Shenyang
Encyclopedia
Shenyang or Mukden (
in Manchu
), is the capital
and largest city of Liaoning Province in Northeast China
. Currently holding sub-provincial
administrative status, the city was once known as Shengjing (盛京) or Fengtianfu (奉天府). Shenyang was first used by the Manchu people as their capital in the 17th century and is today the biggest city in the Northeast.
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast–particularly with Japan
, Russia
, and Korea
. A titan of heavy industry since the 1930s, the city has been diversifying its industry and now has a solid industrial foundation, a good land and air transport network, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce. Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.
The sub-provincial city region includes the metropolitan area of Shenyang proper, Xinmin county-level city
, and three counties.
on the city’s south side, which used to be called the Shen River. Archaeological findings show that human beings resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 7,200 years ago. The City of Shenyang was first established by Qin Kai, a general of Yan
in the Warring States period
about 300 BCE. It was named as Hou City (候城) at that time. It became known as the Shen Prefecture (瀋州) in the Jin Dynasty and Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路) in the Yuan Dynasty
. During the Ming Dynasty
, it became Shenyang Zhongwei (瀋陽中衛).
In 1625, the Manchu
leader Nurhaci
moved his capital to Shenyang, or Simiyan hoton , as it is called in Manchu
. The official name was changed to Shengjing (盛京) in Chinese
, or Mukden in Manchu, in 1634. The name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi , meaning "to rise", and this is reflected by its Chinese name, which means "rising capital". A major city needed a major building and in 1626 under Nurhaci
's orders the Imperial Palace emerged as Shenyang's symbolic center. It featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as both a symbol of power and grandeur.
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, Manchu rule moved west inside the great wall and was established in China proper
in Beijing. However, it retained considerable importance as the previous capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty
through the centuries. Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府, pinyin: Fèngtiān fǔ; Manchu: Abkai imiyangga fu or Fungtyian , "obeying heaven") was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden. In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang. Shenyang continued to be known as Mukden in some English sources (sometimes spelled Moukden) through much of the 20th century.
With the building of the South Manchurian Railway, Mukden became a Russia
n stronghold, which occupied it after the Boxer Rebellion. During the Russo-Japanese War
(1904–1905), Mukden was the site of the Battle of Mukden
from on 19 February 1905 – 10 March 1905. It was the largest battle since the battle of Leipzig
in 1813. Following the Japan
ese victory, the Japanese concession at Mukden was one of the chief bases for Japanese economic expansion into southern Manchuria
. It was also the seat of the Chinese viceroy
of the three Manchurian provinces. In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord Zhang Zuolin
, who was killed when his train was blown up
near Mukden at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.
In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station (today's old north station) on the Jingfeng railway became new commercial centers of Shenyang. Several factories were built by Chang Tso-lin
to manufacture ammunition
in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.
The Mukden Incident
(18 September 1931), which gave the Japanese the pretext to create the Manchukuo
state, took place near Shenyang. During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945) the city was called Fengtian in Chinese again, and Mukden in English. During the Japanese occupation, Shenyang was developed into a heavy industry center.
Soviet
forces occupied Shenyang in early August 1945 on the surrender of Japan. The Soviets were replaced by the Nationalist Chinese, who were flown in on U.S. transport planes. During the Chinese Civil War
, Shenyang remained a Kuomintang
stronghold from 1946 to 1948, although the Chinese communists
controlled the surrounding countryside. It was captured by the communists on 30 October 1948 following a series of offensives known as the Liaoshen Campaign
.
Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang somehow managed to grow and increase its industrial might, despite consecutive wars by Russia
and Japan
in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the second world war, and the China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists). The city had never come to an economic halt until 1990th, when its massive factories went bankrupt and left millions jobless, which was well documented in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks
.
The remains of the Xinle culture
, a Neolithic period society over 7,200 years old, are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, as well as one of oldest wood sculptures found anywhere in the world.
, and the city wall gates were increased from four to eight. The outer city wall was built in 1680 to protect the urban area outside the inner city wall, which also had eight gates. The total length of the outer city wall is around 16 km (9.9 mi). Nearly all of the city walls were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner city wall have been rebuilt during the 1990s.
Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang outer city wall, there were four pagoda
s and four temples; East Pagoda/Yongguang Temple, South Pagoda/Guangci Temple, West Pagoda/Yanshou Temple, and North Pagoda/Falun Temple. They were built in 1643. The four Pagodas are identical Buddha-stupa
as high as 26 m (85.3 ft). Only the North Pagoda and Temple is well preserved. As for the East and the South, only the pagodas are left. The West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.
Both Temple of Heaven
and Temple of Earth also were to be found in the old city during the Qing Dynasty
, smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.
of the Liao River
, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the Changbai Mountains
, and is covered with forests. The highest point in Shenyang is 414 metres (1,358 ft) and the lowest point only 7 metres (23 ft). The main urban area is located to the north of Hun River, a major tributary of the Liao River. The average elevation of the urban area is 29 metres (95 ft). North Canal and South Canal flow to the north and south of the urban area respectively, which follows the historic course of Hun River.
Shenyang's climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate
(Koppen
Dwa) characterised by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone
. The four seasons in Shenyang are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.0 °C in January to 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.4 °C (47.1 °F). The frost-free period is 183 days, which is relatively long considering the severity of the winters. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C to 39.3 °C (103 °F).
The following is a list of districts and zones in the prefecture.
The sub-provincial city of Shenyang has direct jurisdiction over 10 districts (区 qu), 1 county-level cities
(市 shi) and 3 Counties (县 xian):
Shenhe District is the central area of Shenyang. There is the "central temple" near the Middle Street (one of the most famous commerce streets in China), built during the Ming Dynasty shows the center of ancient Shenyang. Most of Shenhe District is within the old city wall. It is 18 km² (4,448 acre) and a population of 610,000 thousand. Shenhe District is the site of the Mukden Palace
. It is also the site of Zhang Zuolin
's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe locates Muslim
town. South Pagoda is located in southern Shenhe. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe–such as Sheraton, Kempinsky, Lexington, Marriott (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in mainland China; due to finance conflicts, this hotel is not administrated by the Marriott group). The major thoroughfare of Qingnian Street separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the southern portion of Heping District.
Heping District is located in the center of Shenyang. It has an area of 21 km² (5,189 acre) and a population of 640 thousand. The downtown Heping district has all manner of businesses that are brightly lit by neon at night.
The district, better known as downtown, sprung up around the South Railway Station, former hub of the Southern Manchurian Railway. At the center of the district, is the famous Zhongshan Square (Zhongshan Guangchang, 中山广场), featuring one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao
- a record of the era of cultural revolution. Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the Xita Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown
. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large trees of ginkgos, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.
Huanggu district has an area of 37 km² (9,143 acre) and a population of 750,000 . It is the site of the large, historical tomb of Huang Taiji (of the Qing Dynasty
), called Beiling park
.
Huanggu district also hosts the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It is also the place of the government of Liaoning provience
Huanggu's name comes from Huanggutun ("tun" means village), where the Huanggutun Incident
took place.
It is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film West of the Tracks
(the literal meaning of Tiexi) by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this rust belt district - a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990th.
Tiexi is also home to the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Area, a state-level development zone. This new development area combined with Tiexi District has a population of 1 million people, a total area of 126 km (0.0486488719826594 sq mi), and enjoys the same administrative rank as municipality. (Administrative Committee of Shenyang)
The district, adjacent to the Hunnan New District, is located on the east and south of Shenyang. It hosts the international airport and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas, as suburbs of Shenyang are growing steadily. Two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the eastern tomb and Fushun, the other leading to the international airport, have luxury apartments, fine neighborhoods and sleek commercial developments being built.
Shenyang has a population of 8.1 million and its urban population is 5.74 million. By urban population, it is the largest city in northeastern China and among top ten largest cities in China.
An ethnically and culturally diverse city, Shenyang has 38 of China's 56 recognised ethnic groups, including the Han Chinese
majority that make up 91.26% of Shenyang's population. The 37 minority groups are Manchu
, Korean, Hui
, Xibe
, Mongolian
, Zhuang, Miao
, Tujia, Dong
, Daur, Bai, Uyghur
, Tibetan
, Yi
, Taiwanese Aboriginal People
, She
, Bouyei , Yao
, Akha, Kazakh
, Dai
, Li
, Shui, Nakhi
, Jingpo, Kyrgyz, Tu
, Mulao, Qiang, Maonan, Gelao, Russian
, Evenks
, Tatars
, Oroqen, Nanai and Lhoba
. Most of these groups are not native to the Shenyang area; some, like the Manchus and the Xibe, are.
Not only is Shenyang a multiply ethnic city, it is also a place where many foreigners, especially from Japan and Korea live. Shenyang has numerous temples, mosques, churches and other religious sites.
and Tianjin
. After the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became a rust-belt
city. However, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to the central government
's "Revitalize Northeast China
" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.
Meanwhile, the services sector — especially banking — has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has a few foreign banks, such as South Korea's Hana Bank, the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ of Japan. Hong Kong's Bank of East Asia Ltd., Singapore's United Overseas Bank Ltd., and HSBC Holdings. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 non-bank financial institution
s.
The city has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit
in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS
(Chongqing
, Hefei
, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan
and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.
is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang. Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the PLAAF. Neusoft Group
is the biggest software company in China. Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd. (Neusoft Medical), a wholly owned subsidiary of Neusoft Corporation (600718.SH)received "2010 Frost & Sullivan New Product Innovation Award" from Frost & Sullivan. Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool
manufacturer in China. Tyco International, General Motors (GM) Corp., and Michelin Shenyang Tire Corporation, Ltd., are expanding their operations in Shenyang due to a deep pool of skilled technical labor; good transportation; low land-use fees; and solid local support.
Shenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone was founded ln 1992. It is the only finance and trade development zone except Lujiazui in Shanghai and is the nucleus zone of Shenyang central Business Zone. It covers an area of 1.12 million m², among which there is more than 600,000 m² constructable. The total investment planned is more than 20 billion YUAN and more than 60 high-stories international and multifunctional symbol buildings are planned to be built. So far, the zone has transferred more than 400,000 m² ground, introduced over 40 big projects and actually made use of over 200 million USD foreign investment. It has become the sample zone of international finance and modern service trade and the regional finance, trade and Info center of Northeast China.
Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone
Shenyang High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Shenyang is the railway hub of Northeast China
. Eight railways connect Shenyang with Beijing
, Dalian
, Changchun
, Harbin
and Fushun
. The city is also served by the Qinshen Passenger Railway, a high-speed railway connecting Shenyang and Qinhuangdao
. In early 2007 a 200 km/h (124.3 mph) high-speed train decreased travel time between Beijing
and Shenyang to around 4 hours. In August 2007 construction work started on the Harbin
-Dalian
high-speed passenger railway–which is expected to be completed in 2013–connecting Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China, Harbin
, Changchun
and Dalian
. Shenyang has two major railway stations: Shenyang North Railway Station and Shenyang Railway Station. The Shenyang North Railway Station was built in 1990, replacing the old north railway station, which was built in 1927 and still stands today. The north railway station is used mostly for express and high-speed train service. henyang Railway Station (also known locally as the "Shenyang South Railway Station", though the real "Shenyang South Railway Station" is at Sujiatun
) has a history more than 100 years, built by Russian in 1899 and expanded later by Japanese. Today, it is focused on regular service.
In 2011, a direct container rail service carries car parts 11000 km (6,835 mi) from Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang through Siberia
in 23 days every day.
