Russian American
Encyclopedia
Russian Americans are primarily Americans who traces their ancestry to Russia
. The definition can be applied to recent Russian immigrants to the United States, as well as to settlers of 19th century Russian settlements in northwestern America which includes today's California
, Alaska and Oregon.
Some Rusyn Americans identify as Russian American.
The Russian American population is reported to be 3.13 million.
Many Russian Americans do not speak Russian
, having been born in the USA and brought up in English-speaking homes. In 2007, however, Russian was the primary spoken language of 851,174 Americans at home, according to the U.S. Census. According to the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard
, 750,000 Russian Americans were ethnic Russians
in 1990.
The New York City metropolitan area continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for Russian immigrants legally admitted into the United States.
Sometimes Carpatho-Rusyns
and Ukrainians
who emigrated from Carpathian Ruthenia
in the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century identify as Russian Americans. More recent emigres would often refer to this group as the 'starozhili', which translates to mean "old residents". This group became the pillar of the Russian Orthodox Church in America
. Today, most of this group has become assimilated into the local society, with ethnic traditions continuing to survive primarily around the church.
was settled by the Russians and controlled by the Russian Empire
. The southernmost such post of the Russian American Company was Fort Ross
, established in 1812 by Ivan Kuskov
, some 50 miles north of San Francisco, as an agricultural supply base for Russian America. It was part of the Russian-America Company, and consisted of four outposts, including Bodega Bay, the Russian River, and the Farallon Islands. There was never an established agreement made with the government of New Spain
which produced great tension between the two countries. Spain claimed the land yet had never established a colony there. But due to the well armed Russian Fort, Spain could not remove the Russians living there. Without the Russians hospitality the Spanish colony would have been abandoned due to their supplies being lost when Spanish supply ships sank in a large storm off the South American coast. After the Independence of Mexico, tensions were reduced and trade was established with the new government of Mexican California.
Russian America was not a profitable colony, due to high transportation costs and declining animal population. After it was purchased
by the United States in 1867, the majority of the Russian settlers went back to Russia, but some resettled in southern Alaska and California. Included in these were the first miners and merchants of the California gold rush.
. Although some immigration took place earlier—the most notable example being Ivan Turchaninov
, who immigrated in 1856 and became a Union army
brigadier general
-- millions traveled to the new world in the last decade of the 19th century, some for political reasons, some for economic reasons, and some for a combination of both. Between 1820 and 1870 only 7,550 Russians immigrated to the USA, but starting with 1881, immigration rate exceeded 10,000 a year: 593,700 in 1891-1900, 1.6 million in 1901-1910, 868,000 in 1911-1914, and 43,000 in 1915-1917.
The most prominent Russian groups that immigrated in this period were the groups seeking freedom from religious prosecution: the Russian Jews, escaping the 1881-1882 pogroms by Alexander III
, moved to New York
and other coastal cities, the Molokan
s, treated as heretics at home, settled in the Los Angeles
and San Francisco areas, two large groups of Shtundists moved to Virginia
and the Dakotas, and, finally in 1908-1910, the Old Believers
, prosecuted as schismatics, arrived and settled in small groups in California
, Oregon
, Pennsylvania
, and New York
. Immigrants of this wave include Irving Berlin
, legend of American songwriting and André Tchelistcheff, influential Californian winemaker.
and Russian Civil War
. This group is known collectively as the White emigre
s. United States of America was the second largest destination for those immigrants, after France
. This wave is often referred to as the first wave, when discussing Soviet era immigration. The head of the Russian Provisional Government
, Alexander Kerensky
, was one of those immigrants.
Since the immigrants were of the higher classes of the Russian Empire
, they contributed significantly to American science and culture. Inventors Vladimir Zworykin
, often referred to as "father of television", Alexander M. Poniatoff
, the founder of Ampex
, and Alexander Lodygin
, arrived with this wave. The American army benefited greatly with the arrival of such inventors as Igor Sikorsky
(who invented the Helicopter
and Aerosan
), Vladimir Yourkevitch
, and Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
. Sergei Rachmaninoff
and Igor Stravinsky
are by many considered to be the greatest composers ever to live in the United States of America. The novelist Vladimir Nabokov
, the violinist Jasha Heifetz, and the actor Yul Brynner
also left Russia in this period.
who immigrated to the United States of America and other Western Bloc
countries for political reasons. Some fled the Communist regime, such as Ayn Rand
in 1926 or Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
in 1974, some were communists themselves, and left in fear of prosecution, such as KGB
operative Alexander Orlov who escaped the purge in 1938 or Svetlana Alliluyeva
, daughter of Joseph Stalin
, who left in 1967. Some were diplomats and military personnel who defected to sell their knowledge, such as the pilots Viktor Belenko
in 1976 and Alexander Zuyev
in 1989.
Following the international condemnation of the Soviet reaction to Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair
in 1970, the Soviet Union temporarily loosened emigration restrictions for Jewish emigrants, which allowed nearly 250,000 people leave the country, escaping covert anti-semitism. Emigrants included the family of Google
co-founder Sergey Brin
, which moved to the US in 1979, citing the impossibility of an advanced scientific career for a person of Jewish descent.
The slow Brezhnev stagnation
of the 1970s and the following economic and political reforms
of 1980s prompted an increase of economic immigration to the United States, where artists and athletes defected or legally emigrated to the US to further their careers: ballet stars Mikhail Baryshnikov
in 1974 and Alexander Godunov
in 1979, composer Maxim Shostakovich
in 1981, hockey star Alexander Mogilny
in 1989 and the entire Russian Five
later, gymnast Vladimir Artemov
in 1990, glam metal band Gorky Park
in 1987, and many others.
and a series of political and economic crises of the 1990s, culminating in the financial crash of 1998. By mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of Russians were living in poverty
, a sharp increase compared to 1.5% of the late Soviet era. This instability and bleak outcome prompted a large new wave of both political and economic emigration from Russia, and one of the major targets became the United States, which was experiencing an unprecedented stock market boom
in 1995-2001.
The major group of post-Soviet immigrants were the political refugees, persons who claim persecution or reasonable fear of persecution in Russia. 50,716 citizens of ex-USSR were granted political refugee status by the United States in 1990, 38,661 in 1991, 61,298 in 1992, 48,627 in 1993, 43,470 in 1994, 35,716 in 1995 with the trend steadily dropping to as low as 1,394 refugees accepted in 2003. For the first time in history, Russians became a notable part of illegal immigration to the United States
, the most common example being mail-order bride
s—Russian women would advertise themselves in international marriage agency with the express purpose to marry American citizens. Nearly half of all mail-order brides to come to the United States in 1996 originated from Russia and Ukraine Together with illegal immigration, the influence of the Russian Mafia
became prominent in the United States
.
A notable part of the 1991—2001 immigration wave consisted of scientists and engineers who, faced with extremely poor job market at home coupled with the government unwilling to index fixed salaries according to inflation or even to make salary payments on time, left to pursue their careers abroad. This coincided with the surge
of hi-tech industry in the United States, creating a strong Brain drain
effect. According to the National Science Foundation
, there were 20,000 Russian scientists working in the United States in 2003, and the Russian software engineers were responsible for 30% of Microsoft
products in 2002.
The Soviet Union was a sports empire, and many prominent Russian sportspeople found great acclaim and rewards for their skills in the United States. Examples are Maria Sharapova
, Alexander Ovechkin
, Alexandre Volchkov
, and Andrei Kirilenko
. Nastia Liukin
was born in Moscow, but came to America with her parents as a young child, and developed as a champion gymnast in the U.S.
Apart from such settlements as Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, concentrations of Russian Americans occur in Staten Island
; Anchorage, Alaska
; Atlanta; Baltimore
; Boston
; The Bronx; other parts of Brooklyn
; Chicago
; Cleveland; Detroit; Los Angeles
; Miami; Nashville
; Northern New Jersey
(Suburban New York City); Orlando
; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Portland, Oregon
; Queens
; Sacramento
; San Francisco; and Seattle. In 2002, the AmBAR
was founded, to help the Russophone
community of Palo Alto, California
.
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
. The definition can be applied to recent Russian immigrants to the United States, as well as to settlers of 19th century Russian settlements in northwestern America which includes today's California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, Alaska and Oregon.
Some Rusyn Americans identify as Russian American.
Demographics
Many Russian Americans do not speak Russian
Russian language
Russian is a Slavic language used primarily in Russia, Belarus, Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Tajikistan and Kyrgyzstan. It is an unofficial but widely spoken language in Ukraine, Moldova, Latvia, Turkmenistan and Estonia and, to a lesser extent, the other countries that were once constituent republics...
, having been born in the USA and brought up in English-speaking homes. In 2007, however, Russian was the primary spoken language of 851,174 Americans at home, according to the U.S. Census. According to the Davis Center for Russian and Eurasian Studies at Harvard
Harvard University
Harvard University is a private Ivy League university located in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States, established in 1636 by the Massachusetts legislature. Harvard is the oldest institution of higher learning in the United States and the first corporation chartered in the country...
, 750,000 Russian Americans were ethnic Russians
Russians
The Russian people are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Russia, speaking the Russian language and primarily living in Russia and neighboring countries....
in 1990.
The New York City metropolitan area continues to be by far the leading metropolitan gateway for Russian immigrants legally admitted into the United States.
