Rulers of Frisia
Encyclopedia
Frisia
Frisia is a coastal region along the southeastern corner of the North Sea, i.e. the German Bight. Frisia is the traditional homeland of the Frisians, a Germanic people who speak Frisian, a language group closely related to the English language...
, whether they are called duke
Duke
A duke or duchess is a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch, and historically controlling a duchy...
s or king
Monarch
A monarch is the person who heads a monarchy. This is a form of government in which a state or polity is ruled or controlled by an individual who typically inherits the throne by birth and occasionally rules for life or until abdication...
s, the last royal dynasty
Dynasty
A dynasty is a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family. Historians traditionally consider many sovereign states' history within a framework of successive dynasties, e.g., China, Ancient Egypt and the Persian Empire...
below is established by the chronicles of Merovingian kings of the Franks
Franks
The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a...
, with whom they were contemporaries. In these contemporary chronicles, they were styled dux, a Latin
Latin
Latin is an Italic language originally spoken in Latium and Ancient Rome. It, along with most European languages, is a descendant of the ancient Proto-Indo-European language. Although it is considered a dead language, a number of scholars and members of the Christian clergy speak it fluently, and...
term for leader which is the origin of the title duke
Duke
A duke or duchess is a member of the nobility, historically of highest rank below the monarch, and historically controlling a duchy...
and its cognates in other languages (duc, duce, doge, duque, etc). They were independent until the death of Radbod at the earliest.
Finn, son of Folcwald, is a semi-legendary figure. He was killed by Hengest
Hengest
Hengist and Horsa are figures of Anglo-Saxon, and subsequently British, legend, which records the two as the Germanic brothers who led the Angle, Saxon, and Jutish armies that conquered the first territories of Great Britain in the 5th century AD...
, who later migrated to Britain
Great Britain
Great Britain or Britain is an island situated to the northwest of Continental Europe. It is the ninth largest island in the world, and the largest European island, as well as the largest of the British Isles...
and founded the Kingdom of Kent
Kingdom of Kent
The Kingdom of Kent was a Jutish colony and later independent kingdom in what is now south east England. It was founded at an unknown date in the 5th century by Jutes, members of a Germanic people from continental Europe, some of whom settled in Britain after the withdrawal of the Romans...
. For rulers prior to Finn the later Frisians developed a rich store of legend and myth, and these too are listed here in chronological order.
After coming under Frankish rule, Frisia was governed by Frankish counts and by potestates
Podestà
Podestà is the name given to certain high officials in many Italian cities, since the later Middle Ages, mainly as Chief magistrate of a city state , but also as a local administrator, the representative of the Emperor.The term derives from the Latin word potestas, meaning power...
elected by the Frisians.
Kings
- Finn FolcwaldingFinn (Frisian)Finn, son of Folcwald, was a legendary Frisian lord. He is mentioned in Widsith, in Beowulf, and in the Finnsburg Fragment. There is also a Finn mentioned in Historia Brittonum....
, (semi-legendary) - AudulfAudulfAudulf or Audwulf, was a Frisian king at the time of the Great Völkerwanderung, .Nowadays historians mostly think that there has been a Frisian king in the first half of the 7th century with the name Audulf, containing the words adel and wolf. The land this king ruled was probably the central...
, 600 - Adgillus IAldgislAldegisel, Aldegisl, Aldgillis, Aldgisl, Aldgils or Eadgils was the ruler of Frisia in the late seventh century contemporarily with Dagobert II and a very obscure figure...
(Aldegisel I), ?-680 - Radbod I (Redbad I), 680-719
- PoppoPoppo (Frisian)Poppo , also known as Bubo or Bobba, was a king of Frisia from the 8th century. After Aldgisl and Radboud he is the third Frisian ruler mentioned in the literature. He is possibly the last Frisian king...
, 719-734 - Adgillus IIAdgillis IIAdgillis II was an obscure historical figure who may have been Ruler of Frisia between 734 and 741. No contemporary accounts of his rule exist, but the scanty information available suggests that King Poppo was succeeded by someone called Adgillis. Eggerik Benninga made a brief record in his...
