Radio in Argentina
Encyclopedia
Radio in Argentina
is an important facet of the nation's media and culture. Radio, which was first broadcast in Argentina in 1920, has been widely enjoyed in Argentina since the 1930s. Radio broadcast stations totaled around 150 active AM
stations, 1,150 FM
stations, and 6 registered shortwave
transmitters. An estimated 24 million receivers were in use in 2000 (2.4 per household).
Radio broadcasting enjoys a long and varied history in Argentina, tracing its origins to a 1910 stay in the southside Buenos Aires suburb of Bernal by Guglielmo Marconi
, inventor of the wireless telegraph. There, he achieved a rudimentary radio transmission with a kite-mounted antenna connected to earphones. Argentine publisher José C. Paz
later sponsored Marconi's radio transmission from Italy to Buenos Aires, the first transatlantic broadcast into South America.
Three local medical students, led by Enrique Susini
, began their own radio experiments in 1917 and, installing transmission equipment in Buenos Aires' Coliseo Theatre, they broadcast, on August 27, 1920, Parsifal
, the first opera on radio and only the second radio broadcast in the World. These installations became LOR Radio Argentina
, the World's first formal radio station. The number of receivers in the city at the time: around 20. This station was joined in 1922 by LOX, whose ad for the Los Andes Restaurant is probably the World's first on radio. Several more stations opened in Buenos Aires during Argentina's prosperous 1920s and growing numbers of artists signed contracts for live performances on the growing variety of radio drama
s.
Leading stations at the time began broadcasting from the numerous, ornate theatre stages in Buenos Aires, including Radio Splendid (so named for the venue where its shows were produced, the Grand Splendid Theatre
). Among the notable events broadcast live at the time was President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear
's inaugural, in 1922, and the 1923 "bout of the century" in Polo Grounds
, New York
, between Jack Dempsey
and Luis Ángel Firpo for the World Heavyweight title.
The medium's boom and the lucrative local ad market allowed Susini to sell his station in 1930 to U.S. telecom giant ITT
for US$200 million, a record at the time. The visionary entrepreneur invested a part of the funds into Lumiton Studios, among the first to produce sound movies in the world.
Argentine radio embraced tango in the early 1930s, airing the work of orchestras such as Francisco Canaro
's and Julio de Caro
's; LR1-Mundo (referred to as LR1 for its being the first on the dial) became the standard for tango broadcasts. The decade saw the rise of Jaime Yankelevich
, a former radio valve distributor, as the dominant force in the medium, thorough Radio El Mundo (inaugurated in 1935), and Radio Belgrano, which became the first in Argentina to broadcast through a chain of repeater stations, and the first to expand into late-night broadcasting. Buenos Aires was by then home to 25 stations (as many as in New York, a city, at the time, almost three times larger). The state entered the radio market in 1937, with the inaugural of LRA Radio Nacional
Radio Mitre became the first in Argentina to broadcast around the clock, in 1960.
Luis Sandrini
's Felipe and other comedy
shows became ratings leaders during the 1940s, and as most Argentines were still either immigrants or first and second generation Argentines, many revolved around the use of thickly accented ethnic humor. Some of the most popular were Niní Marshall
's characters, particularly Catita and Cándida
. The trend was not without its detractors, however, and in 1943, the newly installed dictatorship of General Pedro Ramírez
banned humor which "deformed the language," leading to exile for Marshall and numerous other radio stars.
Programming focused on Argentine folk music
and Peronist propaganda
during the populist administration of President Juan Perón
, who met his influential wife, Evita
, when the latter was a radio matinée star; among Perón's most compelling voices in support on the radio was Tango composer Enrique Santos Discépolo
, who also hosted political commentary shows. The public sector became increasingly involved in Argentine radio during Perón's 1946-55 presidency, and afterwards. All broadcast chains were nationalized
, and state radio extended overseas in 1958 with the inaugural of the Argentine Foreign Broadcasting Service
. The station became only the third in the Western Hemisphere (after the Voice of America
and Radio Canada International
) to broadcast internationally and in several languages.
Television in Argentina, which had been developed by Jaime Yankelevich in 1951 under state licence, eroded radio's listener base during the 1950s and '60s. A number of radio hosts, however, such as musician Jorge Raúl Batallé, talent show
host Roberto Galán, and news and commentary hosts, such as Antonio Carrizo
, Cacho Fontana
, and Héctor Larrea
(whose Rapidísmo, from 1967, became influential to the Argentine morning show format) rivaled their television counterparts.
