Qiao Guanhua
Encyclopedia
Qiao Guanhua was a politician
in the People's Republic of China
.
in 1913; his father was a local land-owner, considered relatively illuminated. Since his childhood, Qiao Guanhua showed a great intelligence, especially remarkable memory, so he repeatedly skipped school grades, and was admitted to the Tsinghua University
at the age of 16. While he was studying philosphy there, he came in contact with Marxism
and engaged in several activities led by the Communist Party of China
.
Qiao Guanhua gratuated in 1933 and went to Japan
to continue his studies at the Tokyo Imperial University. He joined the Japanese Communist Party
, leading to his expulsion from the university. He was then forced to travel to Germany
, where he obtained a PhD
at the University of Tübingen in 1936, when he was 23 years old.
As he returned in China
, Second Sino-Japanese War
had broken out. Qiao Guanhua engaged mainly in journalism with the pen name of Qiaomu (乔木, meaning Tree), working on the international review of several newspapers in Hong Kong
.
Admitted to the Communist Party of China in the autumn
of 1942, Qiao Guanhua was called to Chongqing
to take charge of The Masses' Weekly and the international column of the Xinhua Daily
. In Chongqing, he worked directly under Zhou Enlai
, who recognized his interest in foreign affairs and took him as his personal assistant for international matters. After the war, he accompanied Zhou Enlai to Shanghai
with the CPC delegation, and there he established the English-language Xinhua Weekly. At the end of 1946, he returned to Hong Kong as president of the local Xinhua News Agency
branch.
, Qiao Guanhua continued to work in foreign affairs. He served as head of the Information Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
, deputy director of the General Office of the Central People's Government
, vice-president of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs, head of the Asia
Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and vice-minister of Foreign Affairs.
Qiao Guanhua took part at several international delegations. In 1950 he accompanied Special Representative Wu Xiuquan to the United Nations Security Council
to protest against the United States
's shielding of Chiang Kai-shek
's regime in Taiwan
; in 1951 he was major consultant to the head of the Chinese delegation to the Panmunjeom
talks during the Korean War
; in April 1954 accompanied Zhou Enlai to the Geneva Conference
on Indochina
, and once again traveled to the 1961-1962 Geneva
summit on Laos
with Chen Yi
.
in 1966, Qiao Guanhua was first identified as member of the counter-revolutionary clique ruling the Foreign Ministry along with Chen Yi and Ji Pengfei
. Nevertheless, they were allowed to continue their work, and in 1969 Qiao Guanhua was appointed head of the Chinese delegation for the talks with the Soviet Union
regarding the Zhenbao Island
, where military fighting had erupted. In 1971 he led the Chinese delegation to the 26th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
when China's seat was handed over to the People's Republic of China, and continued to lead Chinese delegations to the UN until 1976. In 1972, when President of the United States
Richard Nixon
visited China, he was put in charge of negotiations with Henry Kissinger
and drafting the joint communiqué.
Starting from 1973, Qiao Guanhua enjoyed a more prominent role. He was elected member of the CPC Central Committee
, and later was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs
in 1974, confirmed by the 4th National People's Congress
in 1975. However, he grew very close to Jiang Qing
and the Gang of Four
in the latter half of the Cultural Revolution. The fall of the Gang in October 1976 did not result in his arrest, but he was stripped of his posts in December 1976 and forced to retire, though he nominally remained an advisor to the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries
.
He died of cancer in September 1982, aged 70.
's suggestion, Qiao Guanhua re-married in 1973 with Zhang Hanzhi
, adopted daughter of the revolutionary journalist Zhang Shizhao
and English interpreter for Chairman Mao himself, after she divorced with her previous husband, Hong Junyan. Hung Huang
is Qiao Guanhua's stepdaughter. Ten years later, Qiao Guanhua died of cancer.
Politician
A politician, political leader, or political figure is an individual who is involved in influencing public policy and decision making...
in the People's Republic of China
People's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
.