(Aldegisel II) - GundeboldGundeboldGundebold, Gondobaldus or Adgillis III was according to the Cronica der Friesen of Eggerik Benninga, King of the Frisians between 748 and 760.He would have been the son and successor of Adgillis II, whose existence is also uncertain....
- Radbod IIRedbad IIRedbad II was a possible king of Frisia. He was the son of Adgillis III. His territory was east of the Lauwers and included present day East Friesland and Groningen, the last now being part of the Netherlands.At this time Frisia had already been conquered by the Franks, and in 775, Charlemagne ...
(Redbad II)
Counts
In 775 the FranksFranks
The Franks were a confederation of Germanic tribes first attested in the third century AD as living north and east of the Lower Rhine River. From the third to fifth centuries some Franks raided Roman territory while other Franks joined the Roman troops in Gaul. Only the Salian Franks formed a...
under Charlemagne
Charlemagne
Charlemagne was King of the Franks from 768 and Emperor of the Romans from 800 to his death in 814. He expanded the Frankish kingdom into an empire that incorporated much of Western and Central Europe. During his reign, he conquered Italy and was crowned by Pope Leo III on 25 December 800...
took control of what remained of Frisian territory and incorporated it into their kingdom. Counts appointed by the Frankish rulers were:
- AbbaAbba (count)Abba or Alfbad was a Frisian count who ruled in the 8th century. In the name of the Frankish king Pepin the short he governed the territory of Oostergo in the present day province of Friesland, Netherlands.-History:...
(Alfbad), 777-786 - NordalahNordalahNordalah was a Frisian earl who lived around 800. He reigned over an area between the Vlie and the Medemelacha, a stream that was formerly in Medemblik in the Zuiderzee area. Probably this was the Wieringen municipality....
, 786-806 - Dirk, 806-810
- GodfreyGodfrid HaraldssonGodfrid Haraldsson was the son of the Danish king Harald Klak. In 826 he was baptized together with his parents in Mainz in the Frankish Empire, with crown prince Lothair standing as a godparent....
, 810-839 (a Danish invader) - Rorik, 839-875 (cousin of Godfrey)
- Gerulf I, 875-883
- Gerulf IIGerolf of HollandGerolf or Gerulf was the second count of this name who is attested in the area of Friesland . Gerolf's main area of power seems to have been in Kennemerland. Count Gerolf is often regarded as the founder of the County of Holland, although the actual name "Holland" is from a later time...
, 883-916 (Friesland incorporated into the County of Holland in 922)
Potestates
The potestatePodestà
Podestà is the name given to certain high officials in many Italian cities, since the later Middle Ages, mainly as Chief magistrate of a city state , but also as a local administrator, the representative of the Emperor.The term derives from the Latin word potestas, meaning power...
was a magistrate elected by the Frisians under the authority of the royally appointed counts:
- Magnus FortemanMagnus FortemanMagnus Forteman , was the first potestaat and commander of Friesland which is now a province of Netherlands...
, fl. 809 (first recipient of the KarelsprivilegeKarelsprivilegeKarelsprivilege is a privilege that Charlemagne allegedly paid to the Frisians led by Magnus Forteman to thank them for the support that was given at the attack on Rome. Since the 13th century, the Frisians regularly mentioned Karelsprivilege in legal and historical works. The authenticity of the...
) - Taco LudigmanTaco LudigmanTaco Ludigman was the second potestaat of Friesland.Taco or Focko Ludigman was potestaat of Friesland in the final part of the reign of Louis the Pious. He succeeded Magnus Forteman as potestaat...
, fl. c. 830 (Focko Ludigman) (protected the country against pirates) - Adelbrik AdelenAdelbrik AdelenAdelbrik Adelen was the third potestaat of Friesland a province of the Netherlands.He was potestaat during the government of Lorraine, and defeated the Vikings. In Kollum he won a victory over a Swedish duke...
, fl. c. 830 (won a victory over a Swedish duke at KollumKollumKollum is a village in Kollumerland c.a. in the province Friesland of the Netherlands and has a population of around 5613 . There is a restored windmill, Tochmaland in the village.-References:...