Censorship
also intensified, however, and a number of commentators had shows cancelled, notably Hugo Guerrero Marthineitz, who hosted the intellectual interview program, El show del minuto. The Comité Federal de Radiodifusión (COMFER) was established in 1972 to both regulate the growing number of unlicenced stations, as well as to increase state influence over the medium. The return of Juan Perón from exile led to a second round of nationalizations in 1974, including all major television stations. The Radio Broadcasting Law of 1980, which led to the privatization of 44 stations, touched off an era of state disinvolvement in Argentine radio, however, and helped lead to corporate consolidation over the airwaves. Many of these hitherto public radio stations (known by their acronym, LRA) had helped extend the medium into Argentina's then-remote far north and Patagonia
. Argentine radio, was long dominated by AM broadcasting
(only 22 FM
stations were in service), and AM remained popular on the airwaves, even as FM stations grew to outnumber these in subsequent decades.
The return of democracy
in 1983 led to an unprecedented selection of news programs, and many became known for muck-raking exposés; some of the highest-rated included Magdalena Ruiz Guiñazú, Santo Biasatti, Nelson Castro
, and Román Lejtman. A number of new stations dedicated to Rock music
and other forms of pop culture also opened, notably Rock & Pop (1985), led by Daniel Grinbank
; the station became well-known in the late 1980s for its irreverent Radio Bangkok program, hosted by Lalo Mir. Easy listening
host Nora Perlé (Canciones son amores), Jazzología host Carlos Inzillo
, Variety show
host Chiche Gelblung (Edición Chiche), and critic and raconteur Alejandro Dolina
(La venganza sera terrible
), also became prominent in radio broadcasting at this time.
Football
remained a perennial favorite on the Argentine radio, and some of the best-known announcers have included Fioravanti, José María Muñoz, Enrique Macaya Márquez, Horacio Pagani
, Walter Saavedra, and Víctor Hugo Morales, among many others.
ArInfo (Buenos Aires) became the first Argentine station to broadcast online
in 2001 and by 2009, 61 stations did so, nationwide. The ownership structure of both radio and television broadcasting became increasingly concentrated after the 1980 Media Law, however, and many of the most popular radio stations are owned by conglomerates, including Radio Continental
(Telefé
), Radio Mitre (Grupo Clarín
), Radio Rivadavia (Grupo Uno
), and Radio 10
(Daniel Hadad
). The contentious Audiovisual Communication Services Law, signed by President Cristina Kirchner in 2009, would restrict the number of media licences per proprietor, and limit the influence of the principal media conglomerates by allocating a greater share of these to the state and NGOs.
Argentina
Argentina , officially the Argentine Republic , is the second largest country in South America by land area, after Brazil. It is constituted as a federation of 23 provinces and an autonomous city, Buenos Aires...
is an important facet of the nation's media and culture. Radio, which was first broadcast in Argentina in 1920, has been widely enjoyed in Argentina since the 1930s. Radio broadcast stations totaled around 150 active AM
AM broadcasting
AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is carried out in the medium wave band world wide, and on long wave and short wave...
stations, 1,150 FM
FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting"...
stations, and 6 registered shortwave
Shortwave
Shortwave radio refers to the upper MF and all of the HF portion of the radio spectrum, between 1,800–30,000 kHz. Shortwave radio received its name because the wavelengths in this band are shorter than 200 m which marked the original upper limit of the medium frequency band first used...
transmitters. An estimated 24 million receivers were in use in 2000 (2.4 per household).
History
Guglielmo Marconi
Guglielmo Marconi was an Italian inventor, known as the father of long distance radio transmission and for his development of Marconi's law and a radio telegraph system. Marconi is often credited as the inventor of radio, and indeed he shared the 1909 Nobel Prize in Physics with Karl Ferdinand...
, inventor of the wireless telegraph. There, he achieved a rudimentary radio transmission with a kite-mounted antenna connected to earphones. Argentine publisher José C. Paz
José C. Paz
José Clemente Paz was an Argentine statesman, diplomat and journalist, founder of the La Prensa newspaper....
later sponsored Marconi's radio transmission from Italy to Buenos Aires, the first transatlantic broadcast into South America.
Enrique Telémaco Susini
Enrique Telémaco Susini was an Argentine entrepreneur and media pioneer.In 1920, Susini led the effort for the first radio broadcast in Argentina, and subsequently established one of the earliest regular radio stations in the world...
