Ras homolog gene family, member A (RhoA) is a small GTPase

Small GTPase

Small GTPases are a family of hydrolase enzymes that can bind and hydrolyze guanosine triphosphate . They are a form of G-proteins found in the cytosol which are homologous to the alpha subunit of heterotrimeric G-proteins, but unlike the alpha subunit of G proteins, a small GTPase can function...

 protein known to regulate the actin

Actin

Actin is a globular, roughly 42-kDa moonlighting protein found in all eukaryotic cells where it may be present at concentrations of over 100 μM. It is also one of the most highly-conserved proteins, differing by no more than 20% in species as diverse as algae and humans...

 cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton

The cytoskeleton is a cellular "scaffolding" or "skeleton" contained within a cell's cytoplasm and is made out of protein. The cytoskeleton is present in all cells; it was once thought to be unique to eukaryotes, but recent research has identified the prokaryotic cytoskeleton...

 in the formation of stress fibers. In humans, it is encoded by the gene

Gene

A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...

 RHOA.

It acts upon two known effector proteins: ROCK1

ROCK1

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1, also known as ROCK1, is a protein serine/threonine kinase, but also denotes the human gene encoding it....

 (Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1) and DIAPH1

DIAPH1

Protein diaphanous homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIAPH1 gene.- Function :This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila diaphanous gene and belongs to the protein family of the formins, characterized by the formin homology 2 domain...

 (diaphanous homolog 1 (Drosophila)).

RhoA is part of a larger family of related proteins known as the Ras superfamily

Ras superfamily

The Ras superfamily is a protein superfamily of small GTPases, which are all related, to a degree, to the Ras protein subfamily .There are more than a hundred proteins in the Ras superfamily...

; proteins involved in the regulation and timing of cell division

Cell division

Cell division is the process by which a parent cell divides into two or more daughter cells . Cell division is usually a small segment of a larger cell cycle. This type of cell division in eukaryotes is known as mitosis, and leaves the daughter cell capable of dividing again. The corresponding sort...

.

RhoA Pathway

Molecules act on various receptors, such as NgR1, LINGO1, p75, TROY and other unknown receptors (eg. by CSPGs), which stimulates RhoA. RhoA activates ROCK (RhoA kinase) which stimulates LIM kinase, which then stimulates Cofilin, which effectively reorganizes the Actin cytoskeleton of the cell. In the case of neurons, activation of this pathway results in growth cone collapse, therefore inhibits the growth and repair of neural pathways and axons. Inhibition of this pathway by its various components usually results in some level of improved re-myelination. After global ischemia, hyperbaric oxygen (at least at 3 ATA) appears to partially suppress expression of RhoA, in addition to Nogo protein (Reticulon 4

Reticulon 4

Reticulon-4, also known as Neurite outgrowth inhibitor or Nogo, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RTN4 gene that has been identified as an inhibitor of neurite outgrowth specific to the central nervous system....

), and a subunit of its receptor Ng-R.

Interactions

RHOA has been shown to interact

Protein-protein interaction

Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...

 with Phospholipase D1

Phospholipase D1

Phospholipase D1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PLD1 gene.-Interactions:Phospholipase D1 has been shown to interact with RALA, BIN1, Amphiphysin, Alpha-synuclein, PEA15, RHOA, Protein kinase N1 and CDC42.-Inhibitors:...

, PLCG1

PLCG1

Phospholipase C, gamma 1, also known as PLCG1, is a protein that in humans is encoded by the PLCG1 gene.-Function:The protein encoded by this gene catalyzes the formation of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate and diacylglycerol from phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate...

, ARHGAP5

ARHGAP5

Rho GTPase-activating protein 5 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP5 gene.-Interactions:ARHGAP5 has been shown to interact with Rnd1, Rnd2, Rnd3 and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, ARHGAP1

ARHGAP1

Rho GTPase-activating protein 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the ARHGAP1 gene.-Interactions:ARHGAP1 has been shown to interact with CDC42, BNIP2 and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, TRPC1

TRPC1

Transient receptor potential channel 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRPC1 gene.- Function :TRPC1 is an ion channel located on the plasma membrane of numerous human and animal cell types. It is a nonspecific cation channel, which means that both sodium and calcium ions can pass...

