Rhodocollybia
Encyclopedia
Rhodocollybia is a genus
of Basidiomycete mushroom. Species in this genus, formerly classified as a subgenus
in Collybia
, have fairly large caps
(typically larger than 5 centimetres (2 in) broad), and have a pinkish-tinted spore print
. Microscopically, they are characterized by having spore
s and basidia that are dextrinoid—staining deep reddish to reddish-brown with Melzer's reagent
when tested for amyloidity
. Rhodocollybia species are commonly found in temperate
North America and Europe, and infrequently in Central and South America.
in 1939 to describe those species of Collybia
with a pink spore deposit
; in later works he considered the genera equivalent (synonymous) and called them Collybia. In 1997, Antonín and Noordeloos studied various members of Collybia using phylogenetic analysis, and reorganized the genus, dividing species into either Collybia, Gymnopus
, and Rhodocollybia.
of species in this genus are relatively large, often more than 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter, convex in shape but in maturity flattening, or often developing a shallow umbo–a mound in the center of the cap. The surface of the cap is often uneven, and slimy or slippery (lubricous) to the touch. The cap color can range from whitish to dark reddish brown. The gills are whitish to pinkish cream in color, and have an adnexed attachment to the stem. The stem
is usually long and thick (relative to the cap diameter), often more than 7 centimetres (2.8 in) long and at least 0.5 centimetre (0.196850393700787 in) thick; the color usually whitish or the same color as the gills. This type of agaric, collybioid mushroom has pale spore deposits
which range from pinkish buff to pinkish cream.
Microscopic features
Spore
s in this species are typically spherical to ellipsoid in shape, and transclucent (hyaline
). Rhodocollybia is characterized by having an endosporium (inner wall of the spore) that is dextrinoid (staining yellowish or reddish-brown in iodine
-containing solutions such as Melzer's reagent
), and sometimes cyanophilous. The spore wall may be thin to thick (up to 0.5 µm).
or on well-rotted wood, in coniferous forests. Species of Rhodocollybia can be found in various parts of the United States
, including Maine
, Hawaii
, and in California
in conifer woods on needle duff or on rotting wood. Species in this genus can also be found in such Europe
an countries as Poland
and the Czech Republic
. A 1989 work by mycologist Roy Halling reported three neotropical species: R. turpis from Colombia
and Costa Rica
, C. popayanica from Colombia, and C. sleumeri from Ecuador
.
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
of Basidiomycete mushroom. Species in this genus, formerly classified as a subgenus
Subgenus
In biology, a subgenus is a taxonomic rank directly below genus.In zoology, a subgeneric name can be used independently or included in a species name, in parentheses, placed between the generic name and the specific epithet: e.g. the Tiger Cowry of the Indo-Pacific, Cypraea tigris Linnaeus, which...
in Collybia
Collybia
Collybia is a genus of mushrooms in the Tricholomataceae family. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in north temperate areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms....
, have fairly large caps
Pileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
(typically larger than 5 centimetres (2 in) broad), and have a pinkish-tinted spore print
Spore print
thumb|300px|right|Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print...
. Microscopically, they are characterized by having spore
Spore
In biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. According to scientist Dr...
s and basidia that are dextrinoid—staining deep reddish to reddish-brown with Melzer's reagent
Melzer's Reagent
Melzer's reagent is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi.-Composition:...
when tested for amyloidity
Amyloid (mycology)
In mycology the term amyloid refers to a crude chemical test using iodine in either Melzer's reagent or Lugol's solution, to produce a black to blue-black positive reaction. It is called amyloid because starch gives a similar reaction, and that reaction for starch is also called an amyloid reaction...
. Rhodocollybia species are commonly found in temperate
Temperate
In geography, temperate or tepid latitudes of the globe lie between the tropics and the polar circles. The changes in these regions between summer and winter are generally relatively moderate, rather than extreme hot or cold...
North America and Europe, and infrequently in Central and South America.
Taxonomy
The genus name Rhodocollybia was first used by Rolf SingerRolf Singer
Rolf Singer was a German-born mycologist and one of the most important taxonomists of gilled mushrooms in the 20th century....
in 1939 to describe those species of Collybia
Collybia
Collybia is a genus of mushrooms in the Tricholomataceae family. The genus has a widespread but rare distribution in north temperate areas, and contains three species that grow on the decomposing remains of other mushrooms....
with a pink spore deposit
Spore print
thumb|300px|right|Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print...