, began their own radio experiments in 1917 and, installing transmission equipment in Buenos Aires' Coliseo Theatre, they broadcast, on August 27, 1920, Parsifal
Parsifal
Parsifal is an opera in three acts by Richard Wagner. It is loosely based on Wolfram von Eschenbach's Parzival, the 13th century epic poem of the Arthurian knight Parzival and his quest for the Holy Grail, and on Chrétien de Troyes' Perceval, the Story of the Grail.Wagner first conceived the work...
, the first opera on radio and only the second radio broadcast in the World. These installations became LOR Radio Argentina
LOR Radio Argentina
Created by Enrique Telémaco Susini, LOR Radio Argentina was the first national broadcast radio station in Argentina. It operated continuously from 1920 to 1997.- First Broadcast :...
, the World's first formal radio station. The number of receivers in the city at the time: around 20. This station was joined in 1922 by LOX, whose ad for the Los Andes Restaurant is probably the World's first on radio. Several more stations opened in Buenos Aires during Argentina's prosperous 1920s and growing numbers of artists signed contracts for live performances on the growing variety of radio drama
Radio drama
Radio drama is a dramatized, purely acoustic performance, broadcast on radio or published on audio media, such as tape or CD. With no visual component, radio drama depends on dialogue, music and sound effects to help the listener imagine the characters and story...
s.
Leading stations at the time began broadcasting from the numerous, ornate theatre stages in Buenos Aires, including Radio Splendid (so named for the venue where its shows were produced, the Grand Splendid Theatre
El Ateneo
El Ateneo Grand Splendid is one of the best known bookshops in Buenos Aires, Argentina. -Overview:Situated at 1860 Santa Fe Avenue in Barrio Norte, the building was designed by the architects Peró and Torres Armengol for the empresario Max Glucksman , and opened as a theatre named Teatro Gran...
). Among the notable events broadcast live at the time was President Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear
Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear
Máximo Marcelo Torcuato de Alvear Pacheco , better known as Marcelo T. de Alvear was an Argentine politician and President of Argentina from October 12, 1922 to October 12, 1928.-Biography:...
's inaugural, in 1922, and the 1923 "bout of the century" in Polo Grounds
Polo Grounds
The Polo Grounds was the name given to four different stadiums in Upper Manhattan, New York City, used by many professional teams in both baseball and American football from 1880 until 1963...
, New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
, between Jack Dempsey
Jack Dempsey
William Harrison "Jack" Dempsey was an American boxer who held the world heavyweight title from 1919 to 1926. Dempsey's aggressive style and exceptional punching power made him one of the most popular boxers in history. Many of his fights set financial and attendance records, including the first...
and Luis Ángel Firpo for the World Heavyweight title.
The medium's boom and the lucrative local ad market allowed Susini to sell his station in 1930 to U.S. telecom giant ITT
ITT Corporation
ITT Corporation is a global diversified manufacturing company based in the United States. ITT participates in global markets including water and fluids management, defense and security, and motion and flow control...
for US$200 million, a record at the time. The visionary entrepreneur invested a part of the funds into Lumiton Studios, among the first to produce sound movies in the world.
Argentine radio embraced tango in the early 1930s, airing the work of orchestras such as Francisco Canaro
Francisco Canaro
Francisco Canaro was an Uruguayan-Argentine violinist and tango orchestra leader.His parents, Italians emigrated to Uruguay, and later - when Francisco Canaro was less than 10 years old, they emigrated to Buenos Aires in the late nineteenth century. Canaro was born in San José de Mayo, Uruguay,...
's and Julio de Caro
Julio de Caro
Julio de Caro was an Argentine composer, musician and conductor prominent in the Tango genre.-Life and work:...
's; LR1-Mundo (referred to as LR1 for its being the first on the dial) became the standard for tango broadcasts. The decade saw the rise of Jaime Yankelevich
Jaime Yankelevich
Jaime Yankelevich was an Argentine engineer and businessman who was a pioneer in the development of his country's radio and television media.-Life and times:...
, a former radio valve distributor, as the dominant force in the medium, thorough Radio El Mundo (inaugurated in 1935), and Radio Belgrano, which became the first in Argentina to broadcast through a chain of repeater stations, and the first to expand into late-night broadcasting. Buenos Aires was by then home to 25 stations (as many as in New York, a city, at the time, almost three times larger). The state entered the radio market in 1937, with the inaugural of LRA Radio Nacional
LRA Radio Nacional
LRA Radio Nacional, also known as Radio Nacional Argentina, is the Argentine national radio, and part of the national public media system. It started transmitting in 1937 as LRA Radio del Estado changing its name to the current one in 1957...
