Strobilanthes callosus
Encyclopedia
Strobilanthes callosus Nees (Synonym: Carvia callosa (Nees) Bremek) is a shrub
found mainly in the low hills of the western ghats
all along the west coast of India
. Its standardized Hindi language name is Maruadona (मरुआदोना) by which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh
where it is also found
. In the state of Maharashtra
in the Marathi language
and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka
the shrub is locally known as Karvi, sometimes spelled in English as Karvy.
This shrub belongs to the genus
Strobilanthes
which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century. The genus has around 250 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, on the national scale there is often confusion about which plant is flowering.
cycle to happen. Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle
, it comes alive green every year with the coming of Monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.
Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosus are known as plietesials
, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic
plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae
containing Strobilanthes
and allied genera
) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding
, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).
In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former Hyderabad State
wrote:
In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States
based along linguist lines, the above mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh
, Bombay state
(later divided into states of Maharashtra
and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka
.
blush of buds with a tinge of pink with its profusion of violet blooms, after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out. The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar.
Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosus bloom lasts between 15 to 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end.
After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the monsoon
and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosus grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing
their seeds for dispersal
and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor.
(or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.
(Sahyadris) in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai
, Tansa
, Khandala
, Bhimashankar
, Malshej Ghat
, Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap
, Salher-Mulher (Nashik region), Mulshi
, Aurangabad
(common on the Kannad
and Ajanta ghats), Konkan
etc. in the state of Maharashtra
, parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh
, parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of and North Kanara Ghats in the state of Karnataka
among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.
herb
by the local adivasi
tribals and villagers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.
The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine
as a valid anti-inflammatory
and antimicrobial
herbal drug with anti-rheumatic activity.
Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK (大青葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine, and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.
tribals and villagers as thatching
material to build their huts.
Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey
collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.
report from the year 1908 of Ankola
high forests
in coastal Karnataka
(then under Bombay Presidency
), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:
of Mumbai
including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park
as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves
area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.
In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan
.
Local conservation
NGOs like the Bombay Natural History Society
(BNHS) and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India) bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom.
Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor
hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon
including Film City
.
Shrub
A shrub or bush is distinguished from a tree by its multiple stems and shorter height, usually under 5–6 m tall. A large number of plants may become either shrubs or trees, depending on the growing conditions they experience...
found mainly in the low hills of the western ghats
Western Ghats
The Western Ghats, Western Ghauts or the Sahyādri is a mountain range along the western side of India. It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan...
all along the west coast of India
India
India , officially the Republic of India , is a country in South Asia. It is the seventh-largest country by geographical area, the second-most populous country with over 1.2 billion people, and the most populous democracy in the world...
. Its standardized Hindi language name is Maruadona (मरुआदोना) by which it is called in the state of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh , often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city....
where it is also found
Flora of Madhya Pradesh
The Flora of Madhya Pradesh province in India, is very rich and diverse. Central, eastern and southern parts of the state are forested, whereas northern and western parts are deficient in forest. Variability in climatic and edaphic conditions brings about significant difference in the forest types...
. In the state of Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
in the Marathi language
Marathi language
Marathi is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Marathi people of western and central India. It is the official language of the state of Maharashtra. There are over 68 million fluent speakers worldwide. Marathi has the fourth largest number of native speakers in India and is the fifteenth most...
and other local dialects and in the neighboring state of Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
the shrub is locally known as Karvi, sometimes spelled in English as Karvy.
This shrub belongs to the genus
Genus
In biology, a genus is a low-level taxonomic rank used in the biological classification of living and fossil organisms, which is an example of definition by genus and differentia...
Strobilanthes
Strobilanthes
Strobilanthes is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, mostly native to tropical Asia, but with a few species extending north into temperate regions of Asia.Selected species...
which was first scientifically described by Nees in the 19th century. The genus has around 250 species, of which at least 46 are found in India. Most of these species show an unusual flowering behaviour, varying from annual to 16-year blooming cycles, on the national scale there is often confusion about which plant is flowering.