Early life and revolution
Qiao Guanhua was born in YanchengYancheng
Yancheng is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. The city with the largest jurisdiction area in Jiangsu, Yancheng borders Lianyungang to the north, Huai'an to the west, Yangzhou and Taizhou to the southwest, Nantong to the south, and looks out to...
in 1913; his father was a local land-owner, considered relatively illuminated. Since his childhood, Qiao Guanhua showed a great intelligence, especially remarkable memory, so he repeatedly skipped school grades, and was admitted to the Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University
Tsinghua University , colloquially known in Chinese as Qinghua, is a university in Beijing, China. The school is one of the nine universities of the C9 League. It was established in 1911 under the name "Tsinghua Xuetang" or "Tsinghua College" and was renamed the "Tsinghua School" one year later...
at the age of 16. While he was studying philosphy there, he came in contact with Marxism
Marxism
Marxism is an economic and sociopolitical worldview and method of socioeconomic inquiry that centers upon a materialist interpretation of history, a dialectical view of social change, and an analysis and critique of the development of capitalism. Marxism was pioneered in the early to mid 19th...
and engaged in several activities led by the Communist Party of China
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
.
Qiao Guanhua gratuated in 1933 and went to Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
to continue his studies at the Tokyo Imperial University. He joined the Japanese Communist Party
Japanese Communist Party
The Japanese Communist Party is a left-wing political party in Japan.The JCP advocates the establishment of a society based on socialism, democracy and peace, and opposition to militarism...
, leading to his expulsion from the university. He was then forced to travel to Germany
Germany
Germany , officially the Federal Republic of Germany , is a federal parliamentary republic in Europe. The country consists of 16 states while the capital and largest city is Berlin. Germany covers an area of 357,021 km2 and has a largely temperate seasonal climate...
, where he obtained a PhD
PHD
PHD may refer to:*Ph.D., a doctorate of philosophy*Ph.D. , a 1980s British group*PHD finger, a protein sequence*PHD Mountain Software, an outdoor clothing and equipment company*PhD Docbook renderer, an XML renderer...
at the University of Tübingen in 1936, when he was 23 years old.
As he returned in China
China
Chinese civilization may refer to:* China for more general discussion of the country.* Chinese culture* Greater China, the transnational community of ethnic Chinese.* History of China* Sinosphere, the area historically affected by Chinese culture...
, Second Sino-Japanese War
Second Sino-Japanese War
The Second Sino-Japanese War was a military conflict fought primarily between the Republic of China and the Empire of Japan. From 1937 to 1941, China fought Japan with some economic help from Germany , the Soviet Union and the United States...
had broken out. Qiao Guanhua engaged mainly in journalism with the pen name of Qiaomu (乔木, meaning Tree), working on the international review of several newspapers in Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
.
Admitted to the Communist Party of China in the autumn
Autumn
Autumn is one of the four temperate seasons. Autumn marks the transition from summer into winter usually in September or March when the arrival of night becomes noticeably earlier....
of 1942, Qiao Guanhua was called to Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
to take charge of The Masses' Weekly and the international column of the Xinhua Daily
Xinhua Daily
Xinhua Daily was the first public newspaper published in the People's Republic of China by the Communist Party of China. It is owned by the Jiangsu Committee of the Communist Party of China.-History:...
. In Chongqing, he worked directly under Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai
Zhou Enlai was the first Premier of the People's Republic of China, serving from October 1949 until his death in January 1976...
, who recognized his interest in foreign affairs and took him as his personal assistant for international matters. After the war, he accompanied Zhou Enlai to Shanghai
Shanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
with the CPC delegation, and there he established the English-language Xinhua Weekly. At the end of 1946, he returned to Hong Kong as president of the local Xinhua News Agency
Xinhua News Agency
The Xinhua News Agency is the official press agency of the government of the People's Republic of China and the biggest center for collecting information and press conferences in the PRC. It is the largest news agency in the PRC, ahead of the China News Service...
branch.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China
After the establishment of the People's Republic of ChinaPeople's Republic of China
China , officially the People's Republic of China , is the most populous country in the world, with over 1.3 billion citizens. Located in East Asia, the country covers approximately 9.6 million square kilometres...
, Qiao Guanhua continued to work in foreign affairs. He served as head of the Information Bureau of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China is an executive agency responsible for foreign relations between the People's Republic of China and other countries in the world. The agency is led by the Foreign Minister. The current minister is Yang Jiechi...
, deputy director of the General Office of the Central People's Government
Central People's Government
The Central People's Government is the central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. According to the 1982 Constitution, "Central People's Government" is synonymous with the State Council.-History:...