Shenyang is connected by several major expressways. The Jingshen 8 lane Expressway goes to the city of Beijing
, some 658 km (408.9 mi) away. The Shen-Da Expressway
connecting Shenyang and Dalian
is the first expressway built in China. It is the fastest highway (8-lane) linking one of the largest port city to Shenyang. Shendan Expressway
is a 4-lane expressway to Benxi
and Dandong
. It also serves Shenyang Taoxian International Airport
. There are other expressways to Fushun
, Changchun
and Xinmin. There are many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other cities in the northeast.
(沈阳桃仙国际机场, airport code SHE), located in Dongling District
. There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public: Dongta airport is the oldest airport in Shenyang, openned in 1920s and retired in 1980s. Beiling airport is used by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
for test flights. Yuhong airport is for military use only.
Direct flights to Shenyang from Beijing, Changsha, Changzhou
, Chaoyang, Chengdu
, Chongqing
, Dalian
, Fuzhou
, Guangzhou
, Haikou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Jining
, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lianyungang
, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qiqihar, Sanya, Shanghai, Shantou, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Ürümqi, Weifang
, Weihai
, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xian, Xuzhou, Yanji, Yantai, Zahuang, Zhengzhou, and Zhuhai exist. There are also flights to Hong Kong
and Taipei
which are treated as international flights.
Direct international flights reach, Seoul
and Cheongju
(South Korea), Pyongyang
(North Korea), Irkutsk
and Khabarovsk
(Russia), Nagoya, Osaka
and Tokyo
(Japan), Frankfurt
(Germany), Sydney
(Australia), Los Angeles
(United States), Singapore
, and other cities.
In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes. Shenyang used to have about 20 trolley bus
routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China. The entire network was demolished in 1999 after a series of electrocution accidents.
Shenyang has been planning subway system since 1940. On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first Shenyang Metro subway
line finally started. The first (east-west) line was opened September 27, 2010. Construction is difficult due to the rocky ground on which Shenyang is built. The second (north-south) line started on November 18, 2006.
Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, 202 Hospital, China Medical University 1st,2nd and 4th Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.
CMU is one of the top 10 medical universities in China and listed with IMED. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.
and the Air Force of Shenyang Military Region. Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries.
, a variant of Northeastern Mandarin
. The Shenyang dialect is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin, Putonghua, but has some words unique to the city. Some people prefer to think of it as a strong accent rather than a different dialect. Shenyang dialect is used heavily by several famous skit
actors such as Zhao Benshan
in their performance, and has become a stereotype
for northeast natives.
s, Er Ren Zhuan
and Yang Ge
, are very popular in Shenyang. Dawutai Theatre is famous for its Er Ren Zhuan
and Chinese skit performances by Zhao Benshan
and his students.
Shenyang is home of many performance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liao Ning Song and Dance Ensemble http://www.lngwt.com.cn/eng/, and Liaoning Ballet http://www.cn-liaoba.com/. Many artists are from Shenyang, such as Zimei
, Na Ying
and the pianist Lang Lang
.
. Another Chinese Super League
team, Shenyang Jinde moved to Changsha in 2007. Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium
was a venue for the football preliminary of 2008 Summer Olympics
.
Shenyang Sport University http://www.syty.edu.cn is a famous professional sports university in China. The university is the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions.
Shenyang has many shopping areas that provide people necessities, luxuries and entertainments. One of the shopping districts is Middle Street which is like the Fifth Avenue in New York City. Middle Street features many western-style stores and restaurants, including Wal-mart
, Pizza Hut
(which is a fancy restaurant in Shenyang), Louis Vuitton flagship store, Häagen-Dazs retail store, etc. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.
Taiyuan Streetis another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street also features many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets.
There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering lots of items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.
Another area, Wu'ai Market, , features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It contains hundreds, if not thousands, of mini or boutique stores that open very early in the morning and close in the early afternoon. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.
The information technology
center is in Sanhao street , in the southern part of the city.
There are also many large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.
: the first private university in China that follows western setups funded by Mr Feng Yong. It contains the departments of Engineering, Law and Education.
with: Sapporo, Japan (1980) Kawasaki
, Japan (1981) Turin
, Italy (1985) Chicago
, United States (1985) Irkutsk
, Russia (1992) Quezon City
, Philippines (1993) Ramat Gan, Israel (1993) Monterrey
, Mexico (1993) Seongnam
, South Korea (1998) Yaoundé
, Cameroon (1998) Katowice
, Poland (2007) Thessaloniki
, Greece Gumi, South Korea Leverkusen
, Germany Düsseldorf
, Germany
in ManchuManchu language
Manchu is a Tungusic endangered language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus...
), is the capital
Capital City
Capital City was a television show produced by Euston Films which focused on the lives of investment bankers in London living and working on the corporate trading floor for the fictional international bank Shane-Longman....
and largest city of Liaoning Province in Northeast China
Northeast China
Northeast China, historically known in English as Manchuria, is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. The region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces...
. Currently holding sub-provincial
Sub-provincial city
A sub-provincial divisions in the People's Republic of China, is like a prefecture-level city that is ruled by a province, but is administered independently in regard to economy and law....
administrative status, the city was once known as Shengjing (盛京) or Fengtianfu (奉天府). Shenyang was first used by the Manchu people as their capital in the 17th century and is today the biggest city in the Northeast.
Along with its nearby cities, Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China, and serves as the transportation and commercial hub of China's northeast–particularly with Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
, Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
, and Korea
Korea
Korea ) is an East Asian geographic region that is currently divided into two separate sovereign states — North Korea and South Korea. Located on the Korean Peninsula, Korea is bordered by the People's Republic of China to the northwest, Russia to the northeast, and is separated from Japan to the...
. A titan of heavy industry since the 1930s, the city has been diversifying its industry and now has a solid industrial foundation, a good land and air transport network, abundant natural resources, and a skilled workforce. Investment subsidies are granted to multinational corporations (MNCs) that set up offices or headquarters in Shenyang.
The sub-provincial city region includes the metropolitan area of Shenyang proper, Xinmin county-level city
County-level city
A county-level city is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions....
, and three counties.
History
The city’s name, Shenyang, literally meaning "the city to the north of Shen River", comes from the Hun RiverHun River
The Hun He is a river in Liaoning Province, China, and one of the tributaries of the Liao River. The Hun river was formerly known as Shen River . Several major cities are located on the Hun He , including the provincial capital Shenyang and Fushun....
on the city’s south side, which used to be called the Shen River. Archaeological findings show that human beings resided in present-day Shenyang as early as 7,200 years ago. The City of Shenyang was first established by Qin Kai, a general of Yan
Yan (state)
Yān was a state during the Western Zhou, Spring and Autumn and Warring States Periods of Chinese history. Its capital was Ji...
in the Warring States period
Warring States Period
The Warring States Period , also known as the Era of Warring States, or the Warring Kingdoms period, covers the Iron Age period from about 475 BC to the reunification of China under the Qin Dynasty in 221 BC...
about 300 BCE. It was named as Hou City (候城) at that time. It became known as the Shen Prefecture (瀋州) in the Jin Dynasty and Shenyang Circuit (瀋陽路) in the Yuan Dynasty
Yuan Dynasty
The Yuan Dynasty , or Great Yuan Empire was a ruling dynasty founded by the Mongol leader Kublai Khan, who ruled most of present-day China, all of modern Mongolia and its surrounding areas, lasting officially from 1271 to 1368. It is considered both as a division of the Mongol Empire and as an...
. During the Ming Dynasty
Ming Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
, it became Shenyang Zhongwei (瀋陽中衛).
In 1625, the Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
leader Nurhaci
Nurhaci
Nurhaci was an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in what is today Northeastern China...
moved his capital to Shenyang, or Simiyan hoton , as it is called in Manchu
Manchu language
Manchu is a Tungusic endangered language spoken in Northeast China; it used to be the language of the Manchu, though now most Manchus speak Mandarin Chinese and there are fewer than 70 native speakers of Manchu out of a total of nearly 10 million ethnic Manchus...
. The official name was changed to Shengjing (盛京) in Chinese
Chinese language
The Chinese language is a language or language family consisting of varieties which are mutually intelligible to varying degrees. Originally the indigenous languages spoken by the Han Chinese in China, it forms one of the branches of Sino-Tibetan family of languages...
, or Mukden
in Manchu, in 1634. The name derives from the Manchu word, mukdembi , meaning "to rise", and this is reflected by its Chinese name, which means "rising capital". A major city needed a major building and in 1626 under NurhaciNurhaci
Nurhaci was an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in what is today Northeastern China...
's orders the Imperial Palace emerged as Shenyang's symbolic center. It featured more than 300 ostentatiously decorated rooms and 20 gardens as both a symbol of power and grandeur.
After the fall of the Ming Dynasty in 1644, Manchu rule moved west inside the great wall and was established in China proper
China proper
China proper or Eighteen Provinces was a term used by Western writers on the Qing Dynasty to express a distinction between the core and frontier regions of China. There is no fixed extent for China proper, as many administrative, cultural, and linguistic shifts have occurred in Chinese history...
in Beijing. However, it retained considerable importance as the previous capital and the spiritual home of the Qing dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
through the centuries. Treasures of the royal house were kept at its palaces, and the tombs of the early Qing rulers were once among the most famous monuments in China. In 1657, Fengtian Prefecture (奉天府, pinyin: Fèngtiān fǔ; Manchu: Abkai imiyangga fu or Fungtyian , "obeying heaven") was established in the Shenyang area, and Fengtian was sometimes used synonymously with Shenyang/Mukden. In 1914, the city changed back to its old name Shenyang. Shenyang continued to be known as Mukden in some English sources (sometimes spelled Moukden) through much of the 20th century.
With the building of the South Manchurian Railway, Mukden became a Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
n stronghold, which occupied it after the Boxer Rebellion. During the Russo-Japanese War
Russo-Japanese War
The Russo-Japanese War was "the first great war of the 20th century." It grew out of rival imperial ambitions of the Russian Empire and Japanese Empire over Manchuria and Korea...
(1904–1905), Mukden was the site of the Battle of Mukden
Battle of Mukden
One of the largest land battles to be fought before World War I, the , the last major land battle of the Russo-Japanese War, was fought from 20 February to 10 March 1905 between Japan and Russia near Mukden in Manchuria...
from on 19 February 1905 – 10 March 1905. It was the largest battle since the battle of Leipzig
Battle of Leipzig
The Battle of Leipzig or Battle of the Nations, on 16–19 October 1813, was fought by the coalition armies of Russia, Prussia, Austria and Sweden against the French army of Napoleon. Napoleon's army also contained Polish and Italian troops as well as Germans from the Confederation of the Rhine...
in 1813. Following the Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
ese victory, the Japanese concession at Mukden was one of the chief bases for Japanese economic expansion into southern Manchuria
Manchuria
Manchuria is a historical name given to a large geographic region in northeast Asia. Depending on the definition of its extent, Manchuria usually falls entirely within the People's Republic of China, or is sometimes divided between China and Russia. The region is commonly referred to as Northeast...
. It was also the seat of the Chinese viceroy
Viceroy
A viceroy is a royal official who runs a country, colony, or province in the name of and as representative of the monarch. The term derives from the Latin prefix vice-, meaning "in the place of" and the French word roi, meaning king. A viceroy's province or larger territory is called a viceroyalty...
of the three Manchurian provinces. In the 1920s, Mukden was the capital of the warlord Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 . He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926...
, who was killed when his train was blown up
Huanggutun Incident
Huanggutun Incident was an assassination plotted by the Japanese Kwantung Army that targeted Fengtian warlord Zhang Zuolin. It took place on June 4, 1928 at Huanggutun rail station near Shenyang in which Zhang's train was destroyed by an explosion...
near Mukden at a Japanese-guarded railway bridge.