Sometimes Carpatho-Rusyns
Rusyns
Carpatho-Rusyns are a primarily diasporic ethnic group who speak an Eastern Slavic language, or Ukrainian dialect, known as Rusyn. Carpatho-Rusyns descend from a minority of Ruthenians who did not adopt the use of the ethnonym "Ukrainian" in the early twentieth century...
and Ukrainians
Ukrainians
Ukrainians are an East Slavic ethnic group native to Ukraine, which is the sixth-largest nation in Europe. The Constitution of Ukraine applies the term 'Ukrainians' to all its citizens...
who emigrated from Carpathian Ruthenia
Carpathian Ruthenia
Carpathian Ruthenia is a region in Eastern Europe, mostly located in western Ukraine's Zakarpattia Oblast , with smaller parts in easternmost Slovakia , Poland's Lemkovyna and Romanian Maramureş.It is...
in the 19th century and the beginning of 20th century identify as Russian Americans. More recent emigres would often refer to this group as the 'starozhili', which translates to mean "old residents". This group became the pillar of the Russian Orthodox Church in America
Orthodox Church in America
The Orthodox Church in America is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox church in North America. Its primate is Metropolitan Jonah , who was elected on November 12, 2008, and was formally installed on December 28, 2008...
. Today, most of this group has become assimilated into the local society, with ethnic traditions continuing to survive primarily around the church.
Russian America
The territory that today is the U.S. state of AlaskaAlaska
Alaska is the largest state in the United States by area. It is situated in the northwest extremity of the North American continent, with Canada to the east, the Arctic Ocean to the north, and the Pacific Ocean to the west and south, with Russia further west across the Bering Strait...
was settled by the Russians and controlled by the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
. The southernmost such post of the Russian American Company was Fort Ross
Fort Ross, California
Fort Ross is a former Russian establishment on the Pacific Coast in what is now Sonoma County, California, in the United States. It was the hub of the southernmost Russian settlements in North America in between 1812 to 1841...
, established in 1812 by Ivan Kuskov
Ivan Kuskov
Ivan Aleksandrovich Kuskov was the senior assistant to Aleksandr Baranov, the Chief Administrator of the Russian-American Company A native of Totma, Russia, he served in the RAC for 31 years, attaining the rank of Commerce Counselor and being awarded the gold medal "for zealous service" from...
, some 50 miles north of San Francisco, as an agricultural supply base for Russian America. It was part of the Russian-America Company, and consisted of four outposts, including Bodega Bay, the Russian River, and the Farallon Islands. There was never an established agreement made with the government of New Spain
New Spain
New Spain, formally called the Viceroyalty of New Spain , was a viceroyalty of the Spanish colonial empire, comprising primarily territories in what was known then as 'América Septentrional' or North America. Its capital was Mexico City, formerly Tenochtitlan, capital of the Aztec Empire...
which produced great tension between the two countries. Spain claimed the land yet had never established a colony there. But due to the well armed Russian Fort, Spain could not remove the Russians living there. Without the Russians hospitality the Spanish colony would have been abandoned due to their supplies being lost when Spanish supply ships sank in a large storm off the South American coast. After the Independence of Mexico, tensions were reduced and trade was established with the new government of Mexican California.
Russian America was not a profitable colony, due to high transportation costs and declining animal population. After it was purchased
Alaska purchase
The Alaska Purchase was the acquisition of the Alaska territory by the United States from Russia in 1867 by a treaty ratified by the Senate. The purchase, made at the initiative of United States Secretary of State William H. Seward, gained of new United States territory...
by the United States in 1867, the majority of the Russian settlers went back to Russia, but some resettled in southern Alaska and California. Included in these were the first miners and merchants of the California gold rush.
First wave
The first massive wave of immigration from all areas of Europe to the United States took place in late 19th century, following the 1862 enactment of the Homestead ActHomestead Act
A homestead act is one of three United States federal laws that gave an applicant freehold title to an area called a "homestead" – typically 160 acres of undeveloped federal land west of the Mississippi River....
. Although some immigration took place earlier—the most notable example being Ivan Turchaninov
Ivan Turchaninov
Ivan Vasilyevich Turchaninov , better known by his Anglicised name of John Basil Turchin, was a Union army brigadier general in the American Civil War...
, who immigrated in 1856 and became a Union army
Union Army
The Union Army was the land force that fought for the Union during the American Civil War. It was also known as the Federal Army, the U.S. Army, the Northern Army and the National Army...
brigadier general
Brigadier General
Brigadier general is a senior rank in the armed forces. It is the lowest ranking general officer in some countries, usually sitting between the ranks of colonel and major general. When appointed to a field command, a brigadier general is typically in command of a brigade consisting of around 4,000...
-- millions traveled to the new world in the last decade of the 19th century, some for political reasons, some for economic reasons, and some for a combination of both. Between 1820 and 1870 only 7,550 Russians immigrated to the USA, but starting with 1881, immigration rate exceeded 10,000 a year: 593,700 in 1891-1900, 1.6 million in 1901-1910, 868,000 in 1911-1914, and 43,000 in 1915-1917.
The most prominent Russian groups that immigrated in this period were the groups seeking freedom from religious prosecution: the Russian Jews, escaping the 1881-1882 pogroms by Alexander III
Alexander III of Russia
Alexander Alexandrovich Romanov , historically remembered as Alexander III or Alexander the Peacemaker reigned as Emperor of Russia from until his death on .-Disposition:...
, moved to New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
and other coastal cities, the Molokan
Molokan
Molokans are sectarian Christians who evolved from "Spiritual Christian" Russian peasants that refused to obey the Russian Orthodox Church, beginning in the 17th century...
s, treated as heretics at home, settled in the Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
and San Francisco areas, two large groups of Shtundists moved to Virginia
Virginia
The Commonwealth of Virginia , is a U.S. state on the Atlantic Coast of the Southern United States. Virginia is nicknamed the "Old Dominion" and sometimes the "Mother of Presidents" after the eight U.S. presidents born there...
and the Dakotas, and, finally in 1908-1910, the Old Believers
Old Believers
In the context of Russian Orthodox church history, the Old Believers separated after 1666 from the official Russian Orthodox Church as a protest against church reforms introduced by Patriarch Nikon between 1652–66...
, prosecuted as schismatics, arrived and settled in small groups in California
California
California is a state located on the West Coast of the United States. It is by far the most populous U.S. state, and the third-largest by land area...
, Oregon
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. It is located on the Pacific coast, with Washington to the north, California to the south, Nevada on the southeast and Idaho to the east. The Columbia and Snake rivers delineate much of Oregon's northern and eastern...
, Pennsylvania
Pennsylvania
The Commonwealth of Pennsylvania is a U.S. state that is located in the Northeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States. The state borders Delaware and Maryland to the south, West Virginia to the southwest, Ohio to the west, New York and Ontario, Canada, to the north, and New Jersey to...
, and New York
New York
New York is a state in the Northeastern region of the United States. It is the nation's third most populous state. New York is bordered by New Jersey and Pennsylvania to the south, and by Connecticut, Massachusetts and Vermont to the east...
. Immigrants of this wave include Irving Berlin
Irving Berlin
Irving Berlin was an American composer and lyricist of Jewish heritage, widely considered one of the greatest songwriters in American history.His first hit song, "Alexander's Ragtime Band", became world famous...
, legend of American songwriting and André Tchelistcheff, influential Californian winemaker.
Second wave
A large wave of Russians immigrated in the short time period of 1917-1922, in the wake of October RevolutionOctober Revolution
The October Revolution , also known as the Great October Socialist Revolution , Red October, the October Uprising or the Bolshevik Revolution, was a political revolution and a part of the Russian Revolution of 1917...
and Russian Civil War
Russian Civil War
The Russian Civil War was a multi-party war that occurred within the former Russian Empire after the Russian provisional government collapsed to the Soviets, under the domination of the Bolshevik party. Soviet forces first assumed power in Petrograd The Russian Civil War (1917–1923) was a...
. This group is known collectively as the White emigre
White Emigre
A white émigré was a Russian who emigrated from Russia in the wake of the Russian Revolution and Russian Civil War, and who was in opposition to the contemporary Russian political climate....
s. United States of America was the second largest destination for those immigrants, after France
France
The French Republic , The French Republic , The French Republic , (commonly known as France , is a unitary semi-presidential republic in Western Europe with several overseas territories and islands located on other continents and in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic oceans. Metropolitan France...
. This wave is often referred to as the first wave, when discussing Soviet era immigration. The head of the Russian Provisional Government
Russian Provisional Government
The Russian Provisional Government was the short-lived administrative body which sought to govern Russia immediately following the abdication of Tsar Nicholas II . On September 14, the State Duma of the Russian Empire was officially dissolved by the newly created Directorate, and the country was...
, Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Kerensky
Alexander Fyodorovich Kerensky was a major political leader before and during the Russian Revolutions of 1917.Kerensky served as the second Prime Minister of the Russian Provisional Government until Vladimir Lenin was elected by the All-Russian Congress of Soviets following the October Revolution...
, was one of those immigrants.
Since the immigrants were of the higher classes of the Russian Empire
Russian Empire
The Russian Empire was a state that existed from 1721 until the Russian Revolution of 1917. It was the successor to the Tsardom of Russia and the predecessor of the Soviet Union...