, vice-president of the Chinese People's Institute of Foreign Affairs, head of the Asia
Asia
Asia is the world's largest and most populous continent, located primarily in the eastern and northern hemispheres. It covers 8.7% of the Earth's total surface area and with approximately 3.879 billion people, it hosts 60% of the world's current human population...
Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and vice-minister of Foreign Affairs.
Qiao Guanhua took part at several international delegations. In 1950 he accompanied Special Representative Wu Xiuquan to the United Nations Security Council
United Nations Security Council
The United Nations Security Council is one of the principal organs of the United Nations and is charged with the maintenance of international peace and security. Its powers, outlined in the United Nations Charter, include the establishment of peacekeeping operations, the establishment of...
to protest against the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
's shielding of Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek was a political and military leader of 20th century China. He is known as Jiǎng Jièshí or Jiǎng Zhōngzhèng in Mandarin....
's regime in Taiwan
Taiwan
Taiwan , also known, especially in the past, as Formosa , is the largest island of the same-named island group of East Asia in the western Pacific Ocean and located off the southeastern coast of mainland China. The island forms over 99% of the current territory of the Republic of China following...
; in 1951 he was major consultant to the head of the Chinese delegation to the Panmunjeom
Panmunjeom
Panmunjom, located in Gyeonggi Province, is a village on the de facto border between North and South Korea, where the 1953 Korean Armistice Agreement that ended the Korean War was signed. The building where the armistice was signed still stands, though it is on the northern side of the Military...
talks during the Korean War
Korean War
The Korean War was a conventional war between South Korea, supported by the United Nations, and North Korea, supported by the People's Republic of China , with military material aid from the Soviet Union...
; in April 1954 accompanied Zhou Enlai to the Geneva Conference
Geneva Conference (1954)
The Geneva Conference was a conference which took place in Geneva, Switzerland, whose purpose was to attempt to find a way to unify Korea and discuss the possibility of restoring peace in Indochina...
on Indochina
Indochina
The Indochinese peninsula, is a region in Southeast Asia. It lies roughly southwest of China, and east of India. The name has its origins in the French, Indochine, as a combination of the names of "China" and "India", and was adopted when French colonizers in Vietnam began expanding their territory...
, and once again traveled to the 1961-1962 Geneva
Geneva
Geneva In the national languages of Switzerland the city is known as Genf , Ginevra and Genevra is the second-most-populous city in Switzerland and is the most populous city of Romandie, the French-speaking part of Switzerland...
summit on Laos
Laos
Laos Lao: ສາທາລະນະລັດ ປະຊາທິປະໄຕ ປະຊາຊົນລາວ Sathalanalat Paxathipatai Paxaxon Lao, officially the Lao People's Democratic Republic, is a landlocked country in Southeast Asia, bordered by Burma and China to the northwest, Vietnam to the east, Cambodia to the south and Thailand to the west...
with Chen Yi
Chen Yi (communist)
Chen Yi was a Chinese communist military commander and politician. He served as the 2nd Mayor of Shanghai and the 2nd Foreign Minister of China.-Biography:Chen was born in Lezhi, near Chengdu, Sichuan, into a moderately wealthy magistrate's family....
.
The Cultural Revolution period
With the outbreak of the Cultural RevolutionCultural Revolution
The Great Proletarian Cultural Revolution, commonly known as the Cultural Revolution , was a socio-political movement that took place in the People's Republic of China from 1966 through 1976...
in 1966, Qiao Guanhua was first identified as member of the counter-revolutionary clique ruling the Foreign Ministry along with Chen Yi and Ji Pengfei
Ji Pengfei
Ji Pengfei was a politician in the People's Republic of China.-Biography:Ji Pengfei was born in Linyi, Yuncheng, Shanxi in 1910...
. Nevertheless, they were allowed to continue their work, and in 1969 Qiao Guanhua was appointed head of the Chinese delegation for the talks with the Soviet Union
Soviet Union
The Soviet Union , officially the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics , was a constitutionally socialist state that existed in Eurasia between 1922 and 1991....
regarding the Zhenbao Island
Zhenbao Island
Zhenbao Island or Damansky Island is a small island measuring . It is located on the Ussuri River on the border between Russia and the People's Republic of China ....