In the early 20th century, Shenyang began expanding out of its old city walls. Shenyang Railway Station on the South Manchurian Railway and the Shenyang North Railway Station (today's old north station) on the Jingfeng railway became new commercial centers of Shenyang. Several factories were built by Chang Tso-lin
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 . He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926...
to manufacture ammunition
Ammunition
Ammunition is a generic term derived from the French language la munition which embraced all material used for war , but which in time came to refer specifically to gunpowder and artillery. The collective term for all types of ammunition is munitions...
in the northern and eastern suburbs. These factories laid the foundation for Shenyang's industrial development.
The Mukden Incident
Mukden Incident
The Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event that was engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931....
(18 September 1931), which gave the Japanese the pretext to create the Manchukuo
Manchukuo
Manchukuo or Manshū-koku was a puppet state in Manchuria and eastern Inner Mongolia, governed under a form of constitutional monarchy. The region was the historical homeland of the Manchus, who founded the Qing Empire in China...
state, took place near Shenyang. During the Manchukuo era (1932–1945) the city was called Fengtian in Chinese again, and Mukden in English. During the Japanese occupation, Shenyang was developed into a heavy industry center.
Soviet
Red Army
The Workers' and Peasants' Red Army started out as the Soviet Union's revolutionary communist combat groups during the Russian Civil War of 1918-1922. It grew into the national army of the Soviet Union. By the 1930s the Red Army was among the largest armies in history.The "Red Army" name refers to...
forces occupied Shenyang in early August 1945 on the surrender of Japan. The Soviets were replaced by the Nationalist Chinese, who were flown in on U.S. transport planes. During the Chinese Civil War
Chinese Civil War
The Chinese Civil War was a civil war fought between the Kuomintang , the governing party of the Republic of China, and the Communist Party of China , for the control of China which eventually led to China's division into two Chinas, Republic of China and People's Republic of...
, Shenyang remained a Kuomintang
Kuomintang
The Kuomintang of China , sometimes romanized as Guomindang via the Pinyin transcription system or GMD for short, and translated as the Chinese Nationalist Party is a founding and ruling political party of the Republic of China . Its guiding ideology is the Three Principles of the People, espoused...
stronghold from 1946 to 1948, although the Chinese communists
Communist Party of China
The Communist Party of China , also known as the Chinese Communist Party , is the founding and ruling political party of the People's Republic of China...
controlled the surrounding countryside. It was captured by the communists on 30 October 1948 following a series of offensives known as the Liaoshen Campaign
Liaoshen Campaign
Liaoshen Campaign , literally the abbreviation of Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign, was part of the three major campaigns launched by the People's Liberation Army during the late stage of the Chinese Civil War. This engagement is known in the Nationalist government as the Battle of Liaoshi...
.
Over the past 200 years or so, Shenyang somehow managed to grow and increase its industrial might, despite consecutive wars by Russia
Russia
Russia or , officially known as both Russia and the Russian Federation , is a country in northern Eurasia. It is a federal semi-presidential republic, comprising 83 federal subjects...
and Japan
Japan
Japan is an island nation in East Asia. Located in the Pacific Ocean, it lies to the east of the Sea of Japan, China, North Korea, South Korea and Russia, stretching from the Sea of Okhotsk in the north to the East China Sea and Taiwan in the south...
in the late 19th century and early 20th century, the second world war, and the China's Civil War (Shenyang became the main battleground between the Communists and Nationalists). The city had never come to an economic halt until 1990th, when its massive factories went bankrupt and left millions jobless, which was well documented in the film Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks
Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks
Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks is a Chinese documentary film by Wang Bing. Over 9 hours long, the film consists of three parts, "Rust," "Remnants" and "Rails."...
.
Xinle Remains
Xinle culture
The Xinle Civilization was a Neolithic culture in northeast China, found primarily around the lower Liao River on the Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning. The culture showed evidence of millet cultivation and pig domestication...
, a Neolithic period society over 7,200 years old, are located in a museum in the north part of Huanggu District. It is complemented by a recreated village on site. A wood-sculptured bird unearthed there is the earliest cultural relic in Shenyang, as well as one of oldest wood sculptures found anywhere in the world.
Old City
Shenyang used to have two city walls. The inner city wall was built in 1625. Most of it was rebuilt on the old city wall of Ming DynastyMing Dynasty
The Ming Dynasty, also Empire of the Great Ming, was the ruling dynasty of China from 1368 to 1644, following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan Dynasty. The Ming, "one of the greatest eras of orderly government and social stability in human history", was the last dynasty in China ruled by ethnic...
, and the city wall gates were increased from four to eight. The outer city wall was built in 1680 to protect the urban area outside the inner city wall, which also had eight gates. The total length of the outer city wall is around 16 km (9.9 mi). Nearly all of the city walls were demolished after 1949. Two gates and one corner tower of the inner city wall have been rebuilt during the 1990s.
Around 2.5 km (1.6 mi) outside Shenyang outer city wall, there were four pagoda
Pagoda
A pagoda is the general term in the English language for a tiered tower with multiple eaves common in Nepal, India, China, Japan, Korea, Vietnam and other parts of Asia. Some pagodas are used as Taoist houses of worship. Most pagodas were built to have a religious function, most commonly Buddhist,...
s and four temples; East Pagoda/Yongguang Temple, South Pagoda/Guangci Temple, West Pagoda/Yanshou Temple, and North Pagoda/Falun Temple. They were built in 1643. The four Pagodas are identical Buddha-stupa
Stupa
A stupa is a mound-like structure containing Buddhist relics, typically the remains of Buddha, used by Buddhists as a place of worship....
as high as 26 m (85.3 ft). Only the North Pagoda and Temple is well preserved. As for the East and the South, only the pagodas are left. The West Pagoda was rebuilt in 1998.
Both Temple of Heaven
Temple of Heaven
The Temple of Heaven, literally the Altar of Heaven is a complex of Taoist buildings situated in the southeastern part of central Beijing. The complex was visited by the Emperors of the Ming and Qing dynasties for annual ceremonies of prayer to Heaven for good harvest...
and Temple of Earth also were to be found in the old city during the Qing Dynasty
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
, smaller replicas of Beijing's counterparts. Neither exists today.
Geography and climate
Shenyang ranges in latitude from 41° 11' to 43° 2' N and in longitude from 122° 25' to 123° 48' E, and is located in the central part of Liaoning Province. The western parts of the city's administrative area are located on the alluvial plainAlluvial plain
An alluvial plain is a relatively flat landform created by the deposition of sediment over a long period of time by one or more rivers coming from highland regions, from which alluvial soil forms...
of the Liao River
Liao River
The Liao River is the principal river in northeast China . The province of Liaoning and the Liaodong Peninsula derive their names from the river....
, while the eastern part consists of the hinterlands of the Changbai Mountains
Changbai Mountains
The Changbai Mountain Range or Jangbaek Mountain Range are a mountain range on the border between China and North Korea...
, and is covered with forests. The highest point in Shenyang is 414 metres (1,358 ft) and the lowest point only 7 metres (23 ft). The main urban area is located to the north of Hun River, a major tributary of the Liao River. The average elevation of the urban area is 29 metres (95 ft). North Canal and South Canal flow to the north and south of the urban area respectively, which follows the historic course of Hun River.
Shenyang's climate is a monsoon-influenced humid continental climate
Humid continental climate
A humid continental climate is a climatic region typified by large seasonal temperature differences, with warm to hot summers and cold winters....
(Koppen
Köppen climate classification
The Köppen climate classification is one of the most widely used climate classification systems. It was first published by Crimea German climatologist Wladimir Köppen in 1884, with several later modifications by Köppen himself, notably in 1918 and 1936...
Dwa) characterised by hot, humid summers, due to the monsoon, and dry, cold winters, due to the Siberian anticyclone
Anticyclone
An anticyclone is a weather phenomenon defined by the United States' National Weather Service's glossary as "[a] large-scale circulation of winds around a central region of high atmospheric pressure, clockwise in the Northern Hemisphere, counterclockwise in the Southern Hemisphere"...
. The four seasons in Shenyang are distinctive. Nearly half of the annual rainfall occurs in July and August. Monthly mean temperatures range from −11.0 °C in January to 24.7 °C (76.5 °F) in July, for an annual average of 8.4 °C (47.1 °F). The frost-free period is 183 days, which is relatively long considering the severity of the winters. Extreme temperatures range from −33.1 °C to 39.3 °C (103 °F).
Districts and zones
In general, agriculture, animal husbandry, and agricultural product processing dominate northeastern Shenyang; eastern Shenyang is an auto parts hub; southern Shenyang is a high-tech industrial base; and western Shenyang is home to heavy machinery manufacturing. The city center specialises in retail and financial services.The following is a list of districts and zones in the prefecture.
County-level city
A county-level city is a county-level administrative division of mainland China. County-level cities are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions....
(市 shi) and 3 Counties (县 xian):
| Map | # | Name | Hanzi | Hanyu Pinyin | Population (2003 est.) |
Area (km²) | Density (/km²) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| City proper | |||||||
| 1 | Shenhe District Shenhe District Shenhe District is a district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.-Administrative Divisions:There are 10 subdistricts within the district.Subdistricts:... |
沈河区 | Shěnhé Qū | 610,000 | 18 | 33,889 | |
| 2 | Heping District Heping District, Shenyang Heping District is an urban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 13 subdistricts of the city proper of Shenyang, and 8 other subdistricts.... |
和平区 | Hépíng Qū | 640,000 | 21 | 30,476 | |
| 3 | Dadong District Dadong District Dadong District is an urban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 15 subdistricts of the city proper of Shenyang.-Administrative Divisions:Subdistricts:... |
大东区 | Dàdōng Qū | 640,000 | 51 | 12,549 | |
| 4 | Huanggu District Huanggu District Huanggu District is a district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.-Administrative Divisions:There are 20 subdistricts within the district.Subdistricts:... |
皇姑区 | Huánggū Qū | 750,000 | 37 | 20,270 | |
| 5 | Tiexi District Tiexi District, Shenyang Tiexi District is a district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.-Administrative Divisions:There are 20 subdistricts within the district.Subdistricts:... |
铁西区 | Tiěxī Qū | 810,000 | 39 | 20,769 | |
| Suburban | |||||||
| 6 | Sujiatun District | 苏家屯区 | Sūjiātún Qū | 420,000 | 776 | 541 | |
| 7 | Dongling District Dongling District Dongling District is a suburban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 12 subdistricts of Shenyang proper, 6 towns, 1 rural township, and 1 ethnic rural township.... |
东陵区 | Dōnglíng Qū | 410,000 | 896 | 458 | |
| 8 | Shenbei New District Shenbei New District Shenbei New District is a development zone and district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.-References:*... |
沈北新区 | Shěnběi Xīn Qū | 280,000 | 852 | 329 | |
| 9 | Yuhong District Yuhong District Yuhong District is a district in the west of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China.-Administrative divisions:Subdistricts:... |
于洪区 | Yúhóng Qū | 350,000 | 774 | 452 | |
| Satellite cities | |||||||
| 10 | Xinmin | 新民市 | Xīnmín Shì | 690,000 | 3,315 | 208 | |
| Rural | |||||||
| 11 | Liaozhong County Liaozhong County Liaozhong County is a county in Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The name of the county literally means "Central Liao[ning]", referring to its central location within the province... |
辽中县 | Liáozhōng Xiàn | 530,000 | 1,670 | 317 | |
| 12 | Kangping County Kangping County Kangping County is a county in northern Liaoning Province, People's Republic of China, bordering Inner Mongolia to the northwest. It is under the administration of and north of Shenyang City.-Administrative Divisions:... |
康平县 | Kāngpíng Xiàn | 350,000 | 2,173 | 161 | |
| 13 | Faku County Faku County Faku County is a county in the north of Liaoning province of Northeast China. It is under the administration of and lies north of Shenyang City.-Administrative Divisions:There are 8 towns, 11 townships, and 1 ethnic township within the county.Towns:... |
法库县 | Fǎkù Xiàn | 450,000 | 2,320 | 194 | |
Shenhe District (沈河区/瀋河區)
Mukden Palace
The Mukden Palace or Shenyang Gugong , also known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace, is the former imperial palace of the early Qing Dynasty of China....