, they contributed significantly to American science and culture. Inventors Vladimir Zworykin
Vladimir Zworykin
Vladimir Kozmich Zworykin was a Russian-American inventor, engineer, and pioneer of television technology. Zworykin invented a television transmitting and receiving system employing cathode ray tubes...
, often referred to as "father of television", Alexander M. Poniatoff
Alexander M. Poniatoff
Alexander Matveevich Poniatoff was a Russian-American electrical engineer.Poniatoff was born 25 March 1892 in Aisha, Zelenodolsky District, Tatarstan, Russian Empire. He emigrated from Russia to China, where he worked for the Shanghai Power Company until he emigrated to the United States in 1927...
, the founder of Ampex
Ampex
Ampex is an American electronics company founded in 1944 by Alexander M. Poniatoff. The name AMPEX is an acronym, created by its founder, which stands for Alexander M. Poniatoff Excellence...
, and Alexander Lodygin
Alexander Lodygin
Alexander Nikolayevich Lodygin was a Russian electrical engineer and inventor, one of inventors of the Incandescent light bulb....
, arrived with this wave. The American army benefited greatly with the arrival of such inventors as Igor Sikorsky
Igor Sikorsky
Igor Sikorsky , born Igor Ivanovich Sikorsky was a Russian American pioneer of aviation in both helicopters and fixed-wing aircraft...
(who invented the Helicopter
Helicopter
A helicopter is a type of rotorcraft in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more engine-driven rotors. This allows the helicopter to take off and land vertically, to hover, and to fly forwards, backwards, and laterally...
and Aerosan
Aerosan
An aerosani is a type of propeller-driven snowmobile, running on skis, used for communications, mail deliveries, medical aid, emergency recovery and border patrolling in northern Russia, as well as for recreation...
), Vladimir Yourkevitch
Vladimir Yourkevitch
Vladimir Ivanovich Yourkevitch was a Russian naval engineer, developer of the modern design of ship hulls, and designer of the famous ocean liner SS Normandie. He worked in Russia, France and the United States.-Biography:...
, and Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
Alexander Procofieff de Seversky
Alexander Nikolaievich Prokofiev de Seversky was a Russian-American aviation pioneer, inventor, and influential advocate of strategic air power.-Early life:...
. Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Rachmaninoff
Sergei Vasilievich Rachmaninoff was a Russian composer, pianist, and conductor. Rachmaninoff is widely considered one of the finest pianists of his day and, as a composer, one of the last great representatives of Romanticism in Russian classical music...
and Igor Stravinsky
Igor Stravinsky
Igor Fyodorovich Stravinsky ; 6 April 1971) was a Russian, later naturalized French, and then naturalized American composer, pianist, and conductor....
are by many considered to be the greatest composers ever to live in the United States of America. The novelist Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Nabokov
Vladimir Vladimirovich Nabokov was a multilingual Russian novelist and short story writer. Nabokov wrote his first nine novels in Russian, then rose to international prominence as a master English prose stylist...
, the violinist Jasha Heifetz, and the actor Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner
Yul Brynner was a Russian-born actor of stage and film. He was best known for his portrayal of Mongkut, king of Siam, in the Rodgers and Hammerstein musical The King and I, for which he won an Academy Award for Best Actor for the film version; he also played the role more than 4,500 times on...
also left Russia in this period.
Soviet era
During the Soviet era, emigration was prohibited, and limited to very few defectors and dissidentsSoviet dissidents
Soviet dissidents were citizens of the Soviet Union who disagreed with the policies and actions of their government and actively protested against these actions through either violent or non-violent means...
who immigrated to the United States of America and other Western Bloc
Western Bloc
The Western Bloc or Capitalist Bloc during the Cold War refers to the powers allied with the United States and NATO against the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact...
countries for political reasons. Some fled the Communist regime, such as Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand
Ayn Rand was a Russian-American novelist, philosopher, playwright, and screenwriter. She is known for her two best-selling novels The Fountainhead and Atlas Shrugged and for developing a philosophical system she called Objectivism....
in 1926 or Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn
Aleksandr Isayevich Solzhenitsyn was aRussian and Soviet novelist, dramatist, and historian. Through his often-suppressed writings, he helped to raise global awareness of the Gulag, the Soviet Union's forced labor camp system – particularly in The Gulag Archipelago and One Day in the Life of...
in 1974, some were communists themselves, and left in fear of prosecution, such as KGB
KGB
The KGB was the commonly used acronym for the . It was the national security agency of the Soviet Union from 1954 until 1991, and was the premier internal security, intelligence, and secret police organization during that time.The State Security Agency of the Republic of Belarus currently uses the...
operative Alexander Orlov who escaped the purge in 1938 or Svetlana Alliluyeva
Svetlana Alliluyeva
Svetlana Iosifovna Alliluyeva , later known as Lana Peters, was the youngest child and only daughter of Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and Nadezhda Alliluyeva, Stalin's second wife...
, daughter of Joseph Stalin
Joseph Stalin
Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin was the Premier of the Soviet Union from 6 May 1941 to 5 March 1953. He was among the Bolshevik revolutionaries who brought about the October Revolution and had held the position of first General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union's Central Committee...
, who left in 1967. Some were diplomats and military personnel who defected to sell their knowledge, such as the pilots Viktor Belenko
Viktor Belenko
Viktor Ivanovich Belenko is Soviet defector and aerospace engineer and lecturer. Belenko was sentenced to death in the Soviet Union for state treason. He was born in Nalchik, Russian SFSR in a Ukrainian family...
in 1976 and Alexander Zuyev
Alexander Zuyev
Alexander Zuyev was a captain of the former-Soviet Air Force who piloted his Mikoyan MiG-29 to Trabzon, Turkey on May 20, 1989....
in 1989.
Following the international condemnation of the Soviet reaction to Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair
Dymshits-Kuznetsov hijacking affair
The Dymshits–Kuznetsov aircraft hijacking affair was an attempt to hijack a civilian aircraft on 15 June 1970 by a group of Soviet refuseniks in order to escape to the West...
in 1970, the Soviet Union temporarily loosened emigration restrictions for Jewish emigrants, which allowed nearly 250,000 people leave the country, escaping covert anti-semitism. Emigrants included the family of Google
Google
Google Inc. is an American multinational public corporation invested in Internet search, cloud computing, and advertising technologies. Google hosts and develops a number of Internet-based services and products, and generates profit primarily from advertising through its AdWords program...
co-founder Sergey Brin
Sergey Brin
Sergey Mikhaylovich Brin is a Russian-born American computer scientist and internet entrepreneur who, with Larry Page, co-founded Google, one of the largest internet companies. , his personal wealth is estimated to be $16.7 billion....
, which moved to the US in 1979, citing the impossibility of an advanced scientific career for a person of Jewish descent.
The slow Brezhnev stagnation
Brezhnev stagnation
The Era of Stagnation, also known as Brezhnev stagnation or the Stagnation Period, refers to a period of economic stagnation under the rules of Leonid Brezhnev, Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko in the history of the Soviet Union which started in the mid-1970s.-Terminology:Various authors...
of the 1970s and the following economic and political reforms
Perestroika
Perestroika was a political movement within the Communist Party of the Soviet Union during 1980s, widely associated with the Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev...
of 1980s prompted an increase of economic immigration to the United States, where artists and athletes defected or legally emigrated to the US to further their careers: ballet stars Mikhail Baryshnikov
Mikhail Baryshnikov
Mikhail Nikolaevich Baryshnikov is a Soviet and American dancer, choreographer, and actor, often cited alongside Vaslav Nijinsky and Rudolf Nureyev as one of the greatest ballet dancers of the 20th century. After a promising start in the Kirov Ballet in Leningrad, he defected to Canada in 1974...
in 1974 and Alexander Godunov
Alexander Godunov
Alexander Borisovich Godunov was a Russian-American ballet danseur and film actor, whose defection caused a diplomatic incident between the USA and the USSR.-Biography:...
in 1979, composer Maxim Shostakovich
Maxim Shostakovich
Maxim Dmitrievich Shostakovich is a Russian conductor and pianist. He was the second child of Dmitri Shostakovich and Nina Varzar.Since 1975, he has conducted and popularised many of his father's lesser-known works....
in 1981, hockey star Alexander Mogilny
Alexander Mogilny
Alexander Gennadevitch Mogilny is a former Russian professional ice hockey player, currently the team consultant of the KHL team Amur Khabarovsk. Mogilny was best known for his lightning quick speed and lethal wrist shot in his early years, which led to his career year of 76 goals in the 1992–93...
in 1989 and the entire Russian Five
Russian Five
The Russian Five is the name of two separate but related units of five Russian ice hockey players.-CSKA Moscow and Soviet National Team:The first, also known as the Green Unit was a unit of players for both the CSKA Moscow and the Soviet national hockey teams during the 1980s...
later, gymnast Vladimir Artemov
Vladimir Artemov
Vladimir Nikolaevich Artemov is a former Russian gymnast, Olympic champion and world champion who competed for the Soviet Union.He was born in Vladimir....
in 1990, glam metal band Gorky Park
Gorky Park (band)
Gorky Park or Парк Горького was a Soviet Glam Metal band, that gained mainstream popularity in USA during Perestroika. Gorky Park is famous for its kitsch use of western stereotypes of Russians, such as pseudo-traditional clothing, balalaika-like guitar design and Hammer and sickle as their logo...
in 1987, and many others.