) - Hessel HermanaHessel HermanaRodulf Haraldsson , sometimes Rudolf, from Old Norse Hróðulfr, was a Viking leader who raided the British Isles, West Francia, Frisia, and Lotharingia in the 860s and 870s. He was a son of Harald the Younger and thus a nephew of Rorik of Dorestad, and a relative of both Harald Klak and Godfrid...
, 869-876 (a diligent warrior against the Vikings) - Igo GalemaIgo GalemaIgo Galema was the fifth potestaat of Friesland, now a province of the Netherlands.-Biography:Not much is known of his life. However the history of Friesland says that Galema was elected in 876 as potestaat. He would have been an excellent soldier, who did everything possible for the peace and...
(Ygo Galema), 876-910 - Gosse LudigmanGosse LudigmanGosse Ludigman was the sixth potestaat of Friesland, now a province of the Netherlands.Gosse lived at Staveren, and was married with Tetta Brederode. In the chronicle of Egmond, by the fifteenth century Carmelite John of Leiden, he said...
, 986-1000 - Saco ReinaldaSaco ReinaldaSaco Reinalda was the seventh potestaat or elected governor of Friesland now a province of the Netherlands.Saco Reinalda of Westernijkerk was twice Potestaat of Friesland, and had the right to save gold and silver coins Saco Reinalda (chosen from 1150 to 1167) was the seventh potestaat or elected...
, 1150-1167 (many Frisians were recruited into the crusades to the Holy LandHoly LandThe Holy Land is a term which in Judaism refers to the Kingdom of Israel as defined in the Tanakh. For Jews, the Land's identifiction of being Holy is defined in Judaism by its differentiation from other lands by virtue of the practice of Judaism often possible only in the Land of Israel...
) - Sicko SjaerdemaSicko SjaerdemaSikke Sjaardema was the eighth potestaat of Friesland, a province of the Netherlands. The potestaat was the elected provincial ruler.-Biography:...
, 1237-1260 (Count William II of Holland offered him regional rule of Friesland) - Reinier CammingaReinier CammingaReinier Camminga was the ninth potestaat or governor of Friesland now a province of the Netherlands.Reijner Haijes Camminga was captain when the Danes made an incursion into Oostergo in 1306 because of disputes with the Frisians.Occo Scarlensis wrote about a drawn out battle after which the Danes...
, 1300-1306 (killed in the fight against "Danes Noertmannen ende") - Hessel MartenaHessel MartenaHessel Martena was the tenth Potestaat of Friesland a province of the Netherlands...
, 1306-1313 (protected Friesland against the attacks of the counts of Holland) - Juw JuwingaJuw JuwingaJuw Juwinga of Bolsward was a Frisian chieftain that earned great fame in the struggle against the ‘infidels’. When Albrecht of Bavaria, count of Holland, threatened Friesland in 1396, Juw was chosen as potestate of Friesland. He advised luring the enemy into the land. The Schieringers limited...
(Jonghema Ju), 1396 (killed in the Battle of Schoterzijl against Albert I, Duke of BavariaAlbert I, Duke of BavariaDuke Albert I or Albrecht KG was a feudal ruler of the counties of Holland, Hainaut, and Zeeland in the Low Countries...
) - Sytse DekamaSytse DekamaSytse Dekama was the twelfth potestaat of Friesland, which was in the time of the religious disputes between Schieringers and Vetkopers. There is little known about Sytse Dekama only historian Occo Scarlensis mentions Dekama. He succeeded Juw Juwinga when he died in 1396....
, 1397-? - Gale HaniaGale HaniaGale Hania was the thirteenth potestaat of Friesland, a province of Netherlands.-Biography:His name is also known written as Hanja or Hanya. Gale was born on the Hanya farm northeast of Pingjum, in the shire of Wonseradeel...
- Odo BotniaOdo BotniaOdo Botnia was the fourteenth potestaat of Friesland, now a province in the Netherlands.-Biography:Odo was the son of Feicko Botnia, a nobleman of Marrum, who lived on the Botnia stins . He would have been a descendant of the old Odo Botnia, who had built a stins at Marrum by 900...