Description
It is a large shrub, sometimes attaining 6–20 ft in height and 2 inches in diameter and flowers between July and September but what makes it most famous is that it takes nearly a decade for the bloomBloom
Bloom or blooming may refer to:-Science and nature:* Bloom, one or more flowers on a flowering plant* Algal bloom, a rapid increase or accumulation in the population of algae in an aquatic system...
cycle to happen. Its leaves are home to several insects including caterpillars and snails which feed on it. The shrub has an interesting life cycle
Biological life cycle
A life cycle is a period involving all different generations of a species succeeding each other through means of reproduction, whether through asexual reproduction or sexual reproduction...
, it comes alive green every year with the coming of Monsoon, but once the rainy season is over, all that is left is dry and dead-looking stems. This pattern repeats itself for seven years, but in the eighth year the plant bursts into mass flowering.
Plants that bloom at long intervals like Strobilanthes callosus are known as plietesials
Plietesials
Plietesials are plants that grow for a number of years, flower gregariously , set seed and then die.The length of the cycle can vary between 8 and 16 years...
, the term plietesial has been used in reference to perennial monocarpic
Monocarpic
Monocarpic plants are those that flower, set seeds and then die. Other terms with the same meaning are hapaxanth and semelparous. The term was first used by Alphonse de Candolle....
plants “of the kind most often met with in the Strobilanthinae” (a subtribe of Acanthaceae
Acanthaceae
The family Acanthaceae is a taxon of dicotyledonous flowering plants containing almost 250 genera and about 2500 species....
containing Strobilanthes
Strobilanthes
Strobilanthes is a genus of about 250 species of flowering plants in the family Acanthaceae, mostly native to tropical Asia, but with a few species extending north into temperate regions of Asia.Selected species...
and allied genera
Genera
Genera is a commercial operating system and development environment for Lisp machines developed by Symbolics. It is essentially a fork of an earlier operating system originating on the MIT AI Lab's Lisp machines which Symbolics had used in common with LMI and Texas Instruments...
) that usually grow gregariously, flower simultaneously following a long interval, set seed, and die. Other commonly used expressions or terms which apply to part or all of the plietesial life history include gregarious flowering, mast seeding
Mast Seeding
Masting refers to a mass seeding phenomenon exhibited by some species of plants which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants", strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpic -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during...
, and supra-annual synchronized semelparity (semelparity = monocarpy).
In 1953 Sharfuddin Khan describing the plant in the former Hyderabad State
Hyderabad State
-After Indian independence :When India gained independence in 1947 and Pakistan came into existence in 1947, the British left the local rulers of the princely states the choice of whether to join one of the new dominions or to remain independent...
wrote:
In 1956 during the Reorganisation of the Indian States
States Reorganisation Act
The States Reorganisation Act of 1956 was a major reform of the boundaries and governance of India's states and territories. The act reorganised the boundaries of India's states along linguistic lines, and amended the Indian Constitution to replace the three types of states, known as Parts A, B,...
based along linguist lines, the above mentioned state of Hyderabad was split up between Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh
Andhra Pradesh , is one of the 28 states of India, situated on the southeastern coast of India. It is India's fourth largest state by area and fifth largest by population. Its capital and largest city by population is Hyderabad.The total GDP of Andhra Pradesh is $100 billion and is ranked third...
, Bombay state
Bombay State
The Bombay State was a state of India, dissolved with the formation of Maharashtra and Gujarat states on May 1, 1960.-History:During British rule, portions of the western coast of India under direct British rule were part of the Bombay Presidency...
(later divided into states of Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
and Gujarat in 1960 with the original portions of Hyderabad becoming part of the state of Maharashtra) and Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
.