Post-Soviet era
With the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991 and the subsequent transition to free market economy by means of shock programs came hyperinflationHyperinflation
In economics, hyperinflation is inflation that is very high or out of control. While the real values of the specific economic items generally stay the same in terms of relatively stable foreign currencies, in hyperinflationary conditions the general price level within a specific economy increases...
and a series of political and economic crises of the 1990s, culminating in the financial crash of 1998. By mid-1993 between 39% and 49% of Russians were living in poverty
Poverty
Poverty is the lack of a certain amount of material possessions or money. Absolute poverty or destitution is inability to afford basic human needs, which commonly includes clean and fresh water, nutrition, health care, education, clothing and shelter. About 1.7 billion people are estimated to live...
, a sharp increase compared to 1.5% of the late Soviet era. This instability and bleak outcome prompted a large new wave of both political and economic emigration from Russia, and one of the major targets became the United States, which was experiencing an unprecedented stock market boom
Dot-com bubble
The dot-com bubble was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2000 during which stock markets in industrialized nations saw their equity value rise rapidly from growth in the more...
in 1995-2001.
The major group of post-Soviet immigrants were the political refugees, persons who claim persecution or reasonable fear of persecution in Russia. 50,716 citizens of ex-USSR were granted political refugee status by the United States in 1990, 38,661 in 1991, 61,298 in 1992, 48,627 in 1993, 43,470 in 1994, 35,716 in 1995 with the trend steadily dropping to as low as 1,394 refugees accepted in 2003. For the first time in history, Russians became a notable part of illegal immigration to the United States
Illegal immigration to the United States
An illegal immigrant in the United States is an alien who has entered the United States without government permission or stayed beyond the termination date of a visa....
, the most common example being mail-order bride
Mail-order bride
Mail-order bride is a label applied to a woman who publishes her intent to marry someone from another country. This term is considered offensive by some people. The mail-order bride industry is the economic trade of contracted domestic partnerships, often between citizens of different countries or...
s—Russian women would advertise themselves in international marriage agency with the express purpose to marry American citizens. Nearly half of all mail-order brides to come to the United States in 1996 originated from Russia and Ukraine Together with illegal immigration, the influence of the Russian Mafia
Russian Mafia
The Russian Mafia is a name applied to organized crime syndicates in Russia and Ukraine. The mafia in various countries take the name of the country, as for example the Ukrainian mafia....
became prominent in the United States
United States
The United States of America is a federal constitutional republic comprising fifty states and a federal district...
.
A notable part of the 1991—2001 immigration wave consisted of scientists and engineers who, faced with extremely poor job market at home coupled with the government unwilling to index fixed salaries according to inflation or even to make salary payments on time, left to pursue their careers abroad. This coincided with the surge
Dot-com bubble
The dot-com bubble was a speculative bubble covering roughly 1995–2000 during which stock markets in industrialized nations saw their equity value rise rapidly from growth in the more...
of hi-tech industry in the United States, creating a strong Brain drain
Brain drain
Human capital flight, more commonly referred to as "brain drain", is the large-scale emigration of a large group of individuals with technical skills or knowledge. The reasons usually include two aspects which respectively come from countries and individuals...
effect. According to the National Science Foundation
National Science Foundation
The National Science Foundation is a United States government agency that supports fundamental research and education in all the non-medical fields of science and engineering. Its medical counterpart is the National Institutes of Health...
, there were 20,000 Russian scientists working in the United States in 2003, and the Russian software engineers were responsible for 30% of Microsoft
Microsoft
Microsoft Corporation is an American public multinational corporation headquartered in Redmond, Washington, USA that develops, manufactures, licenses, and supports a wide range of products and services predominantly related to computing through its various product divisions...
products in 2002.
The Soviet Union was a sports empire, and many prominent Russian sportspeople found great acclaim and rewards for their skills in the United States. Examples are Maria Sharapova
Maria Sharapova
Maria Yuryevna Sharapova ,. is a Russian professional tennis player and a former world no. 1. A US resident since 1994, Sharapova has won 24 WTA singles titles, including three Grand Slam singles titles at the 2004 Wimbledon, 2006 US Open and 2008 Australian Open...
, Alexander Ovechkin
Alexander Ovechkin
Alexander Mikhaylovich Ovechkin is a Russian professional ice hockey left winger and captain of the Washington Capitals of the National Hockey League...
, Alexandre Volchkov
Alexandre Volchkov
Alexandre Aleksandrovich Volchkov is a retired Russian professional ice hockey player.Selected in the first round, fourth overall, in the 1996 NHL Entry Draft by the Washington Capitals, Volchkov was a talented right-winger who put up impressive offensive numbers while playing junior hockey for...
, and Andrei Kirilenko
Andrei Kirilenko (basketball)
Andrei Gennadyevich Kirilenko is a Russian-American professional basketball player who plays at the small forward position for the CSKA Moscow in the Russian Professional Basketball League. He also plays for the Russia national basketball team...
. Nastia Liukin
Nastia Liukin
Anastasia Valeryevna "Nastia" Liukin is a Russian-American artistic gymnast. She was the 2008 Olympic individual all-around Champion, the 2005 and 2007 World Champion on the balance beam, and the 2005 World Champion on the uneven bars...
was born in Moscow, but came to America with her parents as a young child, and developed as a champion gymnast in the U.S.
Russian American communities
US communities with high percentages of people of Russian ancestry
The top US communities with the highest percentage of people claiming Russian ancestry are:- Pikesville, MarylandPikesville, MarylandPikesville is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Pikesville is just northwest of the Baltimore city limits. It is the northwestern suburb closest to Baltimore.The population was 29,123 at the 2000 census...
19.30% - Roslyn Estates, New YorkRoslyn Estates, New YorkRoslyn Estates is a village in Nassau County, New York, in the United States. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the village of Roslyn...
18.60% - Hewlett Harbor, New YorkHewlett Harbor, New YorkHewlett Harbor is a village in Nassau County, New York in the USA. The population was 1,263 at the 2010 census.The Village of Hewlett Harbor is inside the Town of Hempstead.-Geography:Hewlett Harbor is located at ....
18.40% - East Hills, New YorkEast Hills, New YorkEast Hills is a village in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the Village of Roslyn...
18.00% - Wishek, North DakotaWishek, North DakotaAs of the census of 2000, there were 1,122 people, 466 households, and 290 families residing in the city. The population density was 772.1 people per square mile . There were 532 housing units at an average density of 366.1 per square mile...
17.40% - Eureka, South DakotaEureka, South DakotaEureka is a city in McPherson County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 868 at the 2010 census.-Geography:Eureka is located at ....
17.30% - Beachwood, OhioBeachwood, Ohio-External links:* *...
16.80% - Penn Wynne, PennsylvaniaPenn Wynne, PennsylvaniaPenn Wynne is a census-designated place in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. It is part of Lower Merion Township, and the mailing address is Wynnewood, Pennsylvania. The population was 5,697 at the 2010 census. It is mainly a residential area...
16.70% - Kensington, New YorkKensington, New YorkKensington is a village and a part of Great Neck in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 1,161 at the 2010 census.The Village of Kensington is in the Town of North Hempstead...
and Mayfield, PennsylvaniaMayfield, PennsylvaniaMayfield is a borough in Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania, about northeast of Scranton. In the past, it contained a silk mill and a coal mining industry. In 1900, 2,300 people lived here, and in 1910, 3,662 people inhabited Mayfield...
16.20% - Napoleon, North DakotaNapoleon, North DakotaThe median household income was $28,167, and the median family income was $36,042. Males had a median income of $28,036 versus $20,000 for females. The per capita income for the city was $16,208. About 5.9% of families and 8.8% of the population were below the poverty line, including 5.4% of those...
15.80% - Lake Success, New YorkLake Success, New YorkLake Success is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,934 at the 2010 census.Lake Success is in the Town of North Hempstead on northwest Long Island. Lake Success was the temporary home of the United Nations from 1946 to 1951, occupying the headquarters of...
15.60% - Woodbury, New YorkWoodbury, New YorkWoodbury is the name of some places in the U.S. state of New York:*Woodbury, Nassau County, New York*Woodbury, Orange County, New York...
15.50% - Jericho, New YorkJericho, New YorkJericho is a hamlet in Nassau County, New York on the North Shore of Long Island. As of the United States 2010 Census, the CDP population was 13,567. The area is served by the Jericho Union Free School District, the boundaries of which differ somewhat from those of the hamlet...
15.30% - Highland Park, IllinoisHighland Park, IllinoisHighland Park is a suburban municipality in Lake County, Illinois, United States, about north of downtown Chicago. As of 2009, the population is 33,492. Highland Park is one of several municipalities located on the North Shore of the Chicago Metropolitan Area.-Overview:Highland Park was founded...
15.20% - Great Neck Estates, New YorkGreat Neck Estates, New YorkGreat Neck Estates is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,761 at the 2010 census.The Village of Great Neck Estates is in the Town of North Hempstead...
14.80% - Great Neck Plaza, New YorkGreat Neck Plaza, New YorkGreat Neck Plaza is a village in the town of North Hempstead in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 6,707 at the 2010 census....
and Roslyn Harbor, New YorkRoslyn Harbor, New YorkRoslyn Harbor is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 1,051 at the 2010 census. It is considered part of the Greater Roslyn area, which is anchored by the village of Roslyn....