Radio Mitre became the first in Argentina to broadcast around the clock, in 1960.
Luis Sandrini
Luis Sandrini
Luis Sandrini was a prolific Argentine comic film actor and film producer. He has made over 80 appearances in film between 1933 and 1980....
's Felipe and other comedy
Comedy
Comedy , as a popular meaning, is any humorous discourse or work generally intended to amuse by creating laughter, especially in television, film, and stand-up comedy. This must be carefully distinguished from its academic definition, namely the comic theatre, whose Western origins are found in...
shows became ratings leaders during the 1940s, and as most Argentines were still either immigrants or first and second generation Argentines, many revolved around the use of thickly accented ethnic humor. Some of the most popular were Niní Marshall
Niní Marshall
Niní Marshall was a popular Argentine comedienne and actress.-Life and work:She was born Marina Esther Traveso in Buenos Aires to Pedro and María Ángela Traveso, a well-to-do family in Rosario, in 1903...
's characters, particularly Catita and Cándida
Cándida
Cándida is a 1939 Argentine musical film drama directed by Luis Bayon Herrera. The tango film premiered in Buenos Aires and starred Juan Carlos Thorry.-Cast:* Niní Marshall ... Cándida* Augusto Codecá ... Jesús...
. The trend was not without its detractors, however, and in 1943, the newly installed dictatorship of General Pedro Ramírez
Pedro Pablo Ramírez
General Pedro Pablo Ramírez was de facto President of Argentina from June 7, 1943 to February 24, 1944. He was the founder and leader of the Guardia Nacional, Argentina's Fascist militia....
banned humor which "deformed the language," leading to exile for Marshall and numerous other radio stars.
Programming focused on Argentine folk music
Cosquín Festival
The Cosquín Folk Festival is one of the most important folk music festivals of Argentina, and most important in Latin America....
and Peronist propaganda
Propaganda
Propaganda is a form of communication that is aimed at influencing the attitude of a community toward some cause or position so as to benefit oneself or one's group....
during the populist administration of President Juan Perón
Juan Perón
Juan Domingo Perón was an Argentine military officer, and politician. Perón was three times elected as President of Argentina though he only managed to serve one full term, after serving in several government positions, including the Secretary of Labor and the Vice Presidency...
, who met his influential wife, Evita
Eva Perón
María Eva Duarte de Perón was the second wife of President Juan Perón and served as the First Lady of Argentina from 1946 until her death in 1952. She is often referred to as simply Eva Perón, or by the affectionate Spanish language diminutive Evita.She was born in the village of Los Toldos in...
, when the latter was a radio matinée star; among Perón's most compelling voices in support on the radio was Tango composer Enrique Santos Discépolo
Enrique Santos Discépolo
Enrique Santos Discépolo was an Argentine tango and milonga musician and composer, author of famous tangos such as Cambalache and many others performed by several of the most important singers of his time, amongst them notably Carlos Gardel.Discépolo was born in Buenos Aires...
, who also hosted political commentary shows. The public sector became increasingly involved in Argentine radio during Perón's 1946-55 presidency, and afterwards. All broadcast chains were nationalized
Nationalization
Nationalisation, also spelled nationalization, is the process of taking an industry or assets into government ownership by a national government or state. Nationalization usually refers to private assets, but may also mean assets owned by lower levels of government, such as municipalities, being...
, and state radio extended overseas in 1958 with the inaugural of the Argentine Foreign Broadcasting Service
Radiodifusión Argentina al Exterior
Radiodifusión Argentina al Exterior is Argentina's state-owned international broadcaster, which uses shortwave and the Internet.-History:...
. The station became only the third in the Western Hemisphere (after the Voice of America
Voice of America
Voice of America is the official external broadcast institution of the United States federal government. It is one of five civilian U.S. international broadcasters working under the umbrella of the Broadcasting Board of Governors . VOA provides a wide range of programming for broadcast on radio...
and Radio Canada International
Radio Canada International
Radio Canada International is the international broadcasting service of the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation . Until 1970, it was known as the CBC International Service and was sometimes referred to as the "Voice of Canada" in its early years.- The early years :The idea for creating an...