. It is also the site of Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin
Zhang Zuolin was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 . He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926...
's former home and headquarters, Shengjing Ancient Cultural Street. In the western Shenhe locates Muslim
Muslim
A Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
town. South Pagoda is located in southern Shenhe. There are a lot of high-end hotels located in Shenhe–such as Sheraton, Kempinsky, Lexington, Marriott (which is the first Marriott Hotel directly named "Marriott" in mainland China; due to finance conflicts, this hotel is not administrated by the Marriott group). The major thoroughfare of Qingnian Street separates the southern portion of Shenhe District from the southern portion of Heping District.
Heping District (和平区/和平區)
The district, better known as downtown, sprung up around the South Railway Station, former hub of the Southern Manchurian Railway. At the center of the district, is the famous Zhongshan Square (Zhongshan Guangchang, 中山广场), featuring one of China's largest statues of Chairman Mao
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong, also transliterated as Mao Tse-tung , and commonly referred to as Chairman Mao , was a Chinese Communist revolutionary, guerrilla warfare strategist, Marxist political philosopher, and leader of the Chinese Revolution...
- a record of the era of cultural revolution. Northwest of Zhongshan Square lies the Xita Korean Neighborhood or Koreatown
Koreatown
Koreatown is a term to describe a Korean ethnic enclave within a city or metropolitan area. Similar terms may include Little Seoul or Little Korea.-Beijing:There are more than 150,000 Koreans living in Beijing...
. Many of the boulevards in this area are lined of very large trees of ginkgos, which become golden in color and produce their distinctive fruits in autumn.
Dadong District (大东区/大東區)
Dadong District is an industrial district. It has an area of 51 km² (12,602 acre) and a population of 640,000 thousand. It is the largest district of the urban Shenyang city area. It is also the home of the 9.18 Museum and the North and East Pagoda.Huanggu District (皇姑区/皇姑區)
Qing Dynasty
The Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
), called Beiling park
Beiling park
Beiling Park is a park in the northern part of Shenyang City, China. The park has an area of 3,300,000m², and contains many historic buildings, pine trees and lakes....
.
Huanggu district also hosts the Liaoning Mansion Hotel. It is also the place of the government of Liaoning provience
Huanggu's name comes from Huanggutun ("tun" means village), where the Huanggutun Incident
Huanggutun Incident
Huanggutun Incident was an assassination plotted by the Japanese Kwantung Army that targeted Fengtian warlord Zhang Zuolin. It took place on June 4, 1928 at Huanggutun rail station near Shenyang in which Zhang's train was destroyed by an explosion...
took place.
Tiexi District (铁西新区/鐵西新區)
Tiexi district is famous for its industry. This mixed-use district also contains large blocks of residential complexes, so as well as strips of small to medium-sized shopping. It has an area of 39 km² (9,637 acre) and a population of 810,000 thousand.It is featured in a 9-hour epic documentary film West of the Tracks
Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks
Tie Xi Qu: West of the Tracks is a Chinese documentary film by Wang Bing. Over 9 hours long, the film consists of three parts, "Rust," "Remnants" and "Rails."...
(the literal meaning of Tiexi) by a young filmmaker Wang Bing. It shows the transition in this rust belt district - a palimpsest of not only Chinese but also world history. The first factories of this place were built in 1934 by the Japanese to produce war goods for the Imperial Army and nationalized after World War II. As late as the early 1980s, the factories here employed about one million workers, but all of them went jobless in the 1990th.
Tiexi is also home to the Shenyang Economic and Technological Development Area, a state-level development zone. This new development area combined with Tiexi District has a population of 1 million people, a total area of 126 km (0.0486488719826594 sq mi), and enjoys the same administrative rank as municipality. (Administrative Committee of Shenyang)
Hunnan New District (浑南新区/渾南新區)
Launched in 1988 as the Shenyang National New and High-Tech Industrial Development Zone and elevated to a national-level zone in 1991, the Hunnan New District, in Southeast Shenyang, focuses on electronic and information technology products such as software, computers, network systems, communication equipments, and audio/visual equipment; advanced manufacturing technologies, especially for autos, medical equipments; advanced materials and biological and pharmaceutical products. The zone has hosted more than 5,700 enterprises, including 700 foreign-invested enterprises. Foreign companies such as the General Electric Co., Tyco International, and Mitsubishi Corp. operate in the zone.Now Shenyang is working on expanding the city and shift the central government to the Hunnan New District. Thus, Hunnan New District is now called as Hunnan New City.Dongling District (东陵区/東陵區)
Dongling means the eastern tomb, referring to Qing Tombs dedicated to the first emperor of Qing Dynasty Nurhachi and his empress (a UNESCO site).The district, adjacent to the Hunnan New District, is located on the east and south of Shenyang. It hosts the international airport and is rapidly becoming high-end residential areas, as suburbs of Shenyang are growing steadily. Two corridors along two major highways, one leading to the eastern tomb and Fushun, the other leading to the international airport, have luxury apartments, fine neighborhoods and sleek commercial developments being built.
Demographics
An ethnically and culturally diverse city, Shenyang has 38 of China's 56 recognised ethnic groups, including the Han Chinese
Han Chinese
Han Chinese are an ethnic group native to China and are the largest single ethnic group in the world.Han Chinese constitute about 92% of the population of the People's Republic of China , 98% of the population of the Republic of China , 78% of the population of Singapore, and about 20% of the...
majority that make up 91.26% of Shenyang's population. The 37 minority groups are Manchu
Manchu
The Manchu people or Man are an ethnic minority of China who originated in Manchuria . During their rise in the 17th century, with the help of the Ming dynasty rebels , they came to power in China and founded the Qing Dynasty, which ruled China until the Xinhai Revolution of 1911, which...
, Korean, Hui
Hui people
The Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...
, Xibe
Xibe
The Xibe or Sibo are a Tungusic ethnic group living mostly in northeast China and Xinjiang. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China.- History :...
, Mongolian
Ethnic Mongols in China
Mongols in China are citizens of the People's Republic of China who are ethnic Mongols. They form one of the 55 ethnic minorities officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. There are approximately 5.8 million ethnic Mongols living in China. Most of them live in Inner Mongolia,...
, Zhuang, Miao
Miao people
The Miao or ม้ง ; ) is an ethnic group recognized by the government of the People's Republic of China as one of the 55 official minority groups. Miao is a Chinese term and does not reflect the self-designations of the component nations of people, which include Hmong, Hmu, A Hmao, and Kho Xiong...
, Tujia, Dong
Dong people
The Dong , a Kam–Sui people of southern China, are one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China. They are famed for their native-bred Kam Sweet Rice , carpentry skills, and unique architecture, in particular a form of covered bridge known as the "wind and rain...
, Daur, Bai, Uyghur
Uyghur people
The Uyghur are a Turkic ethnic group living in Eastern and Central Asia. Today, Uyghurs live primarily in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China...
, Tibetan
Tibetan people
The Tibetan people are an ethnic group that is native to Tibet, which is mostly in the People's Republic of China. They number 5.4 million and are the 10th largest ethnic group in the country. Significant Tibetan minorities also live in India, Nepal, and Bhutan...
, Yi
Yi people
The Yi or Lolo people are an ethnic group in China, Vietnam, and Thailand. Numbering 8 million, they are the seventh largest of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China...
, Taiwanese Aboriginal People
Taiwanese aborigines
Taiwanese aborigines is the term commonly applied in reference to the indigenous peoples of Taiwan. Although Taiwanese indigenous groups hold a variety of creation myths, recent research suggests their ancestors may have been living on the islands for approximately 8,000 years before major Han...
, She
She people
The She people are a Chinese ethnic group. They form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China....
, Bouyei , Yao
Yao people
The Yao nationality is a government classification for various minorities in China. They form one of the 55 ethnic minority groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, where they reside in the mountainous terrain of the southwest and south...
, Akha, Kazakh
Kazakhs
The Kazakhs are a Turkic people of the northern parts of Central Asia ....
, Dai
Dai people
The Dai peoples is one of several ethnic groups living in the Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture and the Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture , but by extension can apply to groups in Laos, Vietnam, Thailand, and Burma when Dai is used to mean specifically Tai Lue, Chinese Shan or even...
, Li
Li people
The Li or Hlai are a minority ethnic group, the vast majority of whom live off the southern coast of mainland China on Hainan Island, where they are the largest minority ethnic group...
, Shui, Nakhi
Nakhi
The Nakhi are an ethnic group inhabiting the foothills of the Himalayas in the northwestern part of Yunnan Province, as well as the southwestern part of Sichuan Province in China....
, Jingpo, Kyrgyz, Tu
Tu people
The Monguor or Tu people , White Mongol/Chagan Mongol are one of the 56 officially recognized ethnic groups in the People's Republic of China. The "Tu" ethnic category was created in the 1950s....
, Mulao, Qiang, Maonan, Gelao, Russian
Ethnic Russians in China
Ethnic Russians form one of the 56 ethnic groups officially recognized by the People's Republic of China, according to the ethnicity classification as applied in mainland China...
, Evenks
Evenks
The Evenks are a Tungusic people of Northern Asia. In Russia, the Evenks are recognized as one of the Indigenous peoples of the Russian North, with a population of 35,527...
, Tatars
Tatars
Tatars are a Turkic speaking ethnic group , numbering roughly 7 million.The majority of Tatars live in the Russian Federation, with a population of around 5.5 million, about 2 million of which in the republic of Tatarstan.Significant minority populations are found in Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan,...
, Oroqen, Nanai and Lhoba
Lhoba
Lhoba is a term of obscure origin which has come to apply to a diverse amalgamation of Tibeto-Burman tribespeople living in and around "Pemako" , including Mainling, Medog, Zayü counties of Nyingchi Prefecture and Lhünzê County of Shannan Prefecture...
. Most of these groups are not native to the Shenyang area; some, like the Manchus and the Xibe, are.
Not only is Shenyang a multiply ethnic city, it is also a place where many foreigners, especially from Japan and Korea live. Shenyang has numerous temples, mosques, churches and other religious sites.
Economy
Shenyang is an important industrial centre in China and is the core city of Shenyang Economic Zone, a New Special Reform Zone. It has been focused on heavy industry, particularly aerospace, machine tools, heavy equipment and defence, and recently on software, automotive and electronics. The heavy industry started in the 1920s and was well developed before the second world war. During the first five-year plan (1951–1956) many factories were built in Tiexi district. At its peak in the 1970s, Shenyang was one of the top three industrial centres in China, alongside ShanghaiShanghai
Shanghai is the largest city by population in China and the largest city proper in the world. It is one of the four province-level municipalities in the People's Republic of China, with a total population of over 23 million as of 2010...
and Tianjin
Tianjin
' is a metropolis in northern China and one of the five national central cities of the People's Republic of China. It is governed as a direct-controlled municipality, one of four such designations, and is, thus, under direct administration of the central government...