14.60% - Lido Beach, New York 14.50%
- Woodmere, New YorkWoodmere, New YorkWoodmere is a hamlet in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 17,121 at the 2010 census.Woodmere is one of the Long Island communities known as the Five Towns, which is usually said to comprise the villages of Lawrence and Cedarhurst, the hamlets of Woodmere and Inwood, and...
and Russell Gardens, New YorkRussell Gardens, New YorkRussell Gardens is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 945 at the 2010 census.The Village of Russell Gardens is in the Town of North Hempstead...
14.30% - Garrison, MarylandGarrison, MarylandGarrison is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, adjacent to Owings Mills, mainly the McDonogh area and Valley Centre...
and Goldens Bridge, New York 14.00% - Thomaston, New YorkThomaston, New YorkThomaston is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,617 at the 2010 census.The Village of Thomaston is in the Town of North Hempstead...
13.80% - Linton, North DakotaLinton, North DakotaAs of the census of 2000, there were 1,321 people, 613 households, and 386 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,791.4 people per square mile . There were 701 housing units at an average density of 950.6 per square mile . The racial makeup of the city was 99.17% White, 0.23%...
and Glen Ullin, North DakotaGlen Ullin, North DakotaAs of the census of 2000, there were 865 people, 369 households, and 221 families residing in the city. The population density was 831.2 people per square mile . There were 405 housing units at an average density of 389.2 per square mile...
13.60% - Buffalo Grove, IllinoisBuffalo Grove, IllinoisBuffalo Grove is an affluent village located in the northern suburbs of Chicago, and in Cook and Lake counties in Illinois, United States. The town was named for Buffalo Creek, which was itself named for bison bones found in the area....
13.50% - Sharon, MassachusettsSharon, MassachusettsSharon is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 17,612 at the 2010 census. Sharon is part of Greater Boston, about 17 miles southwest of downtown Boston....
13.20% - Lower Moreland Township, PennsylvaniaLower Moreland Township, PennsylvaniaLower Moreland Township is a township in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 12,982 at the 2010 census.-History:...
12.80% - Aventura, FloridaAventura, FloridaAventura is a planned, suburban city located in northeastern Miami-Dade County, Florida. The city name is from the Spanish word for "adventure", and was named "Aventura" after one of the developers of the original group of condominiums in the area remarked to the others, "What an adventure this is...
12.40% - Moraine Township, IllinoisMoraine Township, Lake County, IllinoisMoraine Township is a township in Lake County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 34,538. Moraine Township was originally called Deerfield Township, but the name was changed on October 29, 1998.-Geography:...
12.20% - West Hollywood, CaliforniaWest Hollywood, CaliforniaWest Hollywood, a city of Los Angeles County, California, was incorporated on November 29, 1984, with a population of 34,399 at the 2010 census. 41% of the city's population is made up of gay men according to a 2002 demographic analysis by Sara Kocher Consulting for the City of West Hollywood...
12.10% - Viola, New YorkViola, New YorkViola is a hamlet , in the Town of Ramapo Rockland County, New York, United States located north of Airmont; east of Montebello; south of Wesley Hills and west of Hillcrest...
12.00% - Morganville, New JerseyMorganville, New JerseyMorganville is a census-designated place and unincorporated area located within Marlboro Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP population was 5,040.Morganville has its own post office, with a ZIP code of 07751....
11.80% - North Hills, New YorkNorth Hills, New YorkNorth Hills is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 5,075 at the 2010 census.The Village of North Hills is located in the Town of North Hempstead.-Geography:North Hills is located at ....
and Deerfield, IllinoisDeerfield, IllinoisDeerfield is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States and is located approximately 25 miles north of Chicago, Illinois. A portion of the village is in Cook County, Illinois, United States...
11.70% - Riverwoods, IllinoisRiverwoods, IllinoisRiverwoods is a village in Lake County, Illinois, United States. Riverwoods was established on the banks of the Des Plaines River in 1949 by local steel magnate Edward L. Ryerson. The population was 3,843 at the 2000 census...
11.50% - Bal Harbour, FloridaBal Harbour, FloridaBal Harbour is a village in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 3,305 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Bal Harbour is located at .According to the United States Census Bureau, the village has a total area of...
11.40% - Chappaqua, New YorkChappaqua, New YorkChappaqua is a hamlet and census-designated place in northern Westchester County, New York. As of the 2010 census, following a major revision to the delineation of its boundaries by the Census Bureau, the population was 1,436...
11.30% - Hidden Hills, CaliforniaHidden Hills, CaliforniaHidden Hills is an incorporated city, and also a gated development in Los Angeles County, California, United States. The population was 1,856 at the 2010 census, down from 1,875 at the 2000 census.It is located in the westernmost San Fernando Valley...
11.10% - Wesley Hills, New YorkWesley Hills, New YorkWesley Hills is a village in the Town of Ramapo, Rockland County, New York, United States located north of Viola; east of Harriman State Park; south of Pomona and west of New Hempstead...
11.00% - Highland Beach, FloridaHighland Beach, FloridaHighland Beach is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, in the United States. As of 2007, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 3,988.-Geography:Highland Beach is located at ....
and Atlantic Beach, New YorkAtlantic Beach, New YorkAtlantic Beach is an affluent village off the South Shore of Long Island in the Town of Hempstead, Nassau County, New York. It is located on Long Beach Barrier Island, one of the outer barrier islands which it shares with Long Beach, East Atlantic Beach, Atlantic Beach Estates, Lido Beach and Point...
10.90% - Bayside, WisconsinBayside, WisconsinBayside is a village in Milwaukee and Ozaukee counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 4,518 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Bayside is located at ....
and Brookville, New YorkBrookville, New YorkThe Village of Brookville is a village located within the town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York. As of the 2010 United States Census, the village population was 3,465....
10.80% - Sands Point, New YorkSands Point, New YorkSands Point is a village located at the northernmost tip of the Cow Neck Peninsula on the North Shore of Long Island in Nassau County, New York. As of the United States 2010 Census, the village population was 2,675. The Incorporated Village of Sands Point is in the Town of North...
and both the villageVillageA village is a clustered human settlement or community, larger than a hamlet with the population ranging from a few hundred to a few thousand , Though often located in rural areas, the term urban village is also applied to certain urban neighbourhoods, such as the West Village in Manhattan, New...
and townTownA town is a human settlement larger than a village but smaller than a city. The size a settlement must be in order to be called a "town" varies considerably in different parts of the world, so that, for example, many American "small towns" seem to British people to be no more than villages, while...
of Scarsdale, New YorkScarsdale, New YorkScarsdale is a coterminous town and village in Westchester County, New York, United States, in the northern suburbs of New York City. The Town of Scarsdale is coextensive with the Village of Scarsdale, but the community has opted to operate solely with a village government, one of several villages...
10.70% - Huntington Woods, MichiganHuntington Woods, MichiganHuntington Woods is a city in southern Oakland County in the U.S. state of Michigan. The population was 6,238 at the 2010 census. Huntington Woods is an inner suburb of Detroit and is bounded by Ten Mile and Eleven Mile Roads to the north and south, and by Coolidge Highway and Woodward Avenue to...
10.50% - Glencoe, IllinoisGlencoe, IllinoisGlencoe is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. As of the 2010 census, the village population was 8,723. Glencoe is located on suburban Chicago's North Shore. Glencoe is located within the New Trier High School District. Glencoe is regarded as one of the most affluent suburbs on...
, Northbrook, IllinoisNorthbrook, IllinoisNorthbrook is a village located at the northern edge of Cook County, Illinois, which is also a North Shore suburb of Chicago. The population was 33,170 at the 2010 census....
and Vernon Township, IllinoisVernon Township, Lake County, IllinoisVernon Township is a township in Lake County, Illinois, USA. As of the 2000 census, its population was 65,355.-Geography:Vernon Township covers an area of ; of this, or 0.26 percent is water. The stream of Indian Creek runs through this township...
10.40% - Pomona, New YorkPomona, New YorkPomona is a village partly in the Town of Ramapo and partly in the Town of Haverstraw in Rockland County, New York, United States, located north of New Hempstead, east of Harriman State Park, north of Monsey and west of Mount Ivy. According to the 2010 Census, the population was 3,103, a 13 percent...
, Lower Merion, Pennsylvania and Palm Beach, FloridaPalm Beach, FloridaThe Town of Palm Beach is an incorporated town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The Intracoastal Waterway separates it from the neighboring cities of West Palm Beach and Lake Worth...
10.30% - Plainview, New YorkPlainview, New YorkPlainview is a hamlet located on Long Island in the town of Oyster Bay, Nassau County, New York, USA. The population of the CDP as of 2010 was 26,217. The Plainview post office has the ZIP code 11803....
10.20% - Fair Lawn, New JerseyFair Lawn, New JerseyFair Lawn is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States and a suburban municipality in the New York City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 32,457. Fair Lawn was incorporated as a borough by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March...
, Port Washington North, New YorkPort Washington North, New YorkPort Washington North is a village in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 3,154 at the 2010 census.The Village of Port Washington North is in the Town of North Hempstead.-Geography:...
and Mandan, North DakotaMandan, North DakotaAs of the census of 2000, there were 16,718 people, 6,647 households, and 4,553 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,642.8 per square mile . There were 6,958 housing units at an average density of 683.7 per square mile...
10.10% - Millburn, New JerseyMillburn, New JerseyMillburn is a township in Essex County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the township population was 20,149.Millburn Township was created as a township by an act of the New Jersey Legislature on March 20, 1857, from portions of Springfield Township.Millburn also...