) to broadcast internationally and in several languages.
Television in Argentina, which had been developed by Jaime Yankelevich in 1951 under state licence, eroded radio's listener base during the 1950s and '60s. A number of radio hosts, however, such as musician Jorge Raúl Batallé, talent show
Talent show
A talent show is an event where participants perform their talent or talents of acting, singing, dancing, acrobatics, drumming, martial arts, playing an instrument, and other activities to showcase a unique form of talent, sometimes for a reward, trophy or prize...
host Roberto Galán, and news and commentary hosts, such as Antonio Carrizo
Antonio Carrizo
Antonio Carrizo is a noted Argentine radio and television presenter.-Life and work:Born in General Villegas, in western Buenos Aires Province, his first experience in broadcasting was during his teens at the helm of a transit media vehicle, from which he could be heard hawking Mejoral, a...
, Cacho Fontana
Cacho Fontana
Jorge "Cacho" Fontana is an Argentine radio and television personality.-Life and work:Born Norberto Palese in the Barracas section of Buenos Aires, he was the only child of Nieves Filgueiras and Antonio Palese...
, and Héctor Larrea
Héctor Larrea
-Life and work:Larrea was born in Bragado, Buenos Aires Province, in 1938. He lost his father at age nine, and found comfort with his mother in radio broadcasting, particularly Tango shows. He participated in high school plays, and following graduation, attended the Institute of Higher Radio...
(whose Rapidísmo, from 1967, became influential to the Argentine morning show format) rivaled their television counterparts.
Censorship
Censorship
thumb|[[Book burning]] following the [[1973 Chilean coup d'état|1973 coup]] that installed the [[Military government of Chile |Pinochet regime]] in Chile...
also intensified, however, and a number of commentators had shows cancelled, notably Hugo Guerrero Marthineitz, who hosted the intellectual interview program, El show del minuto. The Comité Federal de Radiodifusión (COMFER) was established in 1972 to both regulate the growing number of unlicenced stations, as well as to increase state influence over the medium. The return of Juan Perón from exile led to a second round of nationalizations in 1974, including all major television stations. The Radio Broadcasting Law of 1980, which led to the privatization of 44 stations, touched off an era of state disinvolvement in Argentine radio, however, and helped lead to corporate consolidation over the airwaves. Many of these hitherto public radio stations (known by their acronym, LRA) had helped extend the medium into Argentina's then-remote far north and Patagonia
Patagonia
Patagonia is a region located in Argentina and Chile, integrating the southernmost section of the Andes mountains to the southwest towards the Pacific ocean and from the east of the cordillera to the valleys it follows south through Colorado River towards Carmen de Patagones in the Atlantic Ocean...
. Argentine radio, was long dominated by AM broadcasting
AM broadcasting
AM broadcasting is the process of radio broadcasting using amplitude modulation. AM was the first method of impressing sound on a radio signal and is still widely used today. Commercial and public AM broadcasting is carried out in the medium wave band world wide, and on long wave and short wave...
(only 22 FM
FM broadcasting
FM broadcasting is a broadcasting technology pioneered by Edwin Howard Armstrong which uses frequency modulation to provide high-fidelity sound over broadcast radio. The term "FM band" describes the "frequency band in which FM is used for broadcasting"...
stations were in service), and AM remained popular on the airwaves, even as FM stations grew to outnumber these in subsequent decades.
The return of democracy
Argentine general election, 1983
The Argentine general election of 1983 was held on 30 October and marked the return of Democracy after the 1976's dictatorship self-known as National Reorganization Process...
in 1983 led to an unprecedented selection of news programs, and many became known for muck-raking exposés; some of the highest-rated included Magdalena Ruiz Guiñazú, Santo Biasatti, Nelson Castro
Nelson Castro (Journalist)
Nelson Alberto Castro is an Argentine journalist, doctor and writer. He hosts "El Juego Limpio" on Todo Noticias , Thursday nights.-References:...
, and Román Lejtman. A number of new stations dedicated to Rock music
Rock music
Rock music is a genre of popular music that developed during and after the 1960s, particularly in the United Kingdom and the United States. It has its roots in 1940s and 1950s rock and roll, itself heavily influenced by rhythm and blues and country music...
and other forms of pop culture also opened, notably Rock & Pop (1985), led by Daniel Grinbank
Daniel Grinbank
Daniel Grinbank is an Argentine businessman and impresario. His business creations include four radio stations, a record label and a production company...