Eight year bloom cycle and mass flowering
The Strobilanthes callosus bush typically takes seven years to grow. It is only in its eighth year that it bursts into bloom. At that time the pink and white buds bear bright purple (purplish blue) flowers in a mass flowering which covers many forest areas with a colorful lavenderLavender (color)
Lavender is a pale tint of violet. It applies particularly to the color of the flower of the same name. The web color called lavender is displayed at right—it matches the color of the very palest part of the lavender flower; however, the more saturated color shown below as floral lavender more...
blush of buds with a tinge of pink with its profusion of violet blooms, after this once in a lifetime mass flowering the bush finally dies out. The flowers are rich in pollen and nectar and attract a wide range of species of butterflies, birds and insects including honey bees and carpenter bees that come to feed on their nectar.
Typically the lifespan of a single Strobilanthes callosus bloom lasts between 15 to 20 days and its mass blooming usually extends from mid-August to September-end.
After the mass flowering, the shrub is covered with fruits which are dry by the next year. With the coming of the monsoon
Monsoon
Monsoon is traditionally defined as a seasonal reversing wind accompanied by corresponding changes in precipitation, but is now used to describe seasonal changes in atmospheric circulation and precipitation associated with the asymmetric heating of land and sea...
and the first rains in the next year, the dried fruits absorb moisture and burst open with a pop, the hillsides where Strobilanthes callosus grows are filled with these loud popping sounds of dried seed pods bursting open somewhat explosively dehiscing
Dehiscence (botany)
Dehiscence is the opening, at maturity, in a pre-defined way, of a plant structure, such as a fruit, anther, or sporangium, to release its contents. Sometimes this involves the complete detachment of a part. Structures that open in this way are said to be dehiscent...
their seeds for dispersal
Seed dispersal
Seed dispersal is the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant. Plants have limited mobility and consequently rely upon a variety of dispersal vectors to transport their propagules, including both abiotic and biotic vectors. Seeds can be dispersed away from the parent plant...
and soon new plants germinate taking root in the wet forest floor.
Masting
Some species of Strobilanthes including this one are examples of a mass seeding phenomenon termed as masting which can be defined as "synchronous production of seed at long intervals by a population of plants", strict masting only occurs in species that are monocarpicMonocarpic
Monocarpic plants are those that flower, set seeds and then die. Other terms with the same meaning are hapaxanth and semelparous. The term was first used by Alphonse de Candolle....
(or semelparous) -- individuals of the species only reproduce once during their lifetime, then die.
Distribution
Strobilanthes callosus which is mostly peculiar to the hills of the Western GhatsWestern Ghats
The Western Ghats, Western Ghauts or the Sahyādri is a mountain range along the western side of India. It runs north to south along the western edge of the Deccan Plateau, and separates the plateau from a narrow coastal plain along the Arabian Sea. The Western Ghats block rainfall to the Deccan...
(Sahyadris) in India can be seen growing wild around Mumbai
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
, Tansa
Tansa River
The Tansa River is a small river on Salsett island near Mumbai, and is one of Mumbai's water sources via Tansa Lake. It is embanked by one of the largest masonry dams in the world, built in 1892. The embankment is nearly 2 metres long, high, and 30 metres thick at the base. The dam has 1.31 cubic...
, Khandala
Khandala
Khandala is a hill station in the Western Ghats in the state of Maharashtra, India, about three kilometres from Lonavala and seven kilometers from Karjat....
, Bhimashankar
Bhimashankar
Bhimashankar Temple is located in the village of Bhorgiri 50 km north west of Khed, near Pune, in India. It is located 127 km away from shivaji nagar in the Ghat region of the Sahyadri hills. It takes four hours to reach there. Bhimashankar is also the source of the Bhima river, which...
, Malshej Ghat
Malshej Ghat
Malshej Ghat is a mountain pass in the Western Ghats range in pune district of Maharashtra, India. The site is nestled in the lofty rugged hills of the Western Ghats. The best time to visit is between August and September. At this time of the year, the hills are clothed in a soothing shade of...
