Social franchising
Encyclopedia
Social franchising is the application of commercial franchising
concepts to achieve socially beneficial ends
, rather than profit
.
wherein an independent coordinating organization (usually a non-governmental organization
, but occasionally a governmental body or private company) offers individual independent operators the ability join into a franchise network for the provision of selected services over a specified area in accordance with an overall blueprint
devised by the franchisor. Once joining the network, operators are given the right to employ previously tested incentives including: professional training, use of brands or brand advertisements, subsidized or proprietary supplies and equipment, support services, and access to professional advice . Members also gain beneficial spin-off effects such as increased consumer volume and improved reputation due to brand affiliation . Franchisees must adhere to a range of requirements including: providing socially beneficial services, meeting quality and pricing standards, undergoing mandatory education on provision of services, subjecting outlets to quality assurance
mechanisms, reporting service and sales statistics, and occasionally, paying fixed or profit-share fees
. Social franchises have been used for primary health services
, pharmaceutical sales of essential drugs, HIV testing and counseling, and reproductive health services in the developing world.
, effectiveness
, and quality. Clinical franchising often takes the form of a fractional model where franchised services are added to an existing medical practice, but also can exist as a stand alone practice wherein the site exclusively provides franchise supported services or commodities. Social franchising has been used to deliver a wide range of services including DOTS tuberculosis treatment
, sexual transmitted infection management , primary care, and HIV / AIDS treatment .
in investment in physical capital
, supply chains, advertising
, and worker training and supervision . Additionally, social franchises can offer the ability to: faster scale up
programs, decrease transaction costs, provide uniform services to a broad market, collectively negotiate financial reimbursement mechanisms
, and replicate best practice
services among a large group . Franchisees can also cross-subsidize less profitable services with the more profitable ones supported by the franchisor. The use of brand advertising makes social franchising compatible with social marketing
. In addition, social franchising for health services allows an expansion of services because of cross-subsidization, addition of less-profitable services if fractionally franchised, and access to costly medicines if subsidized by the coordinating organization.
” wherein franchisees provide low quality, low cost due to incomplete monitoring . Social franchising for health services runs the risk of overly procedural, “cookie cutter” medical provision, overtreatment of disease conditions, and the possibility of fraud if oversight is not present.
, tuberculosis
, and HIV
/ AIDS
.
Franchising
Franchising is the practice of using another firm's successful business model. The word 'franchise' is of anglo-French derivation - from franc- meaning free, and is used both as a noun and as a verb....
concepts to achieve socially beneficial ends
Welfare
Welfare refers to a broad discourse which may hold certain implications regarding the provision of a minimal level of wellbeing and social support for all citizens without the stigma of charity. This is termed "social solidarity"...
, rather than profit
Profit (economics)
In economics, the term profit has two related but distinct meanings. Normal profit represents the total opportunity costs of a venture to an entrepreneur or investor, whilst economic profit In economics, the term profit has two related but distinct meanings. Normal profit represents the total...
.
Overview
Social franchising, similar to commercial franchising, is a contractual relationshipContract
A contract is an agreement entered into by two parties or more with the intention of creating a legal obligation, which may have elements in writing. Contracts can be made orally. The remedy for breach of contract can be "damages" or compensation of money. In equity, the remedy can be specific...
wherein an independent coordinating organization (usually a non-governmental organization
Non-governmental organization
A non-governmental organization is a legally constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government. The term originated from the United Nations , and is normally used to refer to organizations that do not form part of the government and are...
, but occasionally a governmental body or private company) offers individual independent operators the ability join into a franchise network for the provision of selected services over a specified area in accordance with an overall blueprint
Blueprint
A blueprint is a type of paper-based reproduction usually of a technical drawing, documenting an architecture or an engineering design. More generally, the term "blueprint" has come to be used to refer to any detailed plan....
devised by the franchisor. Once joining the network, operators are given the right to employ previously tested incentives including: professional training, use of brands or brand advertisements, subsidized or proprietary supplies and equipment, support services, and access to professional advice . Members also gain beneficial spin-off effects such as increased consumer volume and improved reputation due to brand affiliation . Franchisees must adhere to a range of requirements including: providing socially beneficial services, meeting quality and pricing standards, undergoing mandatory education on provision of services, subjecting outlets to quality assurance
Quality Assurance
Quality assurance, or QA for short, is the systematic monitoring and evaluation of the various aspects of a project, service or facility to maximize the probability that minimum standards of quality are being attained by the production process...
mechanisms, reporting service and sales statistics, and occasionally, paying fixed or profit-share fees
Royalties
Royalties are usage-based payments made by one party to another for the right to ongoing use of an asset, sometimes an intellectual property...
. Social franchises have been used for primary health services
Primary health care
Primary health care, often abbreviated as “PHC”, has been defined as "essential health care based on practical, scientifically sound and socially acceptable methods and technology made universally accessible to individuals and families in the community through their full participation and at a cost...
, pharmaceutical sales of essential drugs, HIV testing and counseling, and reproductive health services in the developing world.
Social franchising for health services
Social franchising for essential health services is an emerging technique used by governments and aid-donors in developing countries where a substantial percentage of health services are provided by private sector (including non-profit NGOs and private for-profit) to improve access, equityEquity (economics)
Equity is the concept or idea of fairness in economics, particularly as to taxation or welfare economics. More specifically it may refer to equal life chances regardless of identity, to provide all citizens with a basic minimum of income/goods/services or to increase funds and commitment for...
, effectiveness
Effectiveness
Effectiveness is the capability of producing a desired result. When something is deemed effective, it means it has an intended or expected outcome, or produces a deep, vivid impression.-Etymology:...
, and quality. Clinical franchising often takes the form of a fractional model where franchised services are added to an existing medical practice, but also can exist as a stand alone practice wherein the site exclusively provides franchise supported services or commodities. Social franchising has been used to deliver a wide range of services including DOTS tuberculosis treatment
Dots
Dots is the plural of dot.Dots may also refer to:*Dots , produced by Tootsie Roll Industries*Dots and Boxes, a pencil and paper game for two or more players*Dots - another pencil and paper game...
, sexual transmitted infection management , primary care, and HIV / AIDS treatment .
Strengths
By organizing small independent providers into larger units, social franchises can yield returns to scaleReturns to scale
In economics, returns to scale and economies of scale are related terms that describe what happens as the scale of production increases in the long run, when all input levels including physical capital usage are variable...
in investment in physical capital
Physical capital
In economics, physical capital or just 'capital' refers to any already-manufactured asset that is applied in production, such as machinery, buildings, or vehicles. In economic theory, physical capital is one of the three primary factors of production, also known as inputs in the production function...
, supply chains, advertising
Advertising
Advertising is a form of communication used to persuade an audience to take some action with respect to products, ideas, or services. Most commonly, the desired result is to drive consumer behavior with respect to a commercial offering, although political and ideological advertising is also common...
, and worker training and supervision . Additionally, social franchises can offer the ability to: faster scale up
Scalability
In electronics scalability is the ability of a system, network, or process, to handle growing amount of work in a graceful manner or its ability to be enlarged to accommodate that growth...
programs, decrease transaction costs, provide uniform services to a broad market, collectively negotiate financial reimbursement mechanisms
Collective bargaining
Collective bargaining is a process of negotiations between employers and the representatives of a unit of employees aimed at reaching agreements that regulate working conditions...
, and replicate best practice
Best practice
A best practice is a method or technique that has consistently shown results superior to those achieved with other means, and that is used as a benchmark...
services among a large group . Franchisees can also cross-subsidize less profitable services with the more profitable ones supported by the franchisor. The use of brand advertising makes social franchising compatible with social marketing
Social marketing
Social marketing is the systematic application of marketing, along with other concepts and techniques, to achieve specific behavioral goals for a social good. Social marketing can be applied to promote merit goods, or to make a society avoid demerit goods and thus to promote society's well being as...
. In addition, social franchising for health services allows an expansion of services because of cross-subsidization, addition of less-profitable services if fractionally franchised, and access to costly medicines if subsidized by the coordinating organization.
Weaknesses
Several inherent logistical and economic weaknesses are present within the social franchising model. These include the difficulty in standardizing medical care among participants, the need for networks to be sufficiently large to attain an economy of scale, the cost and challenge of regulatory oversight of outlets, and the need to base organizational decisions on the population demand which may not maximize quality or minimize cost . There also exists the possibility of “tragedy of the commonsTragedy of the commons
The tragedy of the commons is a dilemma arising from the situation in which multiple individuals, acting independently and rationally consulting their own self-interest, will ultimately deplete a shared limited resource, even when it is clear that it is not in anyone's long-term interest for this...
” wherein franchisees provide low quality, low cost due to incomplete monitoring . Social franchising for health services runs the risk of overly procedural, “cookie cutter” medical provision, overtreatment of disease conditions, and the possibility of fraud if oversight is not present.
History of Social Franchise Programs
The first significant implementation of social franchising was conducted in 1995 by the Greenstar franchise in Pakistan. Since its inception, Greenstar has trained over 24,000 providers, and provides family planning, sexual and reproductive health services, maternal and child health services, and tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment through over 80,000 retail outlets . Since then, over 35 additional social franchise programs have arisen, with much of the increase in the number and size of social franchises occurring in the last four years. Franchises have additionally expanded their services from mostly family planning to testing and treatment of malariaMalaria
Malaria is a mosquito-borne infectious disease of humans and other animals caused by eukaryotic protists of the genus Plasmodium. The disease results from the multiplication of Plasmodium parasites within red blood cells, causing symptoms that typically include fever and headache, in severe cases...
, tuberculosis
Tuberculosis
Tuberculosis, MTB, or TB is a common, and in many cases lethal, infectious disease caused by various strains of mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Tuberculosis usually attacks the lungs but can also affect other parts of the body...
, and HIV
HIV
Human immunodeficiency virus is a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome , a condition in humans in which progressive failure of the immune system allows life-threatening opportunistic infections and cancers to thrive...
/ AIDS
AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome is a disease of the human immune system caused by the human immunodeficiency virus...
.
Existing Clinical Social Franchises
| Franchise Name | Country | Coordinating Organization | Date Founded | Number of Clinics | Family Planning | HIV | Sexual and Reproductive Health | Maternal and Child Health | Tuberculosis | Malaria | Other | |
| AMUA | Kenya Kenya Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2004 | 144 | ||||||||
| ARV Care | South Africa South Africa The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans... |
BroadReach | 2002 | 4500 | ||||||||
| Biruh Tesfa | Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2... |
Pathfinder International | 2000 | 130 | ||||||||
| Blue Star (Bangladesh) | Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south... |
Social Marketing Company | 1998 | 3600 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Ethiopia) | Ethiopia Ethiopia Ethiopia , officially known as the Federal Democratic Republic of Ethiopia, is a country located in the Horn of Africa. It is the second-most populous nation in Africa, with over 82 million inhabitants, and the tenth-largest by area, occupying 1,100,000 km2... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2007 | 107 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Ghana) | Ghana Ghana Ghana , officially the Republic of Ghana, is a country located in West Africa. It is bordered by Côte d'Ivoire to the west, Burkina Faso to the north, Togo to the east, and the Gulf of Guinea to the south... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2008 | 102 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Malawi) | Malawi Malawi The Republic of Malawi is a landlocked country in southeast Africa that was formerly known as Nyasaland. It is bordered by Zambia to the northwest, Tanzania to the northeast, and Mozambique on the east, south and west. The country is separated from Tanzania and Mozambique by Lake Malawi. Its size... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2008 | 59 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Philippines) | Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2007 | 66 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Sierra Leone) | Sierra Leone Sierra Leone Sierra Leone , officially the Republic of Sierra Leone, is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by Guinea to the north and east, Liberia to the southeast, and the Atlantic Ocean to the west and southwest. Sierra Leone covers a total area of and has an estimated population between 5.4 and 6.4... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2008 | 70 | ||||||||
| BlueStar (Vietnam) | Vietnam Vietnam Vietnam – sometimes spelled Viet Nam , officially the Socialist Republic of Vietnam – is the easternmost country on the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia. It is bordered by China to the north, Laos to the northwest, Cambodia to the southwest, and the South China Sea –... |
Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International Marie Stopes International is an International Non-Governmental Organisation working on Sexual and Reproductive Health with headquarters in London, UK. It is named after Marie Stopes, a Scottish author, campaigner for eugenics, women's rights, and a pioneer in the field of family planning... |
2007 | 32 | ||||||||
| Confiance | Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo The Democratic Republic of the Congo is a state located in Central Africa. It is the second largest country in Africa by area and the eleventh largest in the world... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2004 | 78 | ||||||||
| CFWshops Kenya | Kenya Kenya Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east... |
Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW Child and Family Wellness shops is a social entrepreneurship project to deliver franchise pharmacy chains to developing countries. The franchise is run be locally trained health care entrepreneurs. The franchisee is self-motivated to run the business with a goal to serve the poor... |
2000 | 67 | ||||||||
| CFWshops Rwanda | Rwanda Rwanda Rwanda or , officially the Republic of Rwanda , is a country in central and eastern Africa with a population of approximately 11.4 million . Rwanda is located a few degrees south of the Equator, and is bordered by Uganda, Tanzania, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo... |
Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW Child and Family Wellness Shops CFW Child and Family Wellness shops is a social entrepreneurship project to deliver franchise pharmacy chains to developing countries. The franchise is run be locally trained health care entrepreneurs. The franchisee is self-motivated to run the business with a goal to serve the poor... |
2008 | 2 | ||||||||
| DiMPA Network | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
PSP-One | 1998 | 1150 | ||||||||
| FriendlyCare (Philippines) | Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... |
FriendlyCare | 1999 | 6 | ||||||||
| Greenstar | Pakistan Pakistan Pakistan , officially the Islamic Republic of Pakistan is a sovereign state in South Asia. It has a coastline along the Arabian Sea and the Gulf of Oman in the south and is bordered by Afghanistan and Iran in the west, India in the east and China in the far northeast. In the north, Tajikistan... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
1995 | 8000 | ||||||||
| Gold Star | Kenya Kenya Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east... |
Family Health International | 2006 | 279 | ||||||||
| Merrygold Health | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
Hindustan Latex FP Trust | 2007 | |||||||||
| Key Clinics | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2004 | 701 | ||||||||
| K-Met (Kenya) | Kenya Kenya Kenya , officially known as the Republic of Kenya, is a country in East Africa that lies on the equator, with the Indian Ocean to its south-east... |
K-MET | 1995 | 200 | ||||||||
| Mexico (Community Doctors Program | Mexico Mexico The United Mexican States , commonly known as Mexico , is a federal constitutional republic in North America. It is bordered on the north by the United States; on the south and west by the Pacific Ocean; on the southeast by Guatemala, Belize, and the Caribbean Sea; and on the east by the Gulf of... |
Mexfam | 1986 | 300 | ||||||||
| New Start (South Africa) | South Africa South Africa The Republic of South Africa is a country in southern Africa. Located at the southern tip of Africa, it is divided into nine provinces, with of coastline on the Atlantic and Indian oceans... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2007 | 11 | ||||||||
| New Start (Lesotho) | Lesotho Lesotho Lesotho , officially the Kingdom of Lesotho, is a landlocked country and enclave, surrounded by the Republic of South Africa. It is just over in size with a population of approximately 2,067,000. Its capital and largest city is Maseru. Lesotho is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations. The name... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2004 | 6 | ||||||||
| New Start (Swaziland) | Swaziland Swaziland Swaziland, officially the Kingdom of Swaziland , and sometimes called Ngwane or Swatini, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa, bordered to the north, south and west by South Africa, and to the east by Mozambique... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2003 | 16 | ||||||||
| New Start (Zambia) | Zambia Zambia Zambia , officially the Republic of Zambia, is a landlocked country in Southern Africa. The neighbouring countries are the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the north, Tanzania to the north-east, Malawi to the east, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana and Namibia to the south, and Angola to the west.... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2002 | 8 | ||||||||
| New Start (Zimbabwe) | Zimbabwe Zimbabwe Zimbabwe is a landlocked country located in the southern part of the African continent, between the Zambezi and Limpopo rivers. It is bordered by South Africa to the south, Botswana to the southwest, Zambia and a tip of Namibia to the northwest and Mozambique to the east. Zimbabwe has three... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
1999 | 41 | ||||||||
| Operation Light House | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2002 | 12 | ||||||||
| ProFam (Benin) | Benin Benin Benin , officially the Republic of Benin, is a country in West Africa. It borders Togo to the west, Nigeria to the east and Burkina Faso and Niger to the north. Its small southern coastline on the Bight of Benin is where a majority of the population is located... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2004 | 30 | ||||||||
| ProFam (Cameroon) | Cameroon Cameroon Cameroon, officially the Republic of Cameroon , is a country in west Central Africa. It is bordered by Nigeria to the west; Chad to the northeast; the Central African Republic to the east; and Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and the Republic of the Congo to the south. Cameroon's coastline lies on the... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2004 | 25 | ||||||||
| ProFam (Mali) | Mali Mali Mali , officially the Republic of Mali , is a landlocked country in Western Africa. Mali borders Algeria on the north, Niger on the east, Burkina Faso and the Côte d'Ivoire on the south, Guinea on the south-west, and Senegal and Mauritania on the west. Its size is just over 1,240,000 km² with... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2005 | 33 | ||||||||
| PSI Togo | Togo Togo Togo, officially the Togolese Republic , is a country in West Africa bordered by Ghana to the west, Benin to the east and Burkina Faso to the north. It extends south to the Gulf of Guinea, on which the capital Lomé is located. Togo covers an area of approximately with a population of approximately... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2002 | 13 | ||||||||
| PSI Uganda | Uganda Uganda Uganda , officially the Republic of Uganda, is a landlocked country in East Africa. Uganda is also known as the "Pearl of Africa". It is bordered on the east by Kenya, on the north by South Sudan, on the west by the Democratic Republic of the Congo, on the southwest by Rwanda, and on the south by... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2007 | 2 | ||||||||
| RedPlan Salud | Peru Peru Peru , officially the Republic of Peru , is a country in western South America. It is bordered on the north by Ecuador and Colombia, on the east by Brazil, on the southeast by Bolivia, on the south by Chile, and on the west by the Pacific Ocean.... |
INPPARES | 2002 | 1668 | ||||||||
| Sangini | Nepal Nepal Nepal , officially the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal, is a landlocked sovereign state located in South Asia. It is located in the Himalayas and bordered to the north by the People's Republic of China, and to the south, east, and west by the Republic of India... |
Nepal CRS Company | 1994 | 2928 | ||||||||
| SkyHealth / SkyCare Centres | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
World Health Partners | 2008 | |||||||||
| Smiling Sun | Bangladesh Bangladesh Bangladesh , officially the People's Republic of Bangladesh is a sovereign state located in South Asia. It is bordered by India on all sides except for a small border with Burma to the far southeast and by the Bay of Bengal to the south... |
Chemonics International | 2008 | 40 | ||||||||
| Society for Family Health | Nigeria Nigeria Nigeria , officially the Federal Republic of Nigeria, is a federal constitutional republic comprising 36 states and its Federal Capital Territory, Abuja. The country is located in West Africa and shares land borders with the Republic of Benin in the west, Chad and Cameroon in the east, and Niger in... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2006 | |||||||||
| Sun Quality Health (Myanmar) | Myanmar Myanmar Burma , officially the Republic of the Union of Myanmar , is a country in Southeast Asia. Burma is bordered by China on the northeast, Laos on the east, Thailand on the southeast, Bangladesh on the west, India on the northwest, the Bay of Bengal to the southwest, and the Andaman Sea on the south.... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2001 | 846 | ||||||||
| Sun Quality Health (Cambodia) | Cambodia Cambodia Cambodia , officially known as the Kingdom of Cambodia, is a country located in the southern portion of the Indochina Peninsula in Southeast Asia... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2002 | 164 | ||||||||
| Surya Clinic | India India India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world... |
Janani/DKT International DKT International DKT International is a charitable non-profit organization that promotes family planning and HIV/AIDS prevention through social marketing. The Washington, D.C.-based DKT was founded in 1989 by Phil Harvey and operates in Africa, Asia, and Latin America. Much of its revenue comes from its sales of... |
1998 | 564 | ||||||||
| Top Reseau | Madagascar Madagascar The Republic of Madagascar is an island country located in the Indian Ocean off the southeastern coast of Africa... |
Population Services International Population Services International Population Services International is a global health organization with programs targeting malaria, child survival, HIV and reproductive health... |
2001 | 155 | ||||||||
| Well-Family Midwife Clinics | Philippines Philippines The Philippines , officially known as the Republic of the Philippines , is a country in Southeast Asia in the western Pacific Ocean. To its north across the Luzon Strait lies Taiwan. West across the South China Sea sits Vietnam... |
Well-Family Midwife Clinic | 1997 | 100 |