. After the 1980s, the heavy industry had declined gradually and the city became a rust-belt
Rust Belt
The Rust Belt is a term that gained currency in the 1980s as the informal description of an area straddling the Midwestern and Northeastern United States, in which local economies traditionally garnered an increased manufacturing sector to add jobs and corporate profits...
city. However, the economy of the city has revived significantly in recent years, thanks to the central government
Central People's Government
The Central People's Government is the central government of the People's Republic of China in Beijing. According to the 1982 Constitution, "Central People's Government" is synonymous with the State Council.-History:...
's "Revitalize Northeast China
Revitalize Northeast China
Revitalize The Old Northeast Industrial Bases , also Revitalize Northeast China or Northeast China Revitalization, is a policy adopted by the People's Republic of China in 2003 to rejuvenate industrial bases in Northeast China...
" campaign and the rapid development of software and auto manufacture industries.
Meanwhile, the services sector — especially banking — has been developing in Shenyang. Shenyang has a few foreign banks, such as South Korea's Hana Bank, the Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi UFJ of Japan. Hong Kong's Bank of East Asia Ltd., Singapore's United Overseas Bank Ltd., and HSBC Holdings. In 2006, the city hosted a total of 1,063 banks and bank branches and 144 insurance-related companies. By 2010, it aims to attract 30 foreign banks and 60 non-bank financial institution
Non-bank financial institution
A non-bank financial institution is a financial institution that does not have a full banking license or is not supervised by a national or international banking regulatory agency. NBFIs facilitate bank-related financial services, such as investment, risk pooling, contractual savings, and market...
s.
The city has been identified by the Economist Intelligence Unit
Economist Intelligence Unit
The Economist Intelligence Unit is part of the Economist Group.It is a research and advisory company providing country, industry and management analysis worldwide and incorporates the former Business International Corporation, a U.S. company acquired by the parent organization in 1986...
in the November 2010 Access China White Paper as a member of the CHAMPS
CHAMPS
CHAMPS is an acronym that represents the top 20 emerging cities in China. It was coined in October 2010 by Stephen Joske, Director, China Forecasting, for the Economist Intelligence Unit...
(Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
, Hefei
Hefei
Hefei is the capital and largest city of Anhui Province in Eastern China. A prefecture-level city, it is the political, economic, and cultural centre of Anhui...
, Anshan, Maanshan, Pingdingshan
Pingdingshan
Pingdingshan , also known as the Eagle City, with approximately 5.2 million inhabitants is a prefecture-level city in central Henan province, People's Republic of China.-Geography:...
and Shenyang), an economic profile of the top 20 emerging cities in China.
Major companies
Many major industrial companies have their headquarters in Shenyang. Brilliance China AutoBrilliance China Auto
Brilliance China Automotive Holdings Limited is a publicly owned, Chinese investment holding company making automobiles, automotive components, and minibuses....
is a major Chinese automobile manufacturer, and most of its production plants are also located in Shenyang. Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation is a Chinese civilian and military aircraft manufacturer located in Shenyang. Founded in 1953, it is one of the oldest aircraft manufacturers in the People's Republic of China. Many aircraft manufacturers in China such as Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group or Guizhou...
produces airplanes for civilian use as well as for the PLAAF. Neusoft Group
Neusoft Group
Neusoft Corporation or Neusoft Group Ltd. is the largest software development and IT Services company in China, founded in 1991. As of January 2009, Neusoft employed over 15,000 employees...
is the biggest software company in China. Neusoft Medical Systems Co., Ltd. (Neusoft Medical), a wholly owned subsidiary of Neusoft Corporation (600718.SH)received "2010 Frost & Sullivan New Product Innovation Award" from Frost & Sullivan. Shenyang Machine Tool Group is the largest machine tool
Machine tool
A machine tool is a machine, typically powered other than by human muscle , used to make manufactured parts in various ways that include cutting or certain other kinds of deformation...
manufacturer in China. Tyco International, General Motors (GM) Corp., and Michelin Shenyang Tire Corporation, Ltd., are expanding their operations in Shenyang due to a deep pool of skilled technical labor; good transportation; low land-use fees; and solid local support.
GDP and economic data
Statistically, the total GDP of the city of Shenyang is 383.66 Billion yuan in year 2009 (ranked 1st out of the 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province). The GDP per capita of the city of Shenyang is 78490 yuan in 2009 (ranked 3rd out of all 58 cities and counties in Liaoning province).Initiatives and special zones
Shenyang Finance and Trade Development ZoneShenyang Finance and Trade Development Zone was founded ln 1992. It is the only finance and trade development zone except Lujiazui in Shanghai and is the nucleus zone of Shenyang central Business Zone. It covers an area of 1.12 million m², among which there is more than 600,000 m² constructable. The total investment planned is more than 20 billion YUAN and more than 60 high-stories international and multifunctional symbol buildings are planned to be built. So far, the zone has transferred more than 400,000 m² ground, introduced over 40 big projects and actually made use of over 200 million USD foreign investment. It has become the sample zone of international finance and modern service trade and the regional finance, trade and Info center of Northeast China.
Shenyang Economic & Technological Development Zone
Shenyang High-tech Industrial Development Zone
Transportation
Shenyang is served by air, rail, a one-line subway system, and an extensive network of streets and expressways, with bus service throughout the city.Shenyang is the railway hub of Northeast China
Northeast China
Northeast China, historically known in English as Manchuria, is a geographical region of China, consisting of the three provinces of Liaoning, Jilin and Heilongjiang. The region is sometimes called the Three Northeast Provinces...
. Eight railways connect Shenyang with Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
, Dalian
Dalian
Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's...
, Changchun
Changchun
Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and...
, Harbin
Harbin
Harbin ; Manchu language: , Harbin; Russian: Харби́н Kharbin ), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River...
and Fushun
Fushun
Fushun is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km east from Shenyang, with a population about 2,138 090 inhabitants at the 2010 census and an area of 11,271 km2, including 713 km2 of the city proper. Fushun is situated on the Hun He . It was formerly called Fouchouen in French...
. The city is also served by the Qinshen Passenger Railway, a high-speed railway connecting Shenyang and Qinhuangdao
Qinhuangdao
Qinhuangdao is a port city in northeastern Hebei province of North China. It is about 300 km east of Beijing, on the Bohai Sea, the innermost gulf of the Yellow Sea....
. In early 2007 a 200 km/h (124.3 mph) high-speed train decreased travel time between Beijing
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
and Shenyang to around 4 hours. In August 2007 construction work started on the Harbin
Harbin
Harbin ; Manchu language: , Harbin; Russian: Харби́н Kharbin ), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River...
-Dalian
Dalian
Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's...
high-speed passenger railway–which is expected to be completed in 2013–connecting Shenyang with other major cities in Northeast China, Harbin
Harbin
Harbin ; Manchu language: , Harbin; Russian: Харби́н Kharbin ), is the capital and largest city of Heilongjiang Province in Northeast China, lying on the southern bank of the Songhua River...
, Changchun
Changchun
Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and...
and Dalian
Dalian
Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's...
. Shenyang has two major railway stations: Shenyang North Railway Station and Shenyang Railway Station. The Shenyang North Railway Station was built in 1990, replacing the old north railway station, which was built in 1927 and still stands today. The north railway station is used mostly for express and high-speed train service. henyang Railway Station (also known locally as the "Shenyang South Railway Station", though the real "Shenyang South Railway Station" is at Sujiatun
Sujiatun
Sujiatun District is a district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The current population of Sujiatun is 430,000 and is located 15 km away from central Shenyang...
) has a history more than 100 years, built by Russian in 1899 and expanded later by Japanese. Today, it is focused on regular service.
In 2011, a direct container rail service carries car parts 11000 km (6,835 mi) from Leipzig, Germany to Shenyang through Siberia
Siberia
Siberia is an extensive region constituting almost all of Northern Asia. Comprising the central and eastern portion of the Russian Federation, it was part of the Soviet Union from its beginning, as its predecessor states, the Tsardom of Russia and the Russian Empire, conquered it during the 16th...
in 23 days every day.
Beijing
Beijing , also known as Peking , is the capital of the People's Republic of China and one of the most populous cities in the world, with a population of 19,612,368 as of 2010. The city is the country's political, cultural, and educational center, and home to the headquarters for most of China's...
, some 658 km (408.9 mi) away. The Shen-Da Expressway
Shenda highway
The Shenda Expressway is a 400 km expressway that connects Shenyang and Dalian, two prefecture-level cites located in Liaoning province of China.- History :...
connecting Shenyang and Dalian
Dalian
Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's...
is the first expressway built in China. It is the fastest highway (8-lane) linking one of the largest port city to Shenyang. Shendan Expressway
Shendan Expressway
The Shendan Expressway links Shenyang in China's Liaoning province with the border town of Dandong, sitting next to Sinŭiju in North Korea ....
is a 4-lane expressway to Benxi
Benxi
Benxi is a prefecture-level city located in the east of Liaoning province in Northeast China, south-southeast of Shenyang. Its population is 1,709,538 at the 2010 census whom 959,610 in the built up area It was founded as a metallurgical center in 1915...
and Dandong
Dandong
Dandong , previously known as Andong and Antung, is a city in Liaoning Province, Northeast China. It lies on the border between China and North Korea, which is marked by the Yalu River, and is the largest border city in China. Also, to the southwest of the city, the river flows into Korea Bay...
. It also serves Shenyang Taoxian International Airport
Shenyang Taoxian International Airport
Shenyang Taoxian International Airport is an airport in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. It is located about 20 km south of the city center.As for 2010, Shenyang Taoxian International Airport was the 21th busiest airport in the People's Republic of China with 8,619,897 passengers.-Airlines and...
. There are other expressways to Fushun
Fushun
Fushun is a city in Liaoning, China, about 45 km east from Shenyang, with a population about 2,138 090 inhabitants at the 2010 census and an area of 11,271 km2, including 713 km2 of the city proper. Fushun is situated on the Hun He . It was formerly called Fouchouen in French...
, Changchun
Changchun
Changchun is the capital and largest city of Jilin province, located in the northeast of the People's Republic of China, in the center of the Songliao Plain. It is administered as a sub-provincial city with a population of 7,677,089 at the 2010 census under its jurisdiction, including counties and...
and Xinmin. There are many long-distance and express bus routes to Beijing and other cities in the northeast.
International airport
The city is served by the Shenyang Taoxian International AirportShenyang Taoxian International Airport
Shenyang Taoxian International Airport is an airport in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. It is located about 20 km south of the city center.As for 2010, Shenyang Taoxian International Airport was the 21th busiest airport in the People's Republic of China with 8,619,897 passengers.-Airlines and...
(沈阳桃仙国际机场, airport code SHE), located in Dongling District
Dongling District
Dongling District is a suburban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 12 subdistricts of Shenyang proper, 6 towns, 1 rural township, and 1 ethnic rural township....
. There are three other airports in Shenyang, none of them open to public: Dongta airport is the oldest airport in Shenyang, openned in 1920s and retired in 1980s. Beiling airport is used by Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation
Shenyang Aircraft Corporation is a Chinese civilian and military aircraft manufacturer located in Shenyang. Founded in 1953, it is one of the oldest aircraft manufacturers in the People's Republic of China. Many aircraft manufacturers in China such as Chengdu Aircraft Industry Group or Guizhou...
for test flights. Yuhong airport is for military use only.