; in later works he considered the genera equivalent (synonymous) and called them Collybia. In 1997, Antonín and Noordeloos studied various members of Collybia using phylogenetic analysis, and reorganized the genus, dividing species into either Collybia, Gymnopus
Gymnopus
Gymnopus is a genus of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family. The genus has a widespread distribution and contains about 300 species.-Representative species:*Gymnopus dryophilus*Gymnopus fusipes*Gymnopus peronatus*Gymnopus semihirtipes...
, and Rhodocollybia.
Description
The capsPileus (mycology)
The pileus is the technical name for the cap, or cap-like part, of a basidiocarp or ascocarp that supports a spore-bearing surface, the hymenium. The hymenium may consist of lamellae, tubes, or teeth, on the underside of the pileus...
of species in this genus are relatively large, often more than 5 centimetres (2 in) in diameter, convex in shape but in maturity flattening, or often developing a shallow umbo–a mound in the center of the cap. The surface of the cap is often uneven, and slimy or slippery (lubricous) to the touch. The cap color can range from whitish to dark reddish brown. The gills are whitish to pinkish cream in color, and have an adnexed attachment to the stem. The stem
Stipe (mycology)
thumb|150px|right|Diagram of a [[basidiomycete]] stipe with an [[annulus |annulus]] and [[volva |volva]]In mycology a stipe refers to the stem or stalk-like feature supporting the cap of a mushroom. Like all tissues of the mushroom other than the hymenium, the stipe is composed of sterile hyphal...
is usually long and thick (relative to the cap diameter), often more than 7 centimetres (2.8 in) long and at least 0.5 centimetre (0.196850393700787 in) thick; the color usually whitish or the same color as the gills. This type of agaric, collybioid mushroom has pale spore deposits
Spore print
thumb|300px|right|Making a spore print of the mushroom Volvariella volvacea shown in composite: mushroom cap laid on white and dark paper; cap removed after 24 hours showing pinkish-tan spore print...
which range from pinkish buff to pinkish cream.
Microscopic features
Spore
Spore
In biology, a spore is a reproductive structure that is adapted for dispersal and surviving for extended periods of time in unfavorable conditions. Spores form part of the life cycles of many bacteria, plants, algae, fungi and some protozoa. According to scientist Dr...
s in this species are typically spherical to ellipsoid in shape, and transclucent (hyaline
Hyaline
The term hyaline denotes a substance with a glass-like appearance.-Histopathology:In histopathological medical usage, a hyaline substance appears glassy and pink after being stained with haematoxylin and eosin — usually it is an acellular, proteinaceous material...
). Rhodocollybia is characterized by having an endosporium (inner wall of the spore) that is dextrinoid (staining yellowish or reddish-brown in iodine
Iodine
Iodine is a chemical element with the symbol I and atomic number 53. The name is pronounced , , or . The name is from the , meaning violet or purple, due to the color of elemental iodine vapor....
-containing solutions such as Melzer's reagent
Melzer's Reagent
Melzer's reagent is a chemical reagent used by mycologists to assist with the identification of fungi.-Composition:...
), and sometimes cyanophilous. The spore wall may be thin to thick (up to 0.5 µm).
Habitat and distribution
Rhodocollybia species are found growing scattered to clustered together on forest duffForest floor
The forest floor, also called detritus, duff and the O horizon, is one of the most distinctive features of a forest ecosystem. It mainly consists of shed vegetative parts, such as leaves, branches, bark, and stems, existing in various stages of decomposition above the soil surface...
or on well-rotted wood, in coniferous forests. Species of Rhodocollybia can be found in various parts of the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
, including Maine
Maine
Maine is a state in the New England region of the northeastern United States, bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the east and south, New Hampshire to the west, and the Canadian provinces of Quebec to the northwest and New Brunswick to the northeast. Maine is both the northernmost and easternmost...
, Hawaii
Hawaii
Hawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
, and in California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
in conifer woods on needle duff or on rotting wood. Species in this genus can also be found in such Europe
Europe
Europe is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
an countries as Poland
Poland
Poland , officially the Republic of Poland , is a country in Central Europe bordered by Germany to the west; the Czech Republic and Slovakia to the south; Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania to the east; and the Baltic Sea and Kaliningrad Oblast, a Russian exclave, to the north...
and the Czech Republic
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic is a landlocked country in Central Europe. The country is bordered by Poland to the northeast, Slovakia to the east, Austria to the south, and Germany to the west and northwest....
. A 1989 work by mycologist Roy Halling reported three neotropical species: R. turpis from Colombia
Colombia
Colombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
and Costa Rica
Costa Rica
Costa Rica , officially the Republic of Costa Rica is a multilingual, multiethnic and multicultural country in Central America, bordered by Nicaragua to the north, Panama to the southeast, the Pacific Ocean to the west and the Caribbean Sea to the east....
, C. popayanica from Colombia, and C. sleumeri from Ecuador
Ecuador
Ecuador , officially the Republic of Ecuador is a representative democratic republic in South America, bordered by Colombia on the north, Peru on the east and south, and by the Pacific Ocean to the west. It is one of only two countries in South America, along with Chile, that do not have a border...
.
Species
- Rhodocollybia amica
- Rhodocollybia antioquiana
- Rhodocollybia badiialba
- Rhodocollybia butyraceaRhodocollybia butyraceaRhodocollybia butyracea, common name Buttery Collybia, is a species of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family of mushrooms.-Description:...
(Buttery Collybia) - Rhodocollybia distorta
- Rhodocollybia dotae
- Rhodocollybia extuberans
- Rhodocollybia filamentosa
- Rhodocollybia fodiensRhodocollybia fodiensRhodocollybia fodiens is a species of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family of mushrooms.-External links:* * *...
- Rhodocollybia fusipes
- Rhodocollybia giselae
- Found in the Mediterranean region of Europe (Italy and France), grows in thermophilous forests with Holm Oak (Quercus ilex), Strawberry trees, (Arbutus unedo) and Pine trees (genus Pinus).
- Rhodocollybia laulaha
- Caps are 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) in diameter, bell-shaped to convex shape, and light brown (young specimens) to grayish orange or orange-white (old specimens). Gills have an adnexed attachment to the stem, and are narrow and very crowded together. The stem is 3 to 8 cm (1.2 to 3.1 in) tall by 0.6 to 0.7 cm (0.236220472440945 to 0.275590551181102 in) thick. This species—of unknown edibility—is endemic to HawaiiHawaiiHawaii is the newest of the 50 U.S. states , and is the only U.S. state made up entirely of islands. It is the northernmost island group in Polynesia, occupying most of an archipelago in the central Pacific Ocean, southwest of the continental United States, southeast of Japan, and northeast of...
.- Rhodocollybia lentinoides
- Rhodocollybia lignitilis
- Rhodocollybia longispora
- Rhodocollybia maculataRhodocollybia maculataRhodocollybia maculata, common name Spotted Toughshank, is a species of fungus in the Marasmiaceae family of mushrooms.-External links:*...
(Spotted Toughshank) - Rhodocollybia meridana
- Rhodocollybia monticola
- Rhodocollybia oregonensis
- Rhodocollybia pandipes
- Rhodocollybia popayanica
- Rhodocollybia prolixa
- Rhodocollybia sleumeri
- Rhodocollybia spissa
- Rhodocollybia stenosperma
- Rhodocollybia subnigra
- Rhodocollybia subsulcatipes
- Rhodocollybia tablensis
- Rhodocollybia turpis
- Cap 8 to 11 cm (3.1 to 4.3 in) in diameter, light yellow in youth but turning pale orange with brown streaks and spots in maturity. Found in ColombiaColombiaColombia, officially the Republic of Colombia , is a unitary constitutional republic comprising thirty-two departments. The country is located in northwestern South America, bordered to the east by Venezuela and Brazil; to the south by Ecuador and Peru; to the north by the Caribbean Sea; to the...
.- Rhodocollybia unakensis
Further reading
- Bas, C., Kyper, T.W., Noordeloos, M.E. & Vellinga, E.C. (1995). Flora Agaricina Neerlandica—Critical monographs on the families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands. Volume 3. Tricholomataceae. A. A. Balkema: Rotterdam, Netherlands. 183 p.
- Halling, R.E. (1983). The Genus Collybia (Agaricales) in the Northeastern United States and Adjacent Canada. J. Cramer: Braunschweig, Germany. 148 p.
- Desjardin, D. E., R. E. Halling & D. E. Hemmes (1999). Agaricales of the Hawaiian Islands. 5. The genera Rhodocollybia and Gymnopus. Mycologia 91