; the station became well-known in the late 1980s for its irreverent Radio Bangkok program, hosted by Lalo Mir. Easy listening
Easy listening
Easy listening is a broad style of popular music and radio format that emerged in the 1950s, evolving out of big band music, and related to MOR music as played on many AM radio stations. It encompasses the exotica, beautiful music, light music, lounge music, ambient music, and space age pop genres...
host Nora Perlé (Canciones son amores), Jazzología host Carlos Inzillo
Carlos Inzillo
Carlos Inzillo is a jazz musician, producer and historian from Argentina.-Life and work:Inzillo was born in Buenos Aires in 1944. He enrolled at the , earning a degree in journalism, and later, a doctorate in social psychology...
, Variety show
Variety show
A variety show, also known as variety arts or variety entertainment, is an entertainment made up of a variety of acts, especially musical performances and sketch comedy, and normally introduced by a compère or host. Other types of acts include magic, animal and circus acts, acrobatics, juggling...
host Chiche Gelblung (Edición Chiche), and critic and raconteur Alejandro Dolina
Alejandro Dolina
Alejandro Ricardo Dolina is an Argentine broadcaster, who also achieved renown as a musician and a writer.-External links:* at AlejandroDolina.com.ar * : listen to La venganza será terrible online...
(La venganza sera terrible
La venganza será terrible
La venganza será terrible is a popular radio program in Argentina, also broadcast in Uruguay. It is hosted by Alejandro Dolina....
), also became prominent in radio broadcasting at this time.
Football in Argentina
Football in Argentina is the most popular sport, the one with the most players and is the most popular recreational sport, played from childhood into old age...
remained a perennial favorite on the Argentine radio, and some of the best-known announcers have included Fioravanti, José María Muñoz, Enrique Macaya Márquez, Horacio Pagani
Horacio Pagani (sportswriter)
Horacio Pagani is a prominent Argentine sportswriter and sportscaster.-Life and work:Pagani was born in Buenos Aires, in 1948. He was first hired as a sports journalist by the leading Argentine newsdaily, Clarín, in 1968, and contributed to the popular local football magazine El Gráfico, between...
, Walter Saavedra, and Víctor Hugo Morales, among many others.
ArInfo (Buenos Aires) became the first Argentine station to broadcast online
Internet radio
Internet radio is an audio service transmitted via the Internet...
in 2001 and by 2009, 61 stations did so, nationwide. The ownership structure of both radio and television broadcasting became increasingly concentrated after the 1980 Media Law, however, and many of the most popular radio stations are owned by conglomerates, including Radio Continental
Radio Continental
LS4 Radio Continental is an Argentine News and Talk radio station. Radio Continental was founded on September 28, 1969 under the name Radio Porteña.It is considered one of the most effective radio stations in Buenos Aires...
(Telefé
Telefe
Televisión Federal S.A., best known as Telefe and later as TLF, is an Argentine television network. Formerly known as Canal Once , a state-run network, it was privatised and established as Telefe in 1989, when and News Corporation took over the channel...
), Radio Mitre (Grupo Clarín
Grupo Clarín
Grupo Clarín is the largest media conglomerate of Argentina.-Overview:Established as such in 1999, it includes the Clarín newspaper , Papel Prensa , the Artear media company, and numerous other media outlets.Rooted in the successful, 1945 launch of the centrist daily,...
), Radio Rivadavia (Grupo Uno
América 24
América 24, recently referred to just as A 24, is an Argentine news cable channel. Founded in 2005 by PRAMER, it replaced a previous 24 / 7 news channel, CVN -External links:* *...
), and Radio 10
Radio 10
Radio 10 is an Argentine talk radio. It broadcasts from Buenos Aires on the 710 kHz with an effective radio power of 100 kW. It has plenty of affiliates in the country. It is owned by the journalist Daniel Hadad.-Shows:...
(Daniel Hadad
Daniel Hadad
Daniel Hadad is an Argentine businessman involved in telecommunications and media.-Life and times:Daniel Hadad was born in Buenos Aires in 1961. He earned degrees as a lawyer and journalist from the Catholic University of Argentina, and completed post-graduate studies at the University of...
). The contentious Audiovisual Communication Services Law, signed by President Cristina Kirchner in 2009, would restrict the number of media licences per proprietor, and limit the influence of the principal media conglomerates by allocating a greater share of these to the state and NGOs.