, where military fighting had erupted. In 1971 he led the Chinese delegation to the 26th Session of the United Nations General Assembly
United Nations General Assembly
For two articles dealing with membership in the General Assembly, see:* General Assembly members* General Assembly observersThe United Nations General Assembly is one of the five principal organs of the United Nations and the only one in which all member nations have equal representation...
when China's seat was handed over to the People's Republic of China, and continued to lead Chinese delegations to the UN until 1976. In 1972, when President of the United States
President of the United States
The President of the United States of America is the head of state and head of government of the United States. The president leads the executive branch of the federal government and is the commander-in-chief of the United States Armed Forces....
Richard Nixon
Richard Nixon
Richard Milhous Nixon was the 37th President of the United States, serving from 1969 to 1974. The only president to resign the office, Nixon had previously served as a US representative and senator from California and as the 36th Vice President of the United States from 1953 to 1961 under...
visited China, he was put in charge of negotiations with Henry Kissinger
Henry Kissinger
Heinz Alfred "Henry" Kissinger is a German-born American academic, political scientist, diplomat, and businessman. He is a recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize. He served as National Security Advisor and later concurrently as Secretary of State in the administrations of Presidents Richard Nixon and...
and drafting the joint communiqué.
Starting from 1973, Qiao Guanhua enjoyed a more prominent role. He was elected member of the CPC Central Committee
Central Committee of the Communist Party of China
The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China is the highest authority within the Communist Party of China. Its approximately 350 members and alternates are selected once every five years by the National Party Congress....
, and later was appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs
Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China
The Foreign Minister of the People's Republic of China is the head of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China and one of the country's most important cabinet posts...
in 1974, confirmed by the 4th National People's Congress
4th National People's Congress
The 4th National People's Congress was in session from 1975 to 1978. It held only one plenary sessions in January 1975. There were 2864 deputies to this Congress.The Congress passed the 1975 Constitution of the People's Republic of China....
in 1975. However, he grew very close to Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing
Jiang Qing was the pseudonym that was used by Chinese leader Mao Zedong's last wife and major Communist Party of China power figure. She went by the stage name Lan Ping during her acting career, and was known by various other names during her life...
and the Gang of Four
Gang of Four
The Gang of Four was the name given to a political faction composed of four Chinese Communist Party officials. They came to prominence during the Cultural Revolution and were subsequently charged with a series of treasonous crimes...
in the latter half of the Cultural Revolution. The fall of the Gang in October 1976 did not result in his arrest, but he was stripped of his posts in December 1976 and forced to retire, though he nominally remained an advisor to the Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries
Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries
The Chinese People's Association for Friendship with Foreign Countries is one of the three major foreign affairs organizations of the People's Republic of China. It aims to promote friendship and mutual understanding between the Chinese people and foreign nations.The organization was founded in...
.
He died of cancer in September 1982, aged 70.
Personal life
Qiao Guanhua married with diplomat Gong Peng in 1943, and the two had a son, Qiao Zonghuai (who once served as vice-minister of Foreign Affairs), and a daughter, Qiao Songdu. In 1970 Gong Peng died of illness. Upon Mao ZedongMao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
's suggestion, Qiao Guanhua re-married in 1973 with Zhang Hanzhi
Zhang Hanzhi
Zhang Hanzhi was a Chinese diplomat who was Mao Zedong's English tutor and U.S. President Richard Nixon's interpreter during his historic 1972 trip to China....
, adopted daughter of the revolutionary journalist Zhang Shizhao
Zhang Shizhao
Zhang Shizhao , courtesy name Xingyan, penname Huangzhonghuang, Qingtong or Qiutong, was a Chinese politician of the 20th century. He was the Minister of Justice and Minister of Education of the Beiyang Government, led by Duan Qirui during the Republic of China period...
and English interpreter for Chairman Mao himself, after she divorced with her previous husband, Hong Junyan. Hung Huang
Hung Huang
Hung Huang is of Chinese descent, and is a television host, author, actress, blogger, media figure, and the publisher of the fashion magazine iLook. A CNN article stated that she had been referred to as "China's answer to Oprah Winfrey and Anna Wintour."...
is Qiao Guanhua's stepdaughter. Ten years later, Qiao Guanhua died of cancer.