10.00%
U.S. communities with the most residents born in Russia
Top U.S. communities with the most residents born in Russia are:- Peaceful Valley, WashingtonPeaceful Valley, WashingtonPeaceful Valley is a census-designated place in Whatcom County, Washington, United States, near Kendall. The population was 3,324 at the 2010 census.-Geography:Peaceful Valley is located at ....
12.2% - Sharon Springs, New YorkSharon Springs, New YorkSharon Springs is a village in Schoharie County, New York, United States. The population was 547 at the 2000 census. Its name derives from the hometown of the first Colonial settlers, Sharon, Connecticut, and the important springs in the village...
6.0% - West Buechel, KentuckyWest Buechel, KentuckyWest Buechel is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 1,301 at the 2000 census.-Geography:West Buechel is located at .According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , all of it land....
5.7% - Big Delta, AlaskaBig Delta, AlaskaBig Delta is a census-designated place in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. The population was 749 at the 2000 census...
5.6% - West Hollywood, CaliforniaWest Hollywood, CaliforniaWest Hollywood, a city of Los Angeles County, California, was incorporated on November 29, 1984, with a population of 34,399 at the 2010 census. 41% of the city's population is made up of gay men according to a 2002 demographic analysis by Sara Kocher Consulting for the City of West Hollywood...
5.3% - Schaefferstown, PennsylvaniaSchaefferstown, PennsylvaniaSchaefferstown is a census-designated place in Lebanon County, Pennsylvania, United States and is completely surrounded by Heidelberg Township. The population was 984 at the 2000 census. Bomberger's Distillery is located near Schaefferstown.-Geography:...
5.2% - Deltana, AlaskaDeltana, AlaskaDeltana is a census-designated place in Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 1,570.-History:...
5.1% - East Whatcom, WA (Whatcom County, WashingtonWhatcom County, WashingtonWhatcom County is a county located in the U.S. state of Washington. Its name ultimately derives from the Lummi word Xwotʼqom, meaning "noisy water." As of 2010, the population was 201,140. The county seat is at Bellingham, which is also the county's largest city...
) 4.9% - Fair Lawn, New JerseyFair Lawn, New JerseyFair Lawn is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States and a suburban municipality in the New York City Metropolitan Area. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough's population was 32,457. Fair Lawn was incorporated as a borough by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on March...
4.7% - Belleville, PennsylvaniaBelleville, PennsylvaniaBelleville is a census-designated place in the Kishacoquillas Valley of Mifflin County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,386 at the 2000 census.-General information:*ZIP Code: 17004*Area Code: 717*Local Phone Exchange: 935...
4.5% - Sunnyside, Clackamas County, Oregon, West Sacramento, CaliforniaWest Sacramento, CaliforniaWest Sacramento is a city in Yolo County, California. It is contiguous with Sacramento, but is separated by the Sacramento River which is also the county line, so West Sacramento is in a different county than Sacramento...
, and East Yolo, CA (Yolo County, CA) 4.3% - Pikesville, MarylandPikesville, MarylandPikesville is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States. Pikesville is just northwest of the Baltimore city limits. It is the northwestern suburb closest to Baltimore.The population was 29,123 at the 2000 census...
4.2% - Mill Plain, WashingtonMill Plain, WashingtonMill Plain is a census-designated place in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 7,400 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Mill Plain is located at ....
4.1% - Sunny Isles Beach, FloridaSunny Isles Beach, FloridaSunny Isles Beach is a city located on a barrier island in northeast Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The City is bounded by the Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Intracoastal Waterway on the west...
3.9% - Minnehaha, WashingtonMinnehaha, WashingtonMinnehaha is a census-designated place in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 7,689 at the 2000 census.- Name meaning :...
and Delta Junction, AlaskaDelta Junction, AlaskaDelta Junction is a city in the Southeast Fairbanks Census Area, Alaska, United States. According to 2005 Census Bureau estimates, the population of the city is 897. The city is located a short distance south of the confluence of the Delta River with the Tanana River, which is at Big Delta...
3.7% - Black Point-Green Point, CaliforniaBlack Point-Green Point, CaliforniaBlack Point-Green Point is a census-designated place in Marin County, California, United States. The population was 1,306 at the 2010 census.-Geography:...
3.6% - Postville, IowaPostville, IowaPostville is a city in Allamakee and Clayton Counties in the U.S. state of Iowa. It lies near the junction of four counties and at the intersection of U.S. Routes 18 and 52 and Iowa Highway 51, with airport facilities in the neighboring communities of Waukon, Decorah, Monona, and Prairie du Chien....
3.3% - Harbor Hills, New YorkHarbor Hills, New YorkHarbor Hills is a hamlet in Nassau County, New York, United States. The population was 575 at the 2010 census.Harbor Hills is a community in the Town of North Hempstead.-Geography:...
3.0% - Sharon, MassachusettsSharon, MassachusettsSharon is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 17,612 at the 2010 census. Sharon is part of Greater Boston, about 17 miles southwest of downtown Boston....
2.9% - Mayfield Heights, OhioMayfield Heights, Ohio-External links:*...
and Kingston, New JerseyKingston, New JerseyKingston is a census-designated place and unincorporated area in the U.S. state of New Jersey, which has been officially designated as a Village Center by the New Jersey State Planning Commission. The CDP portion, is the area that lies in Middlesex County...
2.8% - Buffalo Grove, IllinoisBuffalo Grove, IllinoisBuffalo Grove is an affluent village located in the northern suburbs of Chicago, and in Cook and Lake counties in Illinois, United States. The town was named for Buffalo Creek, which was itself named for bison bones found in the area....
2.7% - Reisterstown, MarylandReisterstown, MarylandReisterstown is an unincorporated community and census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland. Founded by German immigrant John Reister in 1758, it is located to the northwest of Baltimore. Though it is older than the areas surrounding it, it now serves primarily as a residential suburb of...
and Skokie, IllinoisSkokie, IllinoisSkokie is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. Its name comes from a Native American word for "fire". A Chicago suburb, for many years Skokie promoted itself as "The World's Largest Village". Its population, per the 2000 census, was 63,348...
2.6% - Yacolt, WashingtonYacolt, WashingtonYacolt is a town in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,556 at the 2010 census.-History:Yacolt is an Indian term meaning "haunted place". In September 1902 the town, which consisted of only 15 buildings at the time, was nearly destroyed by the Yacolt Burn, the largest...
, Fort Lee, New JerseyFort Lee, New JerseyFort Lee is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 35,345. Located atop the Hudson Palisades, the borough is the western terminus of the George Washington Bridge...
, and Keystone, ColoradoKeystone, ColoradoKeystone is a census-designated place in Summit County, Colorado, United States. The population was 825 at the 2000 census. The Dillon Post Office serves Keystone postal addresses....
2.5% - Marietta-Alderwood, WashingtonMarietta-Alderwood, WashingtonMarietta-Alderwood is a census-designated place in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. The population was 3,906 at the 2010 census.-Geography:Marietta-Alderwood is located at ....
, Village Shires, PennsylvaniaVillage Shires, PennsylvaniaVillage Shires is a community within Northampton Township, Bucks County in the U.S. state of Pennsylvania. It is defined by the U.S. Census Bureau as a census-designated place for statistical purposes and does not have any legal status as a separately incorporated municipality...
, Century Village, FloridaCentury Village, FloridaCentury Village is a census-designated place in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States and is best known as a retirement community....
, Brownville, New JerseyBrownville, New JerseyBrownville is a census-designated place and unincorporated area located within Old Bridge Township, in Middlesex County, New Jersey. As of the United States 2000 Census, the CDP population was 2,660.-Geography:...
and Garrison, MarylandGarrison, MarylandGarrison is a census-designated place in Baltimore County, Maryland, United States, adjacent to Owings Mills, mainly the McDonogh area and Valley Centre...
2.4% - Brookline, MassachusettsBrookline, MassachusettsBrookline is a town in Norfolk County, Massachusetts, United States, which borders on the cities of Boston and Newton. As of the 2010 census, the population of the town was 58,732.-Etymology:...
, Orting, WashingtonOrting, WashingtonOrting is a city in Pierce County, Washington, United States. The population as of the 2010 census is 6,746, according to the City of Orting.- History :...
, Woodmere, OhioWoodmere, OhioWoodmere is a village in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is a suburb of Cleveland. The population was 884 at the 2010 census.-History:...
, and Dayton, VirginiaDayton, VirginiaDayton is a town in Rockingham County, Virginia, United States. The population is 1,530 as of the 2010 census. It is included in the Harrisonburg, Virginia Metropolitan Statistical Area.-Geography:Dayton is located at...
2.3% - Churchville, PennsylvaniaChurchville, PennsylvaniaChurchville is a census-designated place in Northampton Township, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 4,128 at the 2010 census.-Geography:Churchville is located at ....
, Sagaponack, New YorkSagaponack, New YorkSagaponack is a village in the town of Southampton in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The village incorporated on September 2, 2005, in the wake of the failed attempt by Dunehampton, New York to incorporate. Dunehampton's incorporation would have blocked Sagaponack from Atlantic Ocean...
, Swampscott, MassachusettsSwampscott, MassachusettsSwampscott is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States located 15 miles up the coast from Boston in an area known as the North Shore. The population is 13,787...
