STX1A
Encyclopedia
Syntaxin-1A is a protein
that in humans is encoded by the STX1A gene
.
s store neurotransmitter
s that are released during calcium
-regulated exocytosis
. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channel
s to the presynaptic
active zone. Syntaxins function in this vesicle fusion
process.
Syntaxin-1A is a member of the syntaxin
superfamily. Syntaxins are nervous system-specific proteins implicated in the docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Syntaxins possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, a SNARE
[Soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein)-Attachment protein REceptor] domain (known as H3), and an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc). Syntaxins bind synaptotagmin
in a calcium-dependent fashion and interact with voltage dependent calcium and potassium channels via the C-terminal H3 domain. Syntaxin-1A is a key protein in ion channel regulation and synaptic exocytosis.
The expression levels of the STX1A is directly correlated with intelligence in Williams Syndrome
.
with:
Protein
Proteins are biochemical compounds consisting of one or more polypeptides typically folded into a globular or fibrous form, facilitating a biological function. A polypeptide is a single linear polymer chain of amino acids bonded together by peptide bonds between the carboxyl and amino groups of...
that in humans is encoded by the STX1A gene
Gene
A gene is a molecular unit of heredity of a living organism. It is a name given to some stretches of DNA and RNA that code for a type of protein or for an RNA chain that has a function in the organism. Living beings depend on genes, as they specify all proteins and functional RNA chains...
.
Function
Synaptic vesicleSynaptic vesicle
In a neuron, synaptic vesicles store various neurotransmitters that are released at the synapse. The release is regulated by a voltage-dependent calcium channel. Vesicles are essential for propagating nerve impulses between neurons and are constantly recreated by the cell...
s store neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitter
Neurotransmitters are endogenous chemicals that transmit signals from a neuron to a target cell across a synapse. Neurotransmitters are packaged into synaptic vesicles clustered beneath the membrane on the presynaptic side of a synapse, and are released into the synaptic cleft, where they bind to...
s that are released during calcium
Calcium
Calcium is the chemical element with the symbol Ca and atomic number 20. It has an atomic mass of 40.078 amu. Calcium is a soft gray alkaline earth metal, and is the fifth-most-abundant element by mass in the Earth's crust...
-regulated exocytosis
Exocytosis
Exocytosis , also known as 'The peni-cytosis', is the durable process by which a cell directs the contents of secretory vesicles out of the cell membrane...
. The specificity of neurotransmitter release requires the localization of both synaptic vesicles and calcium channel
Calcium channel
A Calcium channel is an ion channel which displays selective permeability to calcium ions. It is sometimes synonymous as voltage-dependent calcium channel, although there are also ligand-gated calcium channels.-Comparison tables:...
s to the presynaptic
Chemical synapse
Chemical synapses are specialized junctions through which neurons signal to each other and to non-neuronal cells such as those in muscles or glands. Chemical synapses allow neurons to form circuits within the central nervous system. They are crucial to the biological computations that underlie...
active zone. Syntaxins function in this vesicle fusion
Vesicle fusion
Vesicle fusion is the merging of a vesicle with other vesicles or a part of a cell membrane. In the latter case, it is the end stage of secretion from secretory vesicles, where their contents are expelled from the cell through exocytosis at the porosome...
process.
Syntaxin-1A is a member of the syntaxin
Syntaxin
Syntaxins are a family of membrane integrated Q-SNARE proteins participating in exocytosis.- Domains :Syntaxins possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, a SNARE domain , and an N-terminal regulatory domain ....
superfamily. Syntaxins are nervous system-specific proteins implicated in the docking of synaptic vesicles with the presynaptic plasma membrane. Syntaxins possess a single C-terminal transmembrane domain, a SNARE
SNARE (protein)
SNARE proteins are a large protein superfamily consisting of more than 60 members in yeast and mammalian cells....
