Simon von Stampfer
Encyclopedia
Simon Ritter von Stampfer (born October 26, 1792 (according to other sources 1790), in Windisch-Mattrai, Archbishopric of Salzburg
today called Matrei in Osttirol
, Tyrol
– died November 10, 1864 in Vienna
) was an Austria
n mathematician
, surveyor
and inventor. His most famous invention is that of the stroboscopic disk which has a claim to be the first device to show moving images. Almost simultaneously similar devices were produced independently in Belgium
(the phenakistiskop
), and Britain (the zoetrope
).
, and was the first son of Bartlmä Stampfer, a weaver
. From 1801 he attended the local school and in 1804 and moved to the Franciscan Gymnasium in Lienz
, where he studied until 1807. From there he went to the Lyceum in Salzburg, to study philosophy, however he was not assessed.
In 1814 in Munich, he passed the state examination and applied there as a teacher. He chose, however, to stay in Salzburg, where he was assistant teacher in mathematics, natural history, physics and Greek at the high school. He then moved to the Lyceum, where he taught elementary mathematics, physics and applied mathematics . In 1819 he was also appointed a professor. In his spare time he made geodetic
measurements, astronomical observations, experiments on the propagation speed of sound at different heights and measurements using the barometer
. Stampfer was often to be seen in the Benedictine Monastery of Kremsmünster
which had numerous pieces of astronomical equipment available.
In 1822, von Stampfer married Johanna Wagner. They had a daughter in 1824 (Maria Aloysia Johanna) and in 1825 a son (Anton Josef Simon).
s.
He was concerned about his astronomical work with lenses and their accuracy and distortion. This led him to the field of optical illusions
. In 1828, he developed test methods for telescopes and methods of measurement to determine the "Krümmungshalbmesser" of lenses and the refractive and dispersion property of the glass. For his work on the theoretical foundations of the production of high quality optics, he turned to the achromatic Fraunhofer lens
.
In 1832 Stampfer became aware through the Journal of Physics and Mathematics of experiments by the British physicist, Michael Faraday
, on the optical illusion caused by rapidly rotating gears, in which the human eye could not follow the movement of the gear. He was so impressed that he conducted similar experiments with gears and "tooth slices" From these experiments he eventually developed the The Stampfer Disc (also called the Zoetrope, Stroboskopische Sheiben, Stroboscope Discs , optical magic disc, or simply Stroboscope
). It consists of two disks: One with slits around its circumference, and another with images in frames of motion. When the slitted disk is turned on the same axis as the image disk, the view through the slits gives the impression of a continuously moving image. Alternatively a single disk would be spun in front of a mirror and the image viewed in the mirror through the slots of the disk.
Similar developments were achieved nearly simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (Phenakistoscope
) and the Britain William Horner (zoetrope
).
Stampfer received the imperial privilege No. 1920 for his invention on 7 May 1833 :
The device was developed by the Viennese art dealers Trentsensky & Vieweg and commercially marketed. The first edition was published in February 1833 and was soon sold out, so that in July a second, improved edition appeared.
His creation of the words "stroboscopic discs" ultimately became known outside of Austria and in retrospect the "stroboscopic effect" is named by him.
Stampfer 1849, honoring him his life's work of "Se. Majesty the Emperor, the Knight's Cross of His Most High Order of Leopold "award, since he called Simon Ritter von Stampfer.
Both Stampfer and Plateau have a claim to be the founders father of Cinema
. Most cited with this honour however is Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau.
Archbishopric of Salzburg
The Archbishopric of Salzburg was an ecclesiastical State of the Holy Roman Empire, its territory roughly congruent with the present-day Austrian state of Salzburg....
today called Matrei in Osttirol
Matrei in Osttirol
Matrei in Osttirol is a municipality in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria.-Location:-External links:...
, Tyrol
Tyrol (state)
Tyrol is a state or Bundesland, located in the west of Austria. It comprises the Austrian part of the historical region of Tyrol.The state is split into two parts–called North Tyrol and East Tyrol–by a -wide strip of land where the state of Salzburg borders directly on the Italian province of...
– died November 10, 1864 in Vienna
Vienna
Vienna is the capital and largest city of the Republic of Austria and one of the nine states of Austria. Vienna is Austria's primary city, with a population of about 1.723 million , and is by far the largest city in Austria, as well as its cultural, economic, and political centre...
) was an Austria
Austria
Austria , officially the Republic of Austria , is a landlocked country of roughly 8.4 million people in Central Europe. It is bordered by the Czech Republic and Germany to the north, Slovakia and Hungary to the east, Slovenia and Italy to the south, and Switzerland and Liechtenstein to the...
n mathematician
Mathematician
A mathematician is a person whose primary area of study is the field of mathematics. Mathematicians are concerned with quantity, structure, space, and change....
