particular administrative, legal, or historical status based on local law.For example, in the U.S...

 which appear on that city's version of the Monopoly board. This is most commonly done in London

London

London is the capital city of :England and the :United Kingdom, the largest metropolitan area in the United Kingdom, and the largest urban zone in the European Union by most measures. Located on the River Thames, London has been a major settlement for two millennia, its history going back to its...

, following the British

United Kingdom

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...

 version of the game

Game

A game is structured playing, usually undertaken for enjoyment and sometimes used as an educational tool. Games are distinct from work, which is usually carried out for remuneration, and from art, which is more often an expression of aesthetic or ideological elements...

, but could just as easily be applied to anywhere else having a dedicated Monopoly board and a sufficient quantity of pubs or bars.

Santa Claus theme

In Wollongong, Australia

Australia

Australia , officially the Commonwealth of Australia, is a country in the Southern Hemisphere comprising the mainland of the Australian continent, the island of Tasmania, and numerous smaller islands in the Indian and Pacific Oceans. It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area...

, a Santa Claus Crawl occurs each December to raise donations of children's toys for local charities. The Santa Claus Pub Crawl 2007 dressed in Santa Claus costumes thronging roads and pubs. In 2009, the pub crawl set a new attendance record, with between 2500 to 3000 Santa Clauses, elves, and other costumed revelers joining the annual event, raising around A$15,000 in cash and A$40–50,000 in donated toys for the Salvation Army

Salvation Army

The Salvation Army is a Protestant Christian church known for its thrift stores and charity work. It is an international movement that currently works in over a hundred countries....

, and making the event now the largest of its type in the world. In 2010 the event attracted over 4000 people growing steadily through social media.

In the United States, The Running of the Santas is a December event in which some Americans dress as Santa Claus

Santa Claus

Santa Claus is a folklore figure in various cultures who distributes gifts to children, normally on Christmas Eve. Each name is a variation of Saint Nicholas, but refers to Santa Claus...

 and venture from bar

Bar (establishment)

A bar is a business establishment that serves alcoholic drinks — beer, wine, liquor, and cocktails — for consumption on the premises.Bars provide stools or chairs that are placed at tables or counters for their patrons. Some bars have entertainment on a stage, such as a live band, comedians, go-go...

 to bar consuming alcoholic beverages. American cities have staged such Runnings but not with universal approval. In 2008, for example, the Boston Herald

Boston Herald

The Boston Herald is a daily newspaper that serves Boston, Massachusetts, United States, and its surrounding area. It was started in 1846 and is one of the oldest daily newspapers in the United States...

commented on Boston's scheduled Running: "Scores of beer-sodden, booze-soaked pub crawlers dressed up like St. Nick plan to hit the Hub’s streets during tomorrow’s “Running of the Santas” - an annual, nationwide drinkfest that has infuriated parents and watchdog groups. "Santa Claus is a treasured icon for children,” said Eric Helmuth, spokesman for Join Together, a Boston University health group that is fighting the jolly pub crawl. Helmuth said he’s concerned about the effect on kids who see “Santa careening through the streets drinking or going from pub to pub." The international SantaCon

SantaCon

SantaCon is a mass gathering of people dressed in Santa Claus costumes parading publicly on streets and in bars in cities around the world. The focus is on spontaneity and creativity, while having a good time and spreading cheer and goodwill....

is another event that sees seasonal crawls.