, Basgadh, Anjaneri, Dhodap
Dhodap
Dhodap , is one of the hill forts of Maharashtra state in India. Situated in the Nashik district, the fort is approximately 4750 ft above sea level.-Location:The base village is called as Dhodambe from where you can start to climb the fort...
, Salher-Mulher (Nashik region), Mulshi
Mulshi taluka
Mulshi taluka is a taluka in Haveli subdivision of Pune district of state of Maharashtra in India....
, Aurangabad
Aurangabad District, Maharashtra
Aurangabad District is one of the 35 districts of Maharashtra state in western India. It is bordered by the districts of Nashik to the west, Jalgaon to the north, Jalna to the east, and Ahmednagar to the south. Aurangabad is the headquarters and principal city...
(common on the Kannad
Kannad
Kannad is a city and a municipal council in Aurangabad district in the Indian state of Maharashtra.-Geography:Kannad is located at . It has an average elevation of 633 metres .-Demographics:...
and Ajanta ghats), Konkan
Konkan
The Konkan also called the Konkan Coast or Karavali is a rugged section of the western coastline of India from Raigad to Mangalore...
etc. in the state of Maharashtra
Maharashtra
Maharashtra is a state located in India. It is the second most populous after Uttar Pradesh and third largest state by area in India...
, parts of the state of Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh
Madhya Pradesh , often called the Heart of India, is a state in central India. Its capital is Bhopal and Indore is the largest city....
, parts of the state of Gujarat and in large areas of and North Kanara Ghats in the state of Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
among other places all along the Western Ghat hills on the west coast of India.
Medicinal uses
While the leaves of Strobilanthes callosus are poisonous, toxic and unfit for human consumption it is used as a traditional medicineTraditional medicine
Traditional medicine comprises unscientific knowledge systems that developed over generations within various societies before the era of modern medicine...
herb
Herb
Except in botanical usage, an herb is "any plant with leaves, seeds, or flowers used for flavoring, food, medicine, or perfume" or "a part of such a plant as used in cooking"...
by the local adivasi
Adivasi
Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India...
tribals and villagers for the treatment of inflammatory disorders. Its leaves are crushed and the juice obtained is believed to be a sure cure for stomach ailments.
The plant has been the subject of scientific research which confirms its use in folk medicine
Folk medicine
-Description:Refers to healing practices and ideas of body physiology and health preservation known to a limited segment of the population in a culture, transmitted informally as general knowledge, and practiced or applied by anyone in the culture having prior experience.All cultures and societies...
as a valid anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory
Anti-inflammatory refers to the property of a substance or treatment that reduces inflammation. Anti-inflammatory drugs make up about half of analgesics, remedying pain by reducing inflammation as opposed to opioids, which affect the central nervous system....
and antimicrobial
Antimicrobial
An anti-microbial is a substance that kills or inhibits the growth of microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, or protozoans. Antimicrobial drugs either kill microbes or prevent the growth of microbes...
herbal drug with anti-rheumatic activity.
Related species include Strobilanthes cusia BREMEK (大青葉, Da Ching Yeh, タイセイヨウ), used in Chinese and Japanese herbal medicine, and Strobilanthes forrestii Diels (Wei Niu Xi), used in Chinese herbal medicine.
Other uses
Strobilanthes callosus has sturdy stems which along with its leaves is generally used by the local adivasiAdivasi
Adivasi is an umbrella term for a heterogeneous set of ethnic and tribal groups claimed to be the aboriginal population of India. They comprise a substantial indigenous minority of the population of India...
tribals and villagers as thatching
Thatching
Thatching is the craft of building a roof with dry vegetation such as straw, water reed, sedge , rushes, or heather, layering the vegetation so as to shed water away from the inner roof. It is a very old roofing method and has been used in both tropical and temperate climates...
material to build their huts.