, ITPR1

ITPR1

Inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor type 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ITPR1 gene.-Interactions:ITPR1 has been shown to interact with CA8, PRKG1, FKBP1A, MRVI1, RHOA, AHCYL1, EPB41L1 and TRPC4.-External Links:*...

, DIAPH1

DIAPH1

Protein diaphanous homolog 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the DIAPH1 gene.- Function :This gene is a homolog of the Drosophila diaphanous gene and belongs to the protein family of the formins, characterized by the formin homology 2 domain...

, GEFT

GEFT

RAC/CDC42 exchange factor, also known as GEFT, is a human gene.-Further reading:...

, ARHGEF3

ARHGEF3

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 3, also known as ARHGEF3, is a human gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF3 has been shown to interact with RHOB and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, ARHGEF12

ARHGEF12

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 12 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF12 gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF12 has been shown to interact with Insulin-like growth factor 1 receptor, GNA13, PLXNB1, GNA12, TEC and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, ARHGDIA

ARHGDIA

Rho GDP-dissociation inhibitor 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGDIA gene.-Interactions:ARHGDIA has been shown to interact with RHOA, CDC42, RhoH, RAC1 and Rac2.-Further reading:...

, KCNA2

KCNA2

Potassium voltage-gated channel subfamily A member 2 also known as Kv1.2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KCNA2 gene.-Interactions:KCNA2 has been shown to interact with KCNA4, DLG4, PTPRA, KCNAB2, RHOA and Cortactin....

, RAP1GDS1

RAP1GDS1

Rap1 GTPase-GDP dissociation stimulator 1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RAP1GDS1 gene.-Interactions:RAP1GDS1 has been shown to interact with KIFAP3, HRAS and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, DGKQ

DGKQ

Diacylglycerol kinase theta is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the DGKQ gene.-Further reading:...

, TRIO

TRIO (gene)

Triple functional domain protein is a protein that in humans is encoded by the TRIO gene.-Interactions:TRIO has been shown to interact with Filamin and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, ROCK1

ROCK1

Rho-associated, coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1, also known as ROCK1, is a protein serine/threonine kinase, but also denotes the human gene encoding it....

, ARHGEF11

ARHGEF11

Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 11 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the ARHGEF11 gene.-Interactions:ARHGEF11 has been shown to interact with PLXNB3, PLXNB1, PLXNB2 and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, RICS

RICS (gene)

Rho GTPase-activating protein 32 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the RICS gene. RICS has two known isoforms, RICS that are expressed primarily at neurite growth cones, and at the post synaptic membranes, and PX-RICS which is more widely expressed in the endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi...

, PKN2

PKN2

Serine/threonine-protein kinase N2 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKN2 gene.-Interactions:PKN2 has been shown to interact with Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, AKT1, NCK1, PTPN13 and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, Protein kinase N1

Protein kinase N1

Serine/threonine-protein kinase N1 is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the PKN1 gene.-Interactions:Protein kinase N1 has been shown to interact with Phospholipase D1, Phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1, Vimentin, AKAP9, CCDC85B, Actinin, alpha 1, NEFL, NEUROD2 and RHOA.-Further reading:...

, CIT

CIT (gene)

Citron Rho-interacting kinase is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the CIT gene.-Interactions:CIT has been shown to interact with RHOB and RHOA.-Further reading:...

 and KTN1

KTN1

Kinectin is a protein that in humans is encoded by the KTN1 gene.-Interactions:KTN1 has been shown to interact with EEF1D, RhoG and RHOA.-Further reading:...

.

External links

• RHOA Info with links in the Cell Migration Gateway

See also

• Real Housewives of Atlanta, also known as "RHOA"