Direct flights to Shenyang from Beijing, Changsha, Changzhou
Changzhou
Changzhou is a prefecture-level city in southern Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of China. It was previously known as Yanling, Lanling, Jinling, and Wujin. Located on the southern bank of the Yangtze River, Changzhou borders the provincial capital of Nanjing to the west, Zhenjiang to the...
, Chaoyang, Chengdu
Chengdu
Chengdu , formerly transliterated Chengtu, is the capital of Sichuan province in Southwest China. It holds sub-provincial administrative status...
, Chongqing
Chongqing
Chongqing is a major city in Southwest China and one of the five national central cities of China. Administratively, it is one of the PRC's four direct-controlled municipalities , and the only such municipality in inland China.The municipality was created on 14 March 1997, succeeding the...
, Dalian
Dalian
Dalian is a major city and seaport in the south of Liaoning province, Northeast China. It faces Shandong to the south, the Yellow Sea to the east and the Bohai Sea to the west and south. Holding sub-provincial administrative status, Dalian is the southernmost city of Northeast China and China's...
, Fuzhou
Fuzhou
Fuzhou is the capital and one of the largest cities in Fujian Province, People's Republic of China. Along with the many counties of Ningde, those of Fuzhou are considered to constitute the Mindong linguistic and cultural area....
, Guangzhou
Guangzhou
Guangzhou , known historically as Canton or Kwangchow, is the capital and largest city of the Guangdong province in the People's Republic of China. Located in southern China on the Pearl River, about north-northwest of Hong Kong, Guangzhou is a key national transportation hub and trading port...
, Haikou, Hangzhou, Harbin, Hefei, Jinan, Jining
Jining, Shandong
Jining is a prefecture-level city in southwestern Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Heze to the southwest, Zaozhuang to the southeast, Tai'an to the northeast, and the provinces of Henan and Jiangsu to the northwest and south respectively...
, Kunming, Lanzhou, Lianyungang
Lianyungang
Lianyungang is a prefecture-level city in northeastern Jiangsu province, People's Republic of China. It borders Yancheng to its southeast, Huai'an and Suqian to its south, Xuzhou to its southwest, and the province of Shandong to its north...
, Nanjing, Ningbo, Qingdao, Qiqihar, Sanya, Shanghai, Shantou, Shenzhen, Shijiazhuang, Taiyuan, Tianjin, Ürümqi, Weifang
Weifang
Weifang is a prefecture-level city in central Shandong province, People's Republic of China. It borders Dongying to the northwest, Zibo to the west, Linyi to the southwest, Rizhao to the south, Qingdao to the east, and looks out to the Laizhou Bay to the north.-History:Weifang is a historical city...
, Weihai
Weihai
Weihai is a city in eastern Shandong Province, People's Republic of China. It is the easternmost prefecture-level city of the province and a major seaport. Between 1898 and 1930, the town was a British colony known as Weihaiwei or the Weihai Garrison , and sometimes as Port Edward...
, Wenzhou, Wuhan, Xiamen, Xian, Xuzhou, Yanji, Yantai, Zahuang, Zhengzhou, and Zhuhai exist. There are also flights to Hong Kong
Hong Kong
Hong Kong is one of two Special Administrative Regions of the People's Republic of China , the other being Macau. A city-state situated on China's south coast and enclosed by the Pearl River Delta and South China Sea, it is renowned for its expansive skyline and deep natural harbour...
and Taipei
Taipei
Taipei City is the capital of the Republic of China and the central city of the largest metropolitan area of Taiwan. Situated at the northern tip of the island, Taipei is located on the Tamsui River, and is about 25 km southwest of Keelung, its port on the Pacific Ocean...
which are treated as international flights.
Direct international flights reach, Seoul
Seoul
Seoul , officially the Seoul Special City, is the capital and largest metropolis of South Korea. A megacity with a population of over 10 million, it is the largest city proper in the OECD developed world...
and Cheongju
Cheongju
Cheongju is the capital city of Chungcheongbuk-do , South Korea. The city is divided into two wards , Heungdeok-gu and Sangdang-gu .-History:...
(South Korea), Pyongyang
Pyongyang
Pyongyang is the capital of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea, commonly known as North Korea, and the largest city in the country. Pyongyang is located on the Taedong River and, according to preliminary results from the 2008 population census, has a population of 3,255,388. The city was...
(North Korea), Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Irkutsk is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: .-History:In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov...
and Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk
Khabarovsk is the largest city and the administrative center of Khabarovsk Krai, Russia. It is located some from the Chinese border. It is the second largest city in the Russian Far East, after Vladivostok. The city became the administrative center of the Far Eastern Federal District of Russia...
(Russia), Nagoya, Osaka
Osaka
is a city in the Kansai region of Japan's main island of Honshu, a designated city under the Local Autonomy Law, the capital city of Osaka Prefecture and also the biggest part of Keihanshin area, which is represented by three major cities of Japan, Kyoto, Osaka and Kobe...
and Tokyo
Tokyo
, ; officially , is one of the 47 prefectures of Japan. Tokyo is the capital of Japan, the center of the Greater Tokyo Area, and the largest metropolitan area of Japan. It is the seat of the Japanese government and the Imperial Palace, and the home of the Japanese Imperial Family...
(Japan), Frankfurt
Frankfurt
Frankfurt am Main , commonly known simply as Frankfurt, is the largest city in the German state of Hesse and the fifth-largest city in Germany, with a 2010 population of 688,249. The urban area had an estimated population of 2,300,000 in 2010...
(Germany), Sydney
Sydney
Sydney is the most populous city in Australia and the state capital of New South Wales. Sydney is located on Australia's south-east coast of the Tasman Sea. As of June 2010, the greater metropolitan area had an approximate population of 4.6 million people...
(Australia), Los Angeles
Los Ángeles
Los Ángeles is the capital of the province of Biobío, in the commune of the same name, in Region VIII , in the center-south of Chile. It is located between the Laja and Biobío rivers. The population is 123,445 inhabitants...
(United States), Singapore
Singapore
Singapore , officially the Republic of Singapore, is a Southeast Asian city-state off the southern tip of the Malay Peninsula, north of the equator. An island country made up of 63 islands, it is separated from Malaysia by the Straits of Johor to its north and from Indonesia's Riau Islands by the...
, and other cities.
City
Shenyang has a large beltway system, consisting of three existing beltways, two beltways under construction and a planned beltway. The Middle Loop was planned in as early as 1930s and finally complete in 1985. The 2nd and 3rd Loop (Shenyang Round City Expressway) were finished in 1990s. The southern part of the 2nd Ring and 3rd loop are express beltways. The 3rd loop is an 82 km (51 mi) expressway, the first express beltway in China. The 4th loop will complete in 2013. The 6th loop (also known as G91 or Central Liaoning Express Beltway) is under construction, with a total length of 405 km (251.7 mi), which make it the longest beltway in the world when complete. 5th loop was also planned. Inside the city there is an east-to-west expressway through the city center, most of which is elevated.In Shenyang, there are more than 160 bus routes. Shenyang used to have about 20 trolley bus
Trolleybus
A trolleybus is an electric bus that draws its electricity from overhead wires using spring-loaded trolley poles. Two wires and poles are required to complete the electrical circuit...
routes, one of the biggest trolley bus networks in China. The entire network was demolished in 1999 after a series of electrocution accidents.
Shenyang has been planning subway system since 1940. On November 18, 2005, the construction of the first Shenyang Metro subway
Shenyang Metro
Shenyang Metro is a metro system in the city of Shenyang, Liaoning province in China. This is the the 7th operating subway system in Mainland China and the first in Northeast China.-Network:...
line finally started. The first (east-west) line was opened September 27, 2010. Construction is difficult due to the rocky ground on which Shenyang is built. The second (north-south) line started on November 18, 2006.
Health care systems
Shenyang has 731 medical and healthcare centers, 63,000 healthcare staff and 3.02 healthcare worker per 1,000 people. There are 34033 hospital beds and 45680 various kinds of medical and technical personnel, among whom there are 17346 licensed doctors, 1909 assistant licensed doctors, and 16887 certified nurses. The average expected life-span of the people in Shenyang is 73.8.Shenyang is home to China Medical University Hospital, 202 Hospital, China Medical University 1st,2nd and 4th Hospital, Liaoning Tumor Hospital, Shenyang No.7 People's Hospital, Shenyang Orthopaedics Hospital, Shenyang Army General Hospital, and various other hospitals and clinics.
CMU is one of the top 10 medical universities in China and listed with IMED. Its diplomas are accredited worldwide.
Medical insurance systems
The Medical insurance systems is under reformation. The current system is greatly outdated.Child-care and elder-care
The total number of day-care centers for elderly people is 414. These centers, including entertainment and health sectors, can offer services for almost 19,000 elderly people a day.Environment
Shenyang has many parks. Self-organizing groups advocating sustainable travel such as local rail revival, walking and cycling, reduction in energy demand and waste generally, protection of wildlife, cleaning the river and lakes, and the development of environmental technologies in the city, are increasingly popular.Military
Shenyang holds the headquarters of the Shenyang Military RegionShenyang Military Region
The Shenyang Military Region |16th Group Army]], with three divisions, including an armoured division, in Jilin, the 23rd Group Army headquartered at Harbin, and the 39th Group Army in Liaoning.-Current Officers:* Zhang Youxia , since October 2007...
and the Air Force of Shenyang Military Region. Shenyang is also famous for its defense industries.
Shenyang dialect
People native to Shenyang speak the Shenyang dialectShenyang Dialect
Shenyang Mandarin is a dialect of Northeastern Mandarin used by people in and around Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province and the largest city in Northeast China. It is very close to Standard Chinese but has some notably distinctive words. Some people think of it as a strong accent rather...
, a variant of Northeastern Mandarin
Northeastern Mandarin
Northeastern Mandarin is the dialect of Mandarin Chinese spoken in what historically was Manchuria. It is very similar to the Beijing dialect upon which Standard Chinese is based.-Geographical spread:...
. The Shenyang dialect is similar to the other Northeastern dialects and also to the national standard of Mandarin, Putonghua, but has some words unique to the city. Some people prefer to think of it as a strong accent rather than a different dialect. Shenyang dialect is used heavily by several famous skit
Sketch comedy
A sketch comedy consists of a series of short comedy scenes or vignettes, called "sketches," commonly between one and ten minutes long. Such sketches are performed by a group of comic actors or comedians, either on stage or through an audio and/or visual medium such as broadcasting...
actors such as Zhao Benshan
Zhao Benshan
Zhao Benshan is a Chinese skit and sitcom actor, and recently turned TV director. He appears regularly on the CCTV New Year's Gala.-Biography:...
in their performance, and has become a stereotype
Stereotype
A stereotype is a popular belief about specific social groups or types of individuals. The concepts of "stereotype" and "prejudice" are often confused with many other different meanings...
for northeast natives.
Art
Two northeast folk danceFolk dance
The term folk dance describes dances that share some or all of the following attributes:*They are dances performed at social functions by people with little or no professional training, often to traditional music or music based on traditional music....
s, Er Ren Zhuan
Er Ren Zhuan
Er ren zhuan is a genre of local folk dance and song from Northeast China. It usually consists of two people, a boy and a girl. They sing as well as dance, using folded fans or red square handkerchiefs during the dancing portion. It is enjoyed by a majority of uneducated rural people of Northern...
and Yang Ge
Yang Ge
Yangge , or "Rice Sprout Song," is a form of Chinese folk dance originating from the Song Dynasty. It is very popular in northern China and one of the most representative form of folk arts. It is popular both in the countryside and cities in northern China. It is especially popular among older people...