, ?-1399 - Sjoerd WiardaSjoerd WiardaSjoerd Pijbes Wiarda was the fifteenth potestaat of Friesland now a province of the Netherlands.Sjoerd Wiarda born in 1355 and died in 1410. He was the son of Pybe Wyarda and Claer van Eminga. He lived on Wiarda estate at Goutum...
, 1399-1410 (elected by the Schieringers for Oostergo) - Haring Haringsma (Haring Harinxma, or Haring Thoe Heeg) , 1399-1404 (elected by the Schieringers for Westergo)
- Juw Dekama, 1494-1498 (d. 1523) (only governed Oostergo)
With the victory of the Schieringers against the Vetkopers, the office passed to the dukes of Saxony:
- Albert, Duke of SaxonyAlbert, Duke of SaxonyAlbert III was a Duke of Saxony. He was nicknamed Albert the Bold or Albert the Courageous and founded the Albertine line of the House of Wettin....
, 1498-1500 (appointed by Maximilian I, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian I, Holy Roman EmperorMaximilian I , the son of Frederick III, Holy Roman Emperor and Eleanor of Portugal, was King of the Romans from 1486 and Holy Roman Emperor from 1493 until his death, though he was never in fact crowned by the Pope, the journey to Rome always being too risky...
) - Henry IV, Duke of SaxonyHenry IV, Duke of SaxonyHenry IV the Pious, Duke of Saxony was a Duke of Saxony from the House of Wettin.-Biography:Heinrich was the second son of Albert, Duke of Saxony and his wife Sidonie Podiebrad, princess of Bohemia...
, 1500-1505 (d. 1541) - George, Duke of SaxonyGeorge, Duke of SaxonyGeorge the Bearded, Duke of Saxony , was duke of Saxony from 1500 to 1539.Duke George was a member of the Order of the Golden Fleece.-Early life:...
, 1505-1515 (d. 1539)
Stadtholders
In 1515, George of Saxony sold Friesland to Charles of Habsburg, the future EmperorCharles V, Holy Roman Emperor
Charles V was ruler of the Holy Roman Empire from 1519 and, as Charles I, of the Spanish Empire from 1516 until his voluntary retirement and abdication in favor of his younger brother Ferdinand I and his son Philip II in 1556.As...
. The Habsburgs appointed the following governors:
- Floris van Egmond, Count of BurenBurenBuren is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. It is also a county; with the Dutch Monarch still holding the title "Count of Buren".- Population centres :...
and LeerdamLeerdamLeerdam is a city and municipality in the western Netherlands, in the province of South Holland.The municipality covers an area of 34.32 km² of which 0.53 km² is water. It comprises the town of Leerdam, the rural villages Kedichem, Schoonrewoerd and Oosterwijk. The south border of the...
, 1515-1518 - Wilhelm von RoggendorfWilhelm von RoggendorfWilhelm Freiherr von Roggendorf was an Austrian military commander and Hofmeister.He was a son of , and thus member of the ancient family from Styria, which ruled in Lower Austria since the midst 15th century....
, 1518-1521 - Georg Schenck van ToutenburgGeorg Schenck van ToutenburgGeorg Schenck van Toutenburg was Stadhouder of Friesland , succeeding Wilhelm van Roggendorf. Later he was also Stadholder of Overijssel, Drenthe and Groningen...
, 1521-1540 - Jancko DouwamaJancko DouwamaJancko Douwama was a Frisian nobleman who fought to free Friesland from foreign rule.He was born in 1482 into a Vetkoper 'hoofdelingen' or 'untitled noble' family near Oldeboorn, Friesland. He was the son of the chieftain Douwe Douwama and his wife Riem Eesckes...
, 1522 - Maximiliaan van EgmondMaximiliaan van EgmondMaximilian of Egmont was Count of Buren and Leerdam, and Stadtholder of Friesland from 1540 until 1548. He was the son of Floris van Egmont whom he succeeded as count after his father's death in 1539....