, Poquott, New YorkPoquott, New YorkPoquott is a village in Suffolk County, New York, United States. The population was 975 at the 2000 census.The Incorporated Village of Poquott is within the Town of Brookhaven, on the North Shore of Long Island.-Geography:...
and Richmond Heights, OhioRichmond Heights, Ohio-External links:*...
2.2% - Soap Lake, WashingtonSoap Lake, WashingtonSoap Lake is a city in Grant County, Washington, on the shores of Soap Lake. The population was 1,733 at the 2000 census. In 2002, the city announced preliminary plans to construct the world's largest lava lamp as a tourist attraction....
, Palm Beach Shores, FloridaPalm Beach Shores, FloridaPalm Beach Shores is a town in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 1,269 at the 2000 census. As of 2004, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau was 1,511.-Geography:...
, Sea Cliff, New YorkSea Cliff, New YorkThe Village of Sea Cliff is a village located within the Town of Oyster Bay in Nassau County, New York. As of the United States 2010 Census, the village population was 4,995...
, Brooklyn, New YorkBrooklynBrooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
, Waverly, NebraskaWaverly, NebraskaWaverly is a city in Lancaster County, Nebraska, United States. It is part of the Lincoln, Nebraska Metropolitan Statistical Area. The population was 2,448 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Waverly is located at ....
and Northwest Ithaca, New YorkNorthwest Ithaca, New YorkNorthwest Ithaca is a census-designated place in Tompkins County, New York, United States. The population was 1,115 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Northwest Ithaca is located at ....
2.1% - Feasterville-Trevose, PennsylvaniaFeasterville-Trevose, PennsylvaniaFeasterville-Trevose is a former census-designated place in Lower Southampton Township in Bucks County, Pennsylvania. The population was 6,525 at the 2000 census. The ZIP code is 19053. The area has been separated into two CDPs in the 2010 census....
, Marine on St. Croix, MinnesotaMarine on St. Croix, MinnesotaMarine on St. Croix is a city in Washington County, Minnesota, United States. The population was 689 at the 2010 census.-Geography:According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of , of which, of it is land and of it is water. Minnesota State Highway 95 serves as a main...
, Ojus, FloridaOjus, FloridaOjus is a census-designated place and formerly incorporated town in Miami-Dade County, Florida, United States. The population was 16,642 at the 2000 census. Ojus borders Aventura to the east, I-95 to the west, North Miami Beach to the south and Broward County to the north...
, Warren, New YorkWarren, New York----Warren is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 1,136 at the 2000 census. The town is named after General Joseph Warren, who was killed at the Battle of Bunker Hill....
and River Edge, New JerseyRiver Edge, New JerseyRiver Edge is a borough in Bergen County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2010 United States Census, the borough population was 11,340.The community was incorporated as the borough of Riverside by an Act of the New Jersey Legislature on June 30, 1894, from portions of Midland Township, at the...
2.0% - Napavine, WashingtonNapavine, WashingtonNapavine is a city in Lewis County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,766 at the 2010 census.-History:Napavine was officially incorporated as a town on November 21, 1913. Settlers began arriving in the Cowlitz area in the early 1850s...
, Woodburn, OregonWoodburn, OregonWoodburn is a city in Marion County, Oregon, United States. Incorporated in 1889, the community had been platted in 1871 after the arrival of the railroad. The city is located in the northern end of the Willamette Valley along Interstate 5 between Portland and Salem...
and Olivette, MissouriOlivette, MissouriOlivette is an inner-ring suburb of St. Louis, located in St. Louis County, Missouri, United States. The population was 7,737 at the 2010 census.-History:...
1.9% - Fox River, AlaskaFox River, AlaskaFox River is a census-designated place in Kenai Peninsula Borough, Alaska, United States. At the 2000 census the population was 616. It was first reported by the U.S. Geological Survey in 1895...
, Shorewood, WisconsinShorewood, WisconsinShorewood is a village in Milwaukee County, Wisconsin, United States. The population was 13,763 at the 2000 census. Howell Raines of The New York Times said in 1979 that "[t]his maplestudded town on Lake Michigan dotes on its reputation as Milwaukee's most liberal suburb."-Geography:Shorewood is...
, South Euclid, OhioSouth Euclid, OhioSouth Euclid is a city in Cuyahoga County, Ohio, United States. It is an inner-ring suburb of Cleveland.-Geography:Acting almost as a central point for the east side of Cleveland, South Euclid is bordered by Cleveland, Cleveland Heights, University Heights, Beachwood, Lyndhurst, Richmond Heights,...
, Lincolnwood, IllinoisLincolnwood, IllinoisLincolnwood is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States. The population was 12,359 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Lincolnwood is located at ....
, Beachwood, OhioBeachwood, Ohio-External links:* *...
, Lyndhurst, OhioLyndhurst, OhioAs of the census of 2000, there were 15,279 people, 6,642 households, and 4,397 families residing in the city. The population density was 3,480.1 people per square mile . There were 6,855 housing units at an average density of 1,561.4 per square mile...
and Homestead, PennsylvaniaHomestead, PennsylvaniaHomestead is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, USA, in the "Mon Valley," southeast of downtown Pittsburgh and directly across the river from the city limit line. The borough is known for the Homestead Strike of 1892, an important event in the history of labor relations in the United...
1.8% - Bancroft, KentuckyBancroft, KentuckyBancroft is a city in Jefferson County, Kentucky, United States. The population was 536 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Bancroft is located at ....
, Steele, North DakotaSteele, North DakotaAs of the census of 2000, there were 761 people, 336 households, and 191 families residing in the city. The population density was 1,338.5 people per square mile . There were 367 housing units at an average density of 645.5 per square mile...
, Blaine, WashingtonBlaine, WashingtonBlaine is a city in Whatcom County, Washington, United States. The city's northern boundary is the Canadian border. Blaine is the shared home of the Peace Arch international monument...
, Newton, MassachusettsNewton, MassachusettsNewton is a city in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States bordered to the east by Boston. According to the 2010 U.S. Census, the population of Newton was 85,146, making it the eleventh largest city in the state.-Villages:...
, Boxford, MassachusettsBoxford, MassachusettsBoxford is a town in Essex County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 7,965 at the 2010 census.Part of the town comprises the census-designated place of Boxford.-Geography:...
, Bayside, WisconsinBayside, WisconsinBayside is a village in Milwaukee and Ozaukee counties in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. The population was 4,518 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Bayside is located at ....
, Glendale, ColoradoGlendale, ColoradoThe city of Glendale is a Home Rule Municipality located in an exclave of Arapahoe County, Colorado, United States. The population was 4,547 at the 2000 census. The entire city is surrounded on all sides by the City and County of Denver. Therefore, as a municipal entity, it is also an enclave...
, Lido Beach, New York, Cascade Valley, WashingtonCascade Valley, WashingtonCascade Valley is a census-designated place in Grant County, Washington, United States. The population was 1,811 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Cascade Valley is located at ....
and North Highlands, CaliforniaNorth Highlands, CaliforniaNorth Highlands is a census-designated place in Sacramento County, California, United States. It is part of the Sacramento–Arden-Arcade–Roseville Metropolitan Statistical Area...
1.7% - Schuyler, New YorkSchuyler, New York----Schuyler is a town in Herkimer County, New York, United States. The population was 3,385 at the 2000 census.The Town of Schuyler is located in the western part of Herkimer County. The town is east of Utica, New York.- History :...
, Sharon, New YorkSharon, New YorkSharon is a town in Schoharie County, New York, United States. The population was 1,843 at the 2000 census. The town is named after a location in Connecticut, from where some early settlers came....
, Orchards, WashingtonOrchards, WashingtonOrchards is a census-designated place in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 17,852 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Orchards is located at ....
, Ashland, MassachusettsAshland, MassachusettsAshland is a town in Middlesex County, Massachusetts, United States. It is part of the MetroWest region. The population was 16,593 at the 2010 census.-History:...
, Springfield, New Jersey, Northbrook, IllinoisNorthbrook, IllinoisNorthbrook is a village located at the northern edge of Cook County, Illinois, which is also a North Shore suburb of Chicago. The population was 33,170 at the 2010 census....
, Wheeling, IllinoisWheeling, IllinoisWheeling is a village in Cook County, Illinois, United States, and a suburb of Chicago. The population was 34,496 at the 2000 census, and 38,555 at the 2006 special village census.-Geography:Wheeling is located at ....
, Millers Falls, MassachusettsMillers Falls, MassachusettsMillers Falls is a census-designated place in the town of Montague in Franklin County, Massachusetts, United States. The population was 1,072 at the 2000 census...
and Waldon, CaliforniaWaldon, CaliforniaWaldon is a former census-designated place in Contra Costa County, California, United States. The population was 5,133 at the 2000 census. The Pittsburg/Bay Point – SFO Line line of the Bay Area Rapid Transit system serves the surrounding area using the Pleasant Hill/Contra Costa Centre Station...
1.6% - Princeton North, New JerseyPrinceton North, New JerseyPrinceton North is a census-designated place and unincorporated area located within Princeton Township, in Mercer County, New Jersey, United States. As of the 2000 Census, the CDP population was 4,528....
, Golden Beach, FloridaGolden Beach, FloridaGolden Beach is a town located in the northeast corner of Miami-Dade County, Florida, between the Intracoastal Waterway and Atlantic Ocean. As of the 2000 census, the town had a total population of 919. As of 2004, the population recorded by the U.S. Census Bureau is 921.-Geography:Golden Beach is...