, surveyor
Surveying
See Also: Public Land Survey SystemSurveying or land surveying is the technique, profession, and science of accurately determining the terrestrial or three-dimensional position of points and the distances and angles between them...
and inventor. His most famous invention is that of the stroboscopic disk which has a claim to be the first device to show moving images. Almost simultaneously similar devices were produced independently in Belgium
Belgium
Belgium , officially the Kingdom of Belgium, is a federal state in Western Europe. It is a founding member of the European Union and hosts the EU's headquarters, and those of several other major international organisations such as NATO.Belgium is also a member of, or affiliated to, many...
(the phenakistiskop
Phenakistoscope
The phenakistoscope was an early animation device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.-History:...
), and Britain (the zoetrope
Zoetrope
A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession of static pictures. The term zoetrope is from the Greek words "ζωή – zoe", "life" and τρόπος – tropos, "turn". It may be taken to mean "wheel of life"....
).
Youth and education
Simon Ritter von Stampfer was born in Matrei in OsttirolMatrei in Osttirol
Matrei in Osttirol is a municipality in the district of Lienz in Tyrol in Austria.-Location:-External links:...
, and was the first son of Bartlmä Stampfer, a weaver
Weaving
Weaving is a method of fabric production in which two distinct sets of yarns or threads are interlaced at right angles to form a fabric or cloth. The other methods are knitting, lace making and felting. The longitudinal threads are called the warp and the lateral threads are the weft or filling...
. From 1801 he attended the local school and in 1804 and moved to the Franciscan Gymnasium in Lienz
Lienz
Lienz is a medieval town in the Austrian state of Tyrol. It is the administrative centre of the Lienz district, which covers all of East Tyrol. The municipality also includes the cadastral subdivision of Patriasdorf.-Geography:...
, where he studied until 1807. From there he went to the Lyceum in Salzburg, to study philosophy, however he was not assessed.
In 1814 in Munich, he passed the state examination and applied there as a teacher. He chose, however, to stay in Salzburg, where he was assistant teacher in mathematics, natural history, physics and Greek at the high school. He then moved to the Lyceum, where he taught elementary mathematics, physics and applied mathematics . In 1819 he was also appointed a professor. In his spare time he made geodetic
Geodesy
Geodesy , also named geodetics, a branch of earth sciences, is the scientific discipline that deals with the measurement and representation of the Earth, including its gravitational field, in a three-dimensional time-varying space. Geodesists also study geodynamical phenomena such as crustal...
measurements, astronomical observations, experiments on the propagation speed of sound at different heights and measurements using the barometer
Barometer
A barometer is a scientific instrument used in meteorology to measure atmospheric pressure. Pressure tendency can forecast short term changes in the weather...
. Stampfer was often to be seen in the Benedictine Monastery of Kremsmünster
Kremsmünster Abbey
Kremsmünster Abbey is a Benedictine monastery in Kremsmünster in Upper Austria.-History:The monastery was founded in 777 by Tassilo III, Duke of Bavaria...
which had numerous pieces of astronomical equipment available.
In 1822, von Stampfer married Johanna Wagner. They had a daughter in 1824 (Maria Aloysia Johanna) and in 1825 a son (Anton Josef Simon).
First scientific and teaching work
After several unsuccessful applications, in Innsbruck, Stampfer was finally promoted to full professor of pure mathematics in Salzburg. However, at the Polytechnic Institute in Vienna, he was also promoted to the Chair of Practical Geometry. He settled there in December 1825 to replace Franz Josef von Gerstner. He now taught Practical geometry, but was also employed as a physicist and astronomer. He produced a method for the computation of solar eclipseSolar eclipse
As seen from the Earth, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon passes between the Sun and the Earth, and the Moon fully or partially blocks the Sun as viewed from a location on Earth. This can happen only during a new moon, when the Sun and the Moon are in conjunction as seen from Earth. At least...
s.
He was concerned about his astronomical work with lenses and their accuracy and distortion. This led him to the field of optical illusions
Optical illusion
An optical illusion is characterized by visually perceived images that differ from objective reality. The information gathered by the eye is processed in the brain to give a perception that does not tally with a physical measurement of the stimulus source...
. In 1828, he developed test methods for telescopes and methods of measurement to determine the "Krümmungshalbmesser" of lenses and the refractive and dispersion property of the glass. For his work on the theoretical foundations of the production of high quality optics, he turned to the achromatic Fraunhofer lens
Achromatic telescope
The achromatic telescope is a refracting telescope that uses an achromatic lens to correct for chromatic aberration.-How it works:When an image passes through a lens, the light is refracted at different angles for different wavelengths. This produces focal lengths that are dependent on the color of...
.
Development of "stroboscopic discs"
Michael Faraday
Michael Faraday, FRS was an English chemist and physicist who contributed to the fields of electromagnetism and electrochemistry....
, on the optical illusion caused by rapidly rotating gears, in which the human eye could not follow the movement of the gear. He was so impressed that he conducted similar experiments with gears and "tooth slices" From these experiments he eventually developed the The Stampfer Disc (also called the Zoetrope, Stroboskopische Sheiben, Stroboscope Discs , optical magic disc, or simply Stroboscope
Stroboscope
A stroboscope, also known as a strobe, is an instrument used to make a cyclically moving object appear to be slow-moving, or stationary. The principle is used for the study of rotating, reciprocating, oscillating or vibrating objects...
). It consists of two disks: One with slits around its circumference, and another with images in frames of motion. When the slitted disk is turned on the same axis as the image disk, the view through the slits gives the impression of a continuously moving image. Alternatively a single disk would be spun in front of a mirror and the image viewed in the mirror through the slots of the disk.
Similar developments were achieved nearly simultaneously by the Belgian Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau (Phenakistoscope
Phenakistoscope
The phenakistoscope was an early animation device that used the persistence of vision principle to create an illusion of motion.-History:...
) and the Britain William Horner (zoetrope
Zoetrope
A zoetrope is a device that produces an illusion of action from a rapid succession of static pictures. The term zoetrope is from the Greek words "ζωή – zoe", "life" and τρόπος – tropos, "turn". It may be taken to mean "wheel of life"....
).
Stampfer received the imperial privilege No. 1920 for his invention on 7 May 1833 :
- The 1920th S. Stampfer, a professor at Imperial Polytechnic Institute in Vienna. (Wieden, Nro. 64), and Mathias Trentsensky; in the invention, figures and colored shapes, images ever of any kind, according to mathematical and physical laws so as to distinguish that, if the same with due speed by some mechanism before the eye passed , while the beam is constantly interrupted, the varied optical illusions in related movements and actions that represent the eye, and with these images the easiest way to slices of cardboard or any other materials zweckmässigcn are drawn to their peripheral holes are attached to Browse . When these discs, a mirror opposite, quickly turned around their axes, so evident to the eye when the holes Browse through the lively pictures in the mirror, and it can in this way not only machine movements of any kind, such as wheels and hammer works, continue rolling carts and rising balloons, but also the different kinds of actions and movements of people and animals depicted are surprising. Nor can follow the same principles by other mechanical devices themselves compound acts, such as theatrical scenes in Thätigkeit diverge workshops, etc., either through transparent as well as ordinary kind drawn pictures. In two years, from 7 May.(Jb Polytechnic. Inst Vol 19, 406f., Zit. In http://members.nextra.at/stewar/adv/monat_0108.htm)
The device was developed by the Viennese art dealers Trentsensky & Vieweg and commercially marketed. The first edition was published in February 1833 and was soon sold out, so that in July a second, improved edition appeared.
His creation of the words "stroboscopic discs" ultimately became known outside of Austria and in retrospect the "stroboscopic effect" is named by him.
Stampfer 1849, honoring him his life's work of "Se. Majesty the Emperor, the Knight's Cross of His Most High Order of Leopold "award, since he called Simon Ritter von Stampfer.
Both Stampfer and Plateau have a claim to be the founders father of Cinema
Film
A film, also called a movie or motion picture, is a series of still or moving images. It is produced by recording photographic images with cameras, or by creating images using animation techniques or visual effects...
. Most cited with this honour however is Joseph Antoine Ferdinand Plateau.
Literature
- Franz Allmer:Simon Stampfer 1790–1864. Picture a life. In:Communications of the Geodetic Institute of the Technical University of Graz, No. 82, Graz 1996
- William Formann:Austrian pioneers of cinematography.Bergland Verlag, Wien 1966, p. 10–18
- Peter Schuster, and Christian Strasser:Simon Stampfer 1790–1864. From the magic disc for the film(series of press offices, Special Publications Series No. 142), Salzburg 1998
External links
- Simon Stampfer Stroboscopic slices of Academic Gymnasium Salzburg
- Simon Stampfer: scholar scientist inventor
- Simon rammer stroboscopic slices (Object of the month from the Museum of Sternwarte Kremsmünster, August 2001)
- (AEIOU | s/s768676)
- Introduction to Animation (by Sandro Corsaro, 2003; PDF file, 112 KB)