, Count of BurenBurenBuren is a municipality and a city in the eastern Netherlands. It is also a county; with the Dutch Monarch still holding the title "Count of Buren".- Population centres :...
, 1540-1548 - Jean de LigneJean de Ligne, Duke of ArembergJean de Ligne, Duke of Arenberg was Baron of Barbançon, founder of the House of Arenberg and stadtholder of the Dutch provinces of Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel from 1549 until his death....
, Count of Arenberg , 1549-1568 (in 1556 sovereignty of Friesland passed to Philip II of SpainPhilip II of SpainPhilip II was King of Spain, Portugal, Naples, Sicily, and, while married to Mary I, King of England and Ireland. He was lord of the Seventeen Provinces from 1556 until 1581, holding various titles for the individual territories such as duke or count....
, son of Charles V) - Karel van Brimeu, Count of MegenMegenMegen or Meghem is a small city in the southern part of the Netherlands, in the province North Brabant, close to the river Maas. It is part of the Oss municipality. The number of inhabitants is approximately 1700....
, 1568-1572 - Gillis van BerlaymontGillis van BerlaymontGilles van Berlaymont was stadtholder for the Spanish Crown of Drenthe, Friesland, Groningen and Overijssel , stadtholder of Guelders , substitute stadtholder of Holland, Zeeland and Utrecht , stadtholder of Namur and Artois and baron of Hierges.He was the son of Charles de Berlaymont and Adriana...
, of HiergesHiergesHierges is a commune in the Ardennes department in the Champagne-Ardenne region in northern France.Hierges is located in the Meuse valley along the Belgian border.-Population:-See also:*Manasses of Hierges*Héribrand II of Hierges...
, 1572-1574 - Caspar de RoblesCaspar de RoblesCaspar de Robles or Gaspard di Robles also known as Billy in Artois, was Stadholder of Friesland and Groningen at the beginning of the Eighty Years' War .-Family:...
, Master of BillyBilly-MontignyBilly-Montigny is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region of France.-Geography:An ex-coalmining industrial town situated just east of the centre of Lens at the junction of the N43 and D46 roads...
, 1574-1576 (or 1572-1576) - George van LalaingGeorge van RennenbergGeorge de Lalaing count Rennenberg , was stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, Drenthe and Overijssel in the service of Philip II of Spain from 1577 to 1581. The Lalaing family came from Hainaut and had a tradition of governing...
, Count of Rennenberg, de Stadhouder-verrader, 1576-1581 (after 1580 in the service of Phillip II) - Francisco VerdugoFrancisco VerdugoFrancisco Verdugo, Spanish military commander in the Dutch Revolt, born in 1537 in , became Maestre de Campo General, in the Spanish Netherlands....
, 1581-1594 (in the service of Phillip II) - Willem I van Oranje-NassauWilliam the SilentWilliam I, Prince of Orange , also widely known as William the Silent , or simply William of Orange , was the main leader of the Dutch revolt against the Spanish that set off the Eighty Years' War and resulted in the formal independence of the United Provinces in 1648. He was born in the House of...
, 1580-1584
In 1581, Friesland and six other provinces revolted and formed the Dutch Republic
Dutch Republic
The Dutch Republic — officially known as the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands , the Republic of the United Netherlands, or the Republic of the Seven United Provinces — was a republic in Europe existing from 1581 to 1795, preceding the Batavian Republic and ultimately...
. The office of stadholder became hereditary in the House of Oranje:
- Willem Lodewijk van NassauWilliam Louis, Count of Nassau-DillenburgWilliam Louis of Nassau-Dillenburg was Count of Nassau-Dillenburg from 1606 to 1620, and stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen, and Drenthe. He was the eldest son of John VI, Count of Nassau-Dillenburg.William Louis served as a cavalry officer under William the Silent...
, 1584-1620 - Ernst CasimirErnst CasimirErnst Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz was count of Nassau-Dietz and Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.-Biography:...