[Soluble NSF (N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive fusion protein)-Attachment protein REceptor] domain (known as H3), and an N-terminal regulatory domain (Habc). Syntaxins bind synaptotagmin
Synaptotagmin
Synaptotagmins constitute a family of membrane-trafficking proteins that are characterized by an N-terminal transmembrane region , a variable linker, and two C-terminal C2 domains - C2A and C2B. There are 15 members in the mammalian synaptotagmin family...
in a calcium-dependent fashion and interact with voltage dependent calcium and potassium channels via the C-terminal H3 domain. Syntaxin-1A is a key protein in ion channel regulation and synaptic exocytosis.
Clinical significance
Syntaxins serve as a substrate for botulinum neurotoxin type C, a metalloprotease that blocks exocytosis and has high affinity for a molecular complex that includes the alpha-latrotoxin receptor which produces explosive exocytosis.The expression levels of the STX1A is directly correlated with intelligence in Williams Syndrome
Williams syndrome
Williams syndrome is a rare neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a distinctive, "elfin" facial appearance, along with a low nasal bridge; an unusually cheerful demeanor and ease with strangers; developmental delay coupled with strong language skills; and cardiovascular problems, such as...
.
Interactions
STX1A has been shown to interactProtein-protein interaction
Protein–protein interactions occur when two or more proteins bind together, often to carry out their biological function. Many of the most important molecular processes in the cell such as DNA replication are carried out by large molecular machines that are built from a large number of protein...
with:
- CPLX1CPLX1Complexin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CPLX1 gene.-Interactions:CPLX1 has been shown to interact with SNAP-25 and STX1A.-Further reading:...
, - CFTRCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulatorCystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator is a protein that in humans is encoded by the CFTR gene.CFTR is a ABC transporter-class ion channel that transports chloride and thiocyanate ions across epithelial cell membranes...
, - NAPANAPA (gene)N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein, alpha, also known as NAPA or alpha-SNAP, is a human gene.It is abnormally expressed in fetuses of both IVF and ICSI, which may contribute to the increase risk of birth defects in these ART....
, - RNF40RNF40E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase BRE1B is an enzyme that in humans is encoded by the RNF40 gene.-Further reading:...
, - SCNN1GSCNN1GAmiloride-sensitive sodium channel subunit gamma is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SCNN1G gene.-Interactions:SCNN1G has been shown to interact with STX1A, Ubiquitin C and NEDD4.- External links :...
, - SLC6A1SLC6A1GABA transporter 1 also known as sodium- and chloride-dependent GABA transporter 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC6A1 gene.- Function :...
, - SNAP-25SNAP-25Synaptosomal-associated protein 25 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAP25 gene. The SNAP-25 protein is a component of the SNARE complex, which is proposed to account for the specificity of membrane fusion and to directly execute fusion by forming a tight complex that brings the...
, - SNAP23SNAP23Synaptosomal-associated protein 23 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SNAP23 gene. Two alternative transcript variants encoding different protein isoforms have been described for this gene.- Function :...
, - STXBP1STXBP1Syntaxin-binding protein 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP1 gene.In melanocytic cells STXBP1 gene expression may be regulated by MITF.-Interactions:STXBP1 has been shown to interact with STX2, STX4 and STX1A.-Further reading:...
, - STXBP5STXBP5Syntaxin-binding protein 5 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the STXBP5 gene.-Interactions:STXBP5 has been shown to interact with STX4 and STX1A.-Further reading:...
, - SYT1SYT1Synaptotagmin-1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the SYT1 gene.SYT1 is the master switch responsible for allowing the human brain to release neurotransmitters...
- UNC13BUNC13BProtein unc-13 homolog B is a protein that in humans is encoded by the UNC13B gene.-Interactions:UNC13B has been shown to interact with STX1B, STX1A, RIMS1, SPTBN2 and DOC2A.-Further reading:...
, - VAMP2VAMP2Vesicle-associated membrane protein 2 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAMP2 gene.-Interactions:VAMP2 has been shown to interact with STX4, SNAP-25, SNAP23, STX1A and RABAC1.-Further reading:...
, and - VAMP8Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the VAMP8 gene.-Interactions:Vesicle-associated membrane protein 8 has been shown to interact with STX4, SNAP23, STX1A, STX8 and STX7.-Further reading:...
.