, are very popular in Shenyang. Dawutai Theatre is famous for its Er Ren Zhuan
Er Ren Zhuan
Er ren zhuan is a genre of local folk dance and song from Northeast China. It usually consists of two people, a boy and a girl. They sing as well as dance, using folded fans or red square handkerchiefs during the dancing portion. It is enjoyed by a majority of uneducated rural people of Northern...
and Chinese skit performances by Zhao Benshan
Zhao Benshan
Zhao Benshan is a Chinese skit and sitcom actor, and recently turned TV director. He appears regularly on the CCTV New Year's Gala.-Biography:...
and his students.
Shenyang is home of many performance art organizations, such as Shenyang Acrobatic Troupe of China, Liao Ning Song and Dance Ensemble http://www.lngwt.com.cn/eng/, and Liaoning Ballet http://www.cn-liaoba.com/. Many artists are from Shenyang, such as Zimei
Zimei
Zimei, , is a Chinese artist. She has won many awards and is involved in many artistic activities. Rich content in her art work includes religious stories, landscapes, animals, folk architecture, and comprehensive pictures of Chinese traditional art and folk customs.-Life:Zimei was born into a...
, Na Ying
Na Ying
Na Ying is a Chinese vocalist. She is considered as one of the best present-day female singers in Mainland China, having sold more than 10 million albums. She is also noted for her buoyant and forthright personality....
and the pianist Lang Lang
Lang Lang (pianist)
Lang Lang , born June 14, 1982, in Shenyang, Liaoning, China, is a Chinese concert pianist, currently residing in New York, who has performed with leading orchestras in Europe, the United States and his native China. He is increasingly well known around the world for his concert performances,...
.
Museums
- Liaoning Provincial MuseumLiaoning Province MuseumThe Liaoning Provincial Museum a prominent museum of history and fine arts located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China.-History:Shenyang was taken by the communist troops on November 2 1948. Upon the approval of the Northeast People's Government, the Northeast Museum was created and was opened...
, the largest museum in north-eastern China. The museum hold many relics from Manchuria's past, including a selection of inscriptions in Chinese and Khitan. - Shenyang Steam Locomotive Museum, with 16 steam engines from America, Japan, Russia, Belgium, Poland, Germany, Czechoslovakia and China.
- The 9.18 Incident Museum, a museum in memory of Mukden IncidentMukden IncidentThe Mukden Incident, also known as the Manchurian Incident, was a staged event that was engineered by Japanese military personnel as a pretext for invading the northern part of China known as Manchuria in 1931....
. The museum has a shape of an opened calendar, and is located on the site where the Japanese troops destroyed the South Manchuria RailwaySouth Manchuria RailwayThe , and operated within China in the Japanese-controlled South Manchuria Railway Zone. The railway itself ran from Lüshun Port at the southern tip of the Liaodong Peninsula to Harbin, where it connected to the Chinese Eastern Railway.-History:...
, the prelude to the invasion of Manchuria. - The Xinle Relic, located on the location where the Xinle civilisationXinle cultureThe Xinle Civilization was a Neolithic culture in northeast China, found primarily around the lower Liao River on the Liaodong Peninsula in Liaoning. The culture showed evidence of millet cultivation and pig domestication...
was first discovered, containing a reconstructed Xinle settlement and housing artefacts discovered there.
Sports
Shenyang is famous for its football tradition. The local football team is the Liaoning F.C., in the Chinese Super LeagueChinese Super League
The Chinese Football Association Super League , commonly known as Chinese Super League or CSL, currently known as the Pirelli Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons, is the highest tier of professional association football in China, operating under the auspices of the...
. Another Chinese Super League
Chinese Super League
The Chinese Football Association Super League , commonly known as Chinese Super League or CSL, currently known as the Pirelli Chinese Football Association Super League for sponsorship reasons, is the highest tier of professional association football in China, operating under the auspices of the...
team, Shenyang Jinde moved to Changsha in 2007. Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium
Shenyang Olympic Sports Centre Stadium
The Shenyang Olympic Sports Center Stadium is a 60,000-seat multi-purpose stadium in Shenyang, China.Nicknamed "Crystal Crown" 水晶皇冠,the stadium was built as a replacement for Wulihe Stadium. It hosted football matches at the 2008 Summer Olympics. Also is the home ground of the Shenyang Dongjin F.C...
was a venue for the football preliminary of 2008 Summer Olympics
2008 Summer Olympics
The 2008 Summer Olympics, officially known as the Games of the XXIX Olympiad, was a major international multi-sport event that took place in Beijing, China, from August 8 to August 24, 2008. A total of 11,028 athletes from 204 National Olympic Committees competed in 28 sports and 302 events...
.
Shenyang Sport University http://www.syty.edu.cn is a famous professional sports university in China. The university is the training base for winter sports in China and has many Olympic champions.
Religion
- Taiqing Palace, a Taoist temple established in 1663
- Ci'en Temple, a Buddhist temple, first built during Tang dynastyTang DynastyThe Tang Dynasty was an imperial dynasty of China preceded by the Sui Dynasty and followed by the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period. It was founded by the Li family, who seized power during the decline and collapse of the Sui Empire...
- Royal Temple, a Tibetan Buddhist temple built in 1636 for Qing royal family
- Sheli Pagoda, a 33m high Buddhist pagoda erected in 1044 during Liao dynastyLiao DynastyThe Liao Dynasty , also known as the Khitan Empire was an empire in East Asia that ruled over the regions of Manchuria, Mongolia, and parts of northern China proper between 9071125...
Cuisine
Traditional meals in the region are sauerkraut, stewed chicken and mushroom, and meat pie. Korean food (such as rice-cake and cold noodle) is a part of Shenyangers' diet as there is a sizeable ethnic Korean population in the city. Also, as the area was traditionally occupied by Manchus, the cuisine in Shenyang was fundamentally influenced by Manchu food.Restaurants
- Lao Bian Dumpling, a traditional dumpling restaurant established by Mr. Bian Fu in 1829
- Ma's Steamed Dumpling, a HuiHui peopleThe Hui people are an ethnic group in China, defined as Chinese speaking people descended from foreign Muslims. They are typically distinguished by their practice of Islam, however some also practice other religions, and many are direct descendants of Silk Road travelers.In modern People's...
MuslimMuslimA Muslim, also spelled Moslem, is an adherent of Islam, a monotheistic, Abrahamic religion based on the Quran, which Muslims consider the verbatim word of God as revealed to prophet Muhammad. "Muslim" is the Arabic term for "submitter" .Muslims believe that God is one and incomparable...
restaurant established by the Ma family as early as 1767
Notable people
- Zhang ZuolinZhang ZuolinZhang Zuolin was the warlord of Manchuria from 1916 to 1928 . He successfully invaded China proper in October 1924 in the Second Zhili-Fengtian War. He gained control of Peking, including China's internationally recognized government, in April 1926...
, Chinese/Manchurian politician - Guo SonglingGuo SonglingGuo Songling was a Manchurian general who led a three month rebellion against his commanding warlord - Zhang Zuolin....
, Chinese/Manchurian general working with Zhang XueliangZhang XueliangZhang Xueliang or Chang Hsüeh-liang , occasionally called Peter Hsueh Liang Chang in English, nicknamed the Young Marshal , was the effective ruler of Manchuria and much of North China after the assassination of his father, Zhang Zuolin, by the Japanese on 4 June 1928... - Tetsuzo FuyushibaTetsuzo Fuyushibais a Japanese politician of the New Komeito Party, a member of the House of Representatives in the Diet . He has been serving as Minister of Land, Infrastructure and Transport as well as Minister of State for Tourism Promotion in Prime Minister Yasuo Fukuda's Cabinet.Fuyushiba was born in Shenyang ...
, Japanese/Manchurian politician - Gong LiGong LiGong Li is a Chinese film actress. Gong first came into international prominence through close collaboration with Chinese director Zhang Yimou and is credited with helping to bring Chinese cinema to Europe and the United States....
, Singaporean/Chinese actress - Na YingNa YingNa Ying is a Chinese vocalist. She is considered as one of the best present-day female singers in Mainland China, having sold more than 10 million albums. She is also noted for her buoyant and forthright personality....
, singer - Lang LangLang Lang (pianist)Lang Lang , born June 14, 1982, in Shenyang, Liaoning, China, is a Chinese concert pianist, currently residing in New York, who has performed with leading orchestras in Europe, the United States and his native China. He is increasingly well known around the world for his concert performances,...
, pianist - Ai Jing, singer
- Jing BoranJing BoranJing Boran is a Chinese pop singer who became famous after winning first place in the 2007 My Hero contest. Along with third place winner, Fu Xinbo, he then formed a group called BoBo. The two has since released their first album. He is 1/8 Russian....
, singer - ZimeiZimeiZimei, , is a Chinese artist. She has won many awards and is involved in many artistic activities. Rich content in her art work includes religious stories, landscapes, animals, folk architecture, and comprehensive pictures of Chinese traditional art and folk customs.-Life:Zimei was born into a...
, artist and Guzheng player - Seiji OzawaSeiji Ozawais a Japanese conductor, particularly noted for his interpretations of large-scale late Romantic works. He is most known for his work as music director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra and principal conductor of the Vienna State Opera.-Early years:...
, Japanese conductor - Ma LinMa Lin (table tennis)Ma Lin is a male table tennis player. He is the world's number four ranked player as of June, 2011 in the International Table Tennis Federation ....
, table-tennis player - Wang YongzhiWang YongzhiWang Yongzhi , born in Changtu County, Liaoning, China, is an aerospace scientist and academician at the Chinese Academy of Engineering. He is notable for being the general architect and designer of China's first manned spacecraft Shenzhou 5 and Shenzhou 6...
, aerospace engineer and academic - Jin XingJin XingJin Xing is a ballerina, modern dancer, choreographer and actress from the People's Republic of China, and owner of the contemporary dance company "Shanghai Jin Xing Dance Theatre". Although usually credited as Jing Xing, the proper pinyin spelling is Jin Xing...
, dancer and actor - Liu DongshengLiu DongshengLiu Dongsheng is a prominent Chinese geologist and archaeologist.Liu was elected an academician of the Chinese Academy of Sciences in 1980, and a member of the Third World Academy of Sciences in 1991. In 2002, he was the recipient of Tyler Prize for Environmental Achievement...
, geological and environmental engineer - Chang Hsin-kangChang Hsin-kangProfessor Chang Hsin-kang, GBS, JP , was the President of City University of Hong Kong. He received his Bachelor's Degree in Civil Engineering from National Taiwan University in 1962, his Master's Degree in Structural Engineering from Stanford University in 1964, and his PhD in Biomedical...
, professor, the former President of City University of Hong Kong
Attractions
- Mukden PalaceMukden PalaceThe Mukden Palace or Shenyang Gugong , also known as the Shenyang Imperial Palace, is the former imperial palace of the early Qing Dynasty of China....
: the former imperial palace of the early Qing DynastyQing DynastyThe Qing Dynasty was the last dynasty of China, ruling from 1644 to 1912 with a brief, abortive restoration in 1917. It was preceded by the Ming Dynasty and followed by the Republic of China....
. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. - DonglingFuling TombThe Fuling Tomb also known as the East Tomb is the mausoleum of Nurhaci, the founding emperor of the Qing Dynasty and his wife, Empress Xiaocigao. It served as the main site for ritual ceremonies conducted by the imperial family during the entire Qing Dynasty...
: the tomb of the first Qing emperor, NurhaciNurhaciNurhaci was an important Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late sixteenth century in what is today Northeastern China...
. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. - Beiling ParkBeiling parkBeiling Park is a park in the northern part of Shenyang City, China. The park has an area of 3,300,000m², and contains many historic buildings, pine trees and lakes....
and Zhaoling: the tomb of the second Qing emperor, Huang Taiji. The park covers an area of 3,300,000 sq. meters, and is serviced by trams for visitors who do not wish to (or cannot) traverse the length of the park. It is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. - World Horticulture Exposition garden: hosted the International Horticultural ExpositionShenyang China International Horticultural Exposition 2006Shenyang China International Horticultural Exposition 2006 was a horticultural exhibition recognised by the International Association of Horticultural Producers in Shenyang, ChinaThe exposition was originally approved in September 2004....
in 2006. - Qipan Mountain, QipanshanQipanshanQipanshan is a township-level division situated in Chengde, Hebei, China....
: a recreation resort in the east of Shenyang. - Liaoning Provincial Museum： It displays a variety of artifacts that include some of the earliest forms of writing known to man.
- Shenyang Botanical Garden, a peaceful garden giving priority to botanical research. The garden locates at Dongling District of Shenyang, and covers an area of 211 ha. There are altogether over 1700 kinds of plants, especially from the northeast (Manchuria) region. There are also several large-scale flower exhibitions every year: tulip in May; peony and fleur-de-lis in June, Lily in July, Dahlia in August, and Chrysanthemum in September.
- Shenyang Meteorite Mountain Park, located in the southeast of Shenyang in DonglingDongling DistrictDongling District is a suburban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 12 subdistricts of Shenyang proper, 6 towns, 1 rural township, and 1 ethnic rural township....
district. The biggest meteorite lies on the Huashitai Mountain of Lixiang County of DonglingDongling DistrictDongling District is a suburban district of Shenyang, the capital of Liaoning province, People's Republic of China. The district contains 12 subdistricts of Shenyang proper, 6 towns, 1 rural township, and 1 ethnic rural township....
District, and it is 160 m long, 54 m wide, 42 high and about 2 million tones in weight. It is the oldest meteorite in the world which was formed 4.5 billion years ago and fallen into the Earth 1.9 billion years ago. - Xiaonan Cathedral of Shenyang: the construction of the cathedral started in 1875 and finished in 1878
Shopping areas
Wal-Mart
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc. , branded as Walmart since 2008 and Wal-Mart before then, is an American public multinational corporation that runs chains of large discount department stores and warehouse stores. The company is the world's 18th largest public corporation, according to the Forbes Global 2000...
, Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut
Pizza Hut is an American restaurant chain and international franchise that offers different styles of pizza along with side dishes including pasta, buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread....
(which is a fancy restaurant in Shenyang), Louis Vuitton flagship store, Häagen-Dazs retail store, etc. The largest shopping mall in Shenyang is also located on Middle Street, selling products from all around the world.
Taiyuan Streetis another shopping area which is similar to Middle Street. Taiyuan Street also features many restaurants and theaters for people to enjoy. Many spend their holidays shopping on these two streets.
There is also a very large underground shopping center, offering lots of items, especially fashion jewelries, accessories and clothing.
Another area, Wu'ai Market, , features a large multi-story shopping center with a size comparable to that of many city blocks. It contains hundreds, if not thousands, of mini or boutique stores that open very early in the morning and close in the early afternoon. It is famous for wholesaling cheap clothes and household items.
The information technology
Information technology
Information technology is the acquisition, processing, storage and dissemination of vocal, pictorial, textual and numerical information by a microelectronics-based combination of computing and telecommunications...
center is in Sanhao street , in the southern part of the city.
There are also many large superstores located throughout the city that sell everything from meat and dairy to clothes and electronics.
Research and education
Shenyang has one of the highest concentrations of educational institutes in China. Roughly 30 colleges and universities and numerous research and training institutions are located in Shenyang.Research
- Institute of Metal Research, Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Shenyang Institute Of Automation ,Chinese Academy Of Sciences
High schools
- Liaoning Province Shiyan High School, considered the best senior high school in Shenyang.
- Shenyang No.2 Senior High School
- Northeast Yucai SchoolNortheast Yucai SchoolNortheast Yucai School is an educational institute in Shenyang, China, offering education from kindergarten to Pre-University level.NEYC is now composed by 8 campuses throughout the Shenyang City...
, a school founded by the Japanese and is still influenced by Japanese culture. It consists of various departments, such as Nursing Garden, Elementary School, Junior High School, and Senior High School. - Shenyang 43 Highschool
Colleges and universities
- Northeastern University (东北大学/東北大學)
- China Medical UniversityChina Medical University (PRC)China Medical University is a university in the city of Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial and central governments.-History:The China Medical University was the first medical school established by the Chinese Communist Party...
(中国医科大学/中國醫科大學) - Shenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang Agricultural UniversityShenyang Agricultural University is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government....
(沈阳农业大学/沈阳农业大学) - Shenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang Pharmaceutical UniversityShenyang Pharmaceutical University is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China. It is the first and one of the most professional research institute in pharmaceutical sciences in China....
(沈阳药科大学/瀋陽藥科大學) - Shenyang Aerospace University (沈阳航空航天大学/瀋陽航空航天大學)
- Shenyang Jianzhu (Architectural) UniversityShenyang Jianzhu UniversityShenyang Jianzhu University is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government.-External links:* *...
(沈阳建筑大学/瀋陽建築大學) - Shenyang Institute of Chemical TechnologyShenyang Institute of Chemical TechnologyShenyang Institute of Chemical Technology is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government.It teaches chemical and computer engineering to both national and foreign students. The university is affiliated with the Canadian Counsel for Professional Engineers ....
(沈阳化工大学/瀋陽化工學院) - Shenyang Medical CollegeShenyang Medical CollegeShenyang Medical College is a medical institution of higher learning in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, P. R. China. It was formerly known as Shenyang Municipal Advanced Practice Nurse School founded in 1949 and was changed to Shenyang Advanced Medical School directly managed under the provincial...
(沈阳医学院) - Shenyang Normal UniversityShenyang Normal UniversityShenyang Normal University is a broad-based university in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, China under the provincial government.-History:Shenyang Normal University was established in 1951, as Northeastern Education College...
(沈阳师范大学/瀋陽師範大學) - Liaoning UniversityLiaoning UniversityLiaoning University is one of the leading universities listed in the nation's "Project 211" and affirmed by the Ministry of Education.It is a university in Liaoning, People's Republic of China...
(辽宁大学/遼寧大學) - Shenyang Ligong UniversityShenyang Ligong UniversityShenyang Ligong University is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government.University campus is located in a new district of Hunnan .-External links:*...
(沈阳理工大学/瀋陽理工大學) - Shenyang UniversityShenyang UniversityShenyang University is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government. It has a student body of more than 30,000 students and has about 1260 full-time teachers.- Academics :...
(沈阳大学/瀋陽大學) - Shenyang University of TechnologyShenyang University of TechnologyShenyang University of Technology is a university in Shenyang, Liaoning, China under the provincial government.-History:SUT's predecessor, Shenyang Mechanical and Electrical Engineering College, was founded in 1949. It used to be affiliated with the State Ministry of Mechanical Industry and was...
(沈阳工业大学/瀋陽工業大學) - Shenyang Sport University (沈阳体育学院/瀋陽體育學院)
- Shenyang Institute of EngineeringShenyang Institute of EngineeringShenyang Engineering Institute under the Liaoning Provincial People’s Government, the existing covers an area of 920,000 square meters, construction area of 270,000 square meter.College with nine teaching and seven of the Department of Teaching...
(沈阳工程学院/瀋陽工程學院) - Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (辽宁中医药大学/遼寧中醫藥大學)
Defunct universities
FengYong UniversityFengYong University
FengYong University was the first private university in China that follows western setups funded by Mr Feng Yong. It contained departments of Engineering, Law and Education....
: the first private university in China that follows western setups funded by Mr Feng Yong. It contains the departments of Engineering, Law and Education.
Consulates in Shenyang
Japan, Russia, South Korea, and the United States have consulates in Shenyang's Heping District; North Korea has a consulate in Huanggu District. France recently announced it will open a consulate general's office in Shenyang.Twin towns — Sister cities
Shenyang is twinnedTown twinning
Twin towns and sister cities are two of many terms used to describe the cooperative agreements between towns, cities, and even counties in geographically and politically distinct areas to promote cultural and commercial ties.- Terminology :...
with: Sapporo, Japan (1980) Kawasaki
Kawasaki, Kanagawa
is a city located in Kanagawa Prefecture, Japan, between Tokyo and Yokohama. It is the 9th most populated city in Japan and one of the main cities forming the Greater Tokyo Area and Keihin Industrial Area....
, Japan (1981) Turin
Turin
Turin is a city and major business and cultural centre in northern Italy, capital of the Piedmont region, located mainly on the left bank of the Po River and surrounded by the Alpine arch. The population of the city proper is 909,193 while the population of the urban area is estimated by Eurostat...
, Italy (1985) Chicago
Chicago
Chicago is the largest city in the US state of Illinois. With nearly 2.7 million residents, it is the most populous city in the Midwestern United States and the third most populous in the US, after New York City and Los Angeles...
, United States (1985) Irkutsk
Irkutsk
Irkutsk is a city and the administrative center of Irkutsk Oblast, Russia, one of the largest cities in Siberia. Population: .-History:In 1652, Ivan Pokhabov built a zimovye near the site of Irkutsk for gold trading and for the collection of fur taxes from the Buryats. In 1661, Yakov Pokhabov...
, Russia (1992) Quezon City
Quezon City
Quezon City is the former capital and the most populous city in the Philippines. Located on the island of Luzon, Quezon City is one of the cities and municipalities that make up Metro Manila, the National Capital Region. The city was named after Manuel L...
, Philippines (1993) Ramat Gan, Israel (1993) Monterrey
Monterrey
Monterrey , is the capital city of the northeastern state of Nuevo León in the country of Mexico. The city is anchor to the third-largest metropolitan area in Mexico and is ranked as the ninth-largest city in the nation. Monterrey serves as a commercial center in the north of the country and is the...
, Mexico (1993) Seongnam
Seongnam
Seongnam is the second largest city in South Korea's Gyeonggi province after Suwon and the 9th largest city in the country, with a population of nearly 1 million...
, South Korea (1998) Yaoundé
Yaoundé
-Transportation:Yaoundé Nsimalen International Airport is a major civilian hub, while nearby Yaoundé Airport is used by the military. Railway lines run west to the port city of Douala and north to N'Gaoundéré. Many bus companies operate from the city; particularly in the Nsam and Mvan neighborhoods...
, Cameroon (1998) Katowice
Katowice
Katowice is a city in Silesia in southern Poland, on the Kłodnica and Rawa rivers . Katowice is located in the Silesian Highlands, about north of the Silesian Beskids and about southeast of the Sudetes Mountains.It is the central district of the Upper Silesian Metropolis, with a population of 2...
, Poland (2007) Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki
Thessaloniki , historically also known as Thessalonica, Salonika or Salonica, is the second-largest city in Greece and the capital of the region of Central Macedonia as well as the capital of the Decentralized Administration of Macedonia and Thrace...
, Greece Gumi, South Korea Leverkusen
Leverkusen
Leverkusen is a city in North Rhine-Westphalia, Germany on the eastern bank of the Rhine. To the South, Leverkusen borders the city of Cologne and to the North is the state capital Düsseldorf....
, Germany Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf
Düsseldorf is the capital city of the German state of North Rhine-Westphalia and centre of the Rhine-Ruhr metropolitan region.Düsseldorf is an important international business and financial centre and renowned for its fashion and trade fairs. Located centrally within the European Megalopolis, the...
, Germany