, Washougal, WashingtonWashougal, WashingtonWashougal is a city in Clark County, Washington, United States. On April 1, 2010, the United States Census Bureau stated the city's population was 14,095.-History:Washougal was officially incorporated on December 4, 1908...
, Miller, South DakotaMiller, South DakotaMiller is a city in Hand County, South Dakota, United States. The population was 1,489 at the 2010 census. It is the county seat of Hand County.-Geography:...
, Blawnox, PennsylvaniaBlawnox, PennsylvaniaBlawnox is a borough in Allegheny County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,432 at the 2010 census.-Name:The name, Blawnox, is derived from the Blaw-Knox Company, which had a manufacturing plant there providing much of the town's employment...
, Niles, IllinoisNiles, IllinoisNiles is a village in Maine and Niles Townships, Cook County, Illinois, United States. The 2010 population from the U.S. Census Bureau is 29,803.The current mayor of Niles is Robert M. Callero.-History:Niles was first settled in 1827....
, Strasburg, ColoradoStrasburg, ColoradoStrasburg is a census-designated place in Adams and Arapahoe counties in the U.S. state of Colorado. The population was 1,402 at the 2000 census. The Strasburg Post Office has the ZIP Code 80136....
, Morganville, New JerseyMorganville, New JerseyMorganville is a census-designated place and unincorporated area located within Marlboro Township, in Monmouth County, New Jersey. As of the 2010 United States Census, the CDP population was 5,040.Morganville has its own post office, with a ZIP code of 07751....
, Princeton Junction, New JerseyPrinceton Junction, New JerseyPrinceton Junction is also a New Jersey Transit and Amtrak station on the Northeast Corridor line.Princeton Junction is a census-designated place and unincorporated area located within West Windsor Township, in Mercer County, New Jersey...
and Terre Hill, PennsylvaniaTerre Hill, PennsylvaniaTerre Hill is a borough in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, United States. The population was 1,237 at the 2000 census, which rose to 1,261, as of July 2008.-History:...
1.5% - Due West, South CarolinaDue West, South CarolinaDue West is a town in Abbeville County, South Carolina, United States. The population was 1,209 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Due West is located at ....
, Lake Dalecarlia, IndianaLake Dalecarlia, IndianaLake Dalecarlia is a census-designated place in Lake County, Indiana, United States. The population was 1,285 at the 2000 census. The name comes from the English name of the Dalarna region of Sweden.-Geography:...
, Kings Point, FloridaKings Point, FloridaKings Point is a census-designated place in Palm Beach County, Florida, United States. The population was 12,207 at the 2000 census.-Geography:Kings Point is located at ....
, Great Neck Estates, New YorkGreat Neck Estates, New YorkGreat Neck Estates is a village in Nassau County, New York in the United States. The population was 2,761 at the 2010 census.The Village of Great Neck Estates is in the Town of North Hempstead...
, Brush Prairie, WashingtonBrush Prairie, WashingtonBrush Prairie is a census-designated place in Clark County, Washington, United States. The population was 2,384 at the 2000 census.Based on per capita income, one of the more reliable measures of affluence, Brush Prairie ranks 57th of 522 areas in the state of Washington to be...
, Mountain View, CaliforniaMountain View, California-Downtown:Mountain View has a pedestrian-friendly downtown centered on Castro Street. The downtown area consists of the seven blocks of Castro Street from the Downtown Mountain View Station transit center in the north to the intersection with El Camino Real in the south...
and Beverly Hills, CaliforniaBeverly Hills, CaliforniaBeverly Hills is an affluent city located in Los Angeles County, California, United States. With a population of 34,109 at the 2010 census, up from 33,784 as of the 2000 census, it is home to numerous Hollywood celebrities. Beverly Hills and the neighboring city of West Hollywood are together...
1.4%
Apart from such settlements as Brighton Beach, Brooklyn, concentrations of Russian Americans occur in Staten Island
Staten Island
Staten Island is a borough of New York City, New York, United States, located in the southwest part of the city. Staten Island is separated from New Jersey by the Arthur Kill and the Kill Van Kull, and from the rest of New York by New York Bay...
; Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage, Alaska
Anchorage is a unified home rule municipality in the southcentral part of the U.S. state of Alaska. It is the northernmost major city in the United States...
; Atlanta; Baltimore
Baltimore
Baltimore is the largest independent city in the United States and the largest city and cultural center of the US state of Maryland. The city is located in central Maryland along the tidal portion of the Patapsco River, an arm of the Chesapeake Bay. Baltimore is sometimes referred to as Baltimore...
; Boston
Boston
Boston is the capital of and largest city in Massachusetts, and is one of the oldest cities in the United States. The largest city in New England, Boston is regarded as the unofficial "Capital of New England" for its economic and cultural impact on the entire New England region. The city proper had...
; The Bronx; other parts of Brooklyn
Brooklyn
Brooklyn is the most populous of New York City's five boroughs, with nearly 2.6 million residents, and the second-largest in area. Since 1896, Brooklyn has had the same boundaries as Kings County, which is now the most populous county in New York State and the second-most densely populated...
; Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
; Cleveland; Detroit; Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
; Miami; Nashville
Nashville, Tennessee
Nashville is the capital of the U.S. state of Tennessee and the county seat of Davidson County. It is located on the Cumberland River in Davidson County, in the north-central part of the state. The city is a center for the health care, publishing, banking and transportation industries, and is home...
; Northern New Jersey
New Jersey
New Jersey is a state in the Northeastern and Middle Atlantic regions of the United States. , its population was 8,791,894. It is bordered on the north and east by the state of New York, on the southeast and south by the Atlantic Ocean, on the west by Pennsylvania and on the southwest by Delaware...
(Suburban New York City); Orlando
Orlando, Florida
Orlando is a city in the central region of the U.S. state of Florida. It is the county seat of Orange County, and the center of the Greater Orlando metropolitan area. According to the 2010 US Census, the city had a population of 238,300, making Orlando the 79th largest city in the United States...
; Philadelphia; Pittsburgh; Portland, Oregon
Portland, Oregon
Portland is a city located in the Pacific Northwest, near the confluence of the Willamette and Columbia rivers in the U.S. state of Oregon. As of the 2010 Census, it had a population of 583,776, making it the 29th most populous city in the United States...
; Queens
Queens
Queens is the easternmost of the five boroughs of New York City. The largest borough in area and the second-largest in population, it is coextensive with Queens County, an administrative division of New York state, in the United States....
; Sacramento
Sacramento, California
Sacramento is the capital city of the U.S. state of California and the county seat of Sacramento County. It is located at the confluence of the Sacramento River and the American River in the northern portion of California's expansive Central Valley. With a population of 466,488 at the 2010 census,...
; San Francisco; and Seattle. In 2002, the AmBAR
AmBAR
The American Business Association of Russian-Speaking Professionals is a non-profit organization founded to support the Russian-speaking professional community in the United States...
was founded, to help the Russophone
Russophone
A Russophone is literally a speaker of the Russian language either natively or by preference. At the same time the term is used in a more specialized meaning to describe the category of people whose cultural background is associated with Russian language regardless of ethnic and territorial...
community of Palo Alto, California
Palo Alto, California
Palo Alto is a California charter city located in the northwest corner of Santa Clara County, in the San Francisco Bay Area of California, United States. The city shares its borders with East Palo Alto, Mountain View, Los Altos, Los Altos Hills, Stanford, Portola Valley, and Menlo Park. It is...
.
See also
- AmBARAmBARThe American Business Association of Russian-Speaking Professionals is a non-profit organization founded to support the Russian-speaking professional community in the United States...
- American Business Association of Russian Professionals - American Chamber of Commerce in RussiaAmerican Chamber of Commerce in RussiaAmerican Chamber of Commerce in Russia is a non-government, non-for-profit, corporate-membership business association. Incorporated in the U.S., affiliated with the U.S. Chamber of Commerce , operates in Russia as a Representative Office accredited by the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of the...
- :Category:Russian communities in the United States
- List of Russian Americans
- Russian colonization of the AmericasRussian colonization of the AmericasThe Russian colonization of the Americas covers the period, from 1732 to 1867, when the Tsarist Imperial Russian Empire laid claim to northern Pacific Coast territories in the Americas...
- Russian explorers
- Russian America
- Russian American Company
- Fort Ross
- Russian American Medical AssociationRussian American Medical AssociationThe Russian American Medical Association is a non-profit organization of Russian American physicians founded in 2002 with a mission to facilitate and enable Russian American physicians and health care professionals to excel in patient care, teaching and research, and to pursue their aspirations in...
- Brighton Ballet TheaterBrighton Ballet TheaterBrighton Ballet Theater is a not-for-profit dance organization. Established in 1987, it is situated in Manhattan Beach area of Brooklyn and located on the campus of Kingsborough Community College of the City University of New York.-Overview:Three hundred students are enrolled and an additional...
- Russian Canadian
- DoukhoborDoukhoborThe Doukhobors or Dukhobors , earlierDukhobortsy are a group of Russian origin.The Doukhobors were one of the sects - later defined as a religious philosophy, ethnic group, social movement, or simply a "way of life" - known generically as Spiritual Christianity. The origin of the Doukhobors is...
- Doukhobor