, 1620-1632 - Hendrik Casimir IHenry Casimir I of Nassau-DietzHenry Casimir I of Nassau-Dietz was count of Nassau-Dietz and Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe....
, 1632-1640 - Willem FrederikWillem Frederik of Nassau-DietzWillem Frederik , Count of Nassau-Dietz, Stadtholder of Friesland, Groningen and Drenthe.-Family Life:...
, 1640-1664 - Hendrik Casimir IIHenry Casimir II of Nassau-DiezHendrik Casimir II, Prince of Nassau-Dietz was Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen from 1664 till 1696. He was the eldest son of Willem Frederik of Nassau-Dietz and Albertine Agnes of Nassau and followed, under protection of his mother, his father as Stadtholder of Friesland and Groningen...
, 1664-1696 - Johan Willem Friso of OrangeJohan Willem Friso, Prince of OrangeJohn William Friso became the titular Prince of Orange in 1702...
, 1696-1711 - William IV of OrangeWilliam IV, Prince of OrangeWilliam IV, Prince of Orange-Nassau , born Willem Karel Hendrik Friso, was the first hereditary stadtholder of the Netherlands.-Early life:...
, 1711-1751 (the seven provincial stadtholders within the Dutch Republic merged in 1747) - William V of OrangeWilliam V, Prince of OrangeWilliam V , Prince of Orange-Nassau was the last Stadtholder of the Dutch Republic, and between 1795 and 1806 he led the Government of the Dutch Republic in Exile in London. He was succeeded by his son William I...
, 1751-1795 (d. 1806) (Stadtholder-General of the Dutch Republic until it was destroyed by Napoleon)
Fictional rulers
A description of a course at the University of Amsterdam states ""One of the characteristics of Frisian historiography and literature from the Middle-Ages up to the nineteenth and twentieth century is the existence of a comprehensive corpus of fantastic, apocryphal and mystified historic works, which deal with the origins and identity of the Frisians. Well known examples are medieval myths of origin like the Gesta Frisiorum or the Tractatus Alvini, sixteenth-century humanistic scholarly books by e.g. Suffridus Petrus, Ocko van Scarl en Martinus Hamconius and nineteenth-century forgeries like the Tescklaow and the infamous Oera Linda Book."The 17th century chronicle Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus, by Martinus Hamconius, purported to list the ancient kings of Frisia, beginning with Friso
Friso
Friso is a legendary king of the Frisians who is said to have ruled around 300 BC. According to Martinus Hamconius in his 17th century chronicle Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus, and also the 19th century Oera Linda Book, Friso was a leader of a group of Frisian colonists who had been...
who had allegedly migrated from India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
during the time of Alexander the Great. A 19th century work, the Oera Linda Book (authorship uncertain but considered to be a hoax), embellished these stories further by describing an ancient and glorious history for the Frisians extending back thousands of years, during which time they were supposedly ruled over by a line of matriarchs known as folk-mothers, founded by the eponymous goddess Frya
Frijjō
*Frijjō is the reconstructed name or epithet of a hypothesized Common Germanic love goddess giving rise to both Frigg and Freyja....
, ancestress of the Frisians.
Goddess and Folk-mothers
According to the Oera Linda Book.- FryaFrijjō*Frijjō is the reconstructed name or epithet of a hypothesized Common Germanic love goddess giving rise to both Frigg and Freyja....
, ?-2194 BC (eponymous ancestress of the Frisians, who supposedly inhabited all of Northern and Western EuropeEuropeEurope is, by convention, one of the world's seven continents. Comprising the westernmost peninsula of Eurasia, Europe is generally 'divided' from Asia to its east by the watershed divides of the Ural and Caucasus Mountains, the Ural River, the Caspian and Black Seas, and the waterways connecting...
) - FastaFasta (Frisian)Fasta was the first folk-mother, or head of the order of priestesses, of the Frisians according to the Oera Linda Book, which is generally considered to be a hoax...
, 2194-after 2145 BC (appointed by Frya when the latter ascended to the stars during a terrible flood) - MedeaMedeaMedea is a woman in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of King Aeëtes of Colchis, niece of Circe, granddaughter of the sun god Helios, and later wife to the hero Jason, with whom she had two children, Mermeros and Pheres. In Euripides's play Medea, Jason leaves Medea when Creon, king of...