Immediately after its mass flowering the Karvi honey
Honey
Honey is a sweet food made by bees using nectar from flowers. The variety produced by honey bees is the one most commonly referred to and is the type of honey collected by beekeepers and consumed by humans...
collected by wild bee honey hunters is a popular local delicacy, it is much thicker and darker than other varieties.
Control methods
The following Western Ghats forestryForestry
Forestry is the interdisciplinary profession embracing the science, art, and craft of creating, managing, using, and conserving forests and associated resources in a sustainable manner to meet desired goals, needs, and values for human benefit. Forestry is practiced in plantations and natural stands...
report from the year 1908 of Ankola
Ankola
Ankola which is a Taluk is in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka state, India. A small town by any standard surrounded by numerous temples. It is in line with Arabian sea. The beaches present at this place are Baskal gudda, nadibag, shedikuli, keni, Belekeri and many more...
high forests
High forest (woodland)
High forest is a term for a woodland or forest with a well-developed natural structure. It is used in both ecology and woodland management, particularly in contrast with even-aged woodland types such as coppice and planted woodland....
in coastal Karnataka
Karnataka
Karnataka , the land of the Kannadigas, is a state in South West India. It was created on 1 November 1956, with the passing of the States Reorganisation Act and this day is annually celebrated as Karnataka Rajyotsava...
(then under Bombay Presidency
Bombay Presidency
The Bombay Presidency was a province of British India. It was established in the 17th century as a trading post for the English East India Company, but later grew to encompass much of western and central India, as well as parts of post-partition Pakistan and the Arabian Peninsula.At its greatest...
), provides methods to clear and control this shrub, when required, from spreading uncontrollably into unwanted areas:
Common in the hills near Mumbai
The Karvi bush as it is locally known grows in abundance in the western ghat hills near the metropolisMetropolis
A metropolis is a very large city or urban area which is a significant economic, political and cultural center for a country or region, and an important hub for regional or international connections and communications...
of Mumbai
Mumbai
Mumbai , formerly known as Bombay in English, is the capital of the Indian state of Maharashtra. It is the most populous city in India, and the fourth most populous city in the world, with a total metropolitan area population of approximately 20.5 million...
including throughout the Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Sanjay Gandhi National Park
Sanjay Gandhi National Park , previously Borivali National Park, is a large protected area in the northern part of suburban Mumbai city in Maharashtra State in India...
as in other parts of its natural range. In Sanjay Gandhi National Park its latest bloomings took place in 2000, then in 2008, and it is scheduled to bloom there again in 2016. Termed by nature enthusiasts as 'nature's miracle', its maximum bloom can be seen on some of the inner paths and trails that lie undisturbed in the park. It survives best on vast slopey expanses on the hillsides with Kanheri caves
Kanheri Caves
The Kanheri Caves are a group of rock-cut monuments, located north of Borivali on the western outskirts of Mumbai, India, deep within the green forests of the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. It is 6 km from the National Park Main Gate & 7 km from Borivali Station. Tourists can go in after...
area of the national park being one of the best places to observe large blooming expanses.
In the state of Maharashtra in the neighborhood of Mumbai the mass flowering of Karvi has been observed to occur in the same year as Mumbai in Khandala and one year earlier in Bhimashankar and Malshej, beyond Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan is a city in Thane district of Maharashtra, and a major railway station lying at the junction of the north-east and south-east lines of the suburban Mumbai division of the Central Railway, 53 km north-east of Mumbai. Kalyan is also a major Taluka place, a tehsil of the Thane district...
.
Local conservation
Conservation biology
Conservation biology is the scientific study of the nature and status of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction...
NGOs like the Bombay Natural History Society
Bombay Natural History Society
The Bombay Natural History Society, founded on 15 September 1883, is one of the largest non-governmental organizations in India engaged in conservation and biodiversity research. It supports many research efforts through grants, and publishes the Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society. Many...
(BNHS) and World Wide Fund for Nature - India (WWF-India) bring groups of city-dwelling people from Mumbai and elsewhere, sometimes in