- ThianiaThianiaThiania is a spider genus of the Salticidae family . The 17 described species are found in Asia from Pakistan to the Philippines, with one species found on Hawai'i.-Species:* Thiania abdominalis Zabka, 1985 — Vietnam...
- Hellenia
- (unknown)
- MinnaMinnaMinna is a city in west central Nigeria. It's the capital of Niger State, one of Nigeria's 36 federal states, and is the headquarters of Chanchaga Local Government Area.- Geography :...
, fl. 2013 BC (faced an invasion of Finns from the east, who settled in the Frisian lands in ScandinaviaScandinaviaScandinavia is a cultural, historical and ethno-linguistic region in northern Europe that includes the three kingdoms of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, characterized by their common ethno-cultural heritage and language. Modern Norway and Sweden proper are situated on the Scandinavian Peninsula,...
) - (unknown)
- Rosamond, 1631-? BC (the Frisians in Western Europe revolted and became the Celts)
- Hellicht, fl. 1621 BC
- (unknown)
- Frana, ?-590 BC (murdered by the Finns during an invasion)
- Adela (de facto), 590-559 BC (supposedly ordered the compilation of what became the Oera Linda Book)
- (vacant)
- Gosa, 306-before 264 BC (elected after a long vacancy, Frisian rule confined to approximately the modern NetherlandsNetherlandsThe Netherlands is a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, located mainly in North-West Europe and with several islands in the Caribbean. Mainland Netherlands borders the North Sea to the north and west, Belgium to the south, and Germany to the east, and shares maritime borders...
) - (vacant)
- Prontlik, fl. c. 60 BC (puppet folk-mother appointed by King Asinga Ascon)
Kings
According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus (and the Oera Linda Book).- FrisoFrisoFriso is a legendary king of the Frisians who is said to have ruled around 300 BC. According to Martinus Hamconius in his 17th century chronicle Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus, and also the 19th century Oera Linda Book, Friso was a leader of a group of Frisian colonists who had been...
, 313-245 BC (Adel I Friso (de facto), 304-264 BC) (established a militaristic hereditary monarchy) - Adel, 245-151 BC (Adel II Atharik, 264-? BC)
- Ubbo, 151-71 BC (Adel III Ubbo)
- Asinga Ascon, 71 BC-AD 11 (Adel IV Asega Askar, or Black Adel) (reviled for employing foreign troops and bringing plague)
- Diocarus Segon, 11-46
- Dibbaldus Segon, 46-85 (? Verritus) (forced to accept RomanRoman EmpireThe Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of the ancient Roman civilization, characterised by an autocratic form of government and large territorial holdings in Europe and around the Mediterranean....
protection, and may have visited Rome in person) - Tabbo, 85-130 (? Malorix)
Dukes
According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus.- Asconius, 130-173 (title downgraded to duke as a Roman client)
- AdelboldusAdelboldAdelbold was, according to 19th century historians, the second Duke of Frisia, and is now considered a fictional ruler of Frisia.-19th century biography:...
, 173-187 - Titus Boiocalus, 187-240
- Ubbo, 240-299
- Haron Ubbo, 299-335
- Odilbaldus, 335-360
- Udolphus Haron, 360-392
Kings
According to the Frisia seu de viris rebusque illustribus (and Merovingian chronicles).- Richardus, Uffo, 392-435 (? Finn Folcwalding)
- Odilbaldus, 435-470 (? Sibbelt)
- Richoldus, 470-533 (? Ritzard)
- Beroaldus, 533-590 (? Audulf)
- Adgillus I, 590-672 (Aldegisel, ?-680)
- Radbodus I, 672-723 (Radbod I, 680-719)
- (Poppo, 719-734) (not listed in the rebusque)
- Adgillus II, 723-737 (Aldegisel II)
- Gondobaldus, 737-749 (Gundebold, or Aldegisel III)
- Radbodus II, 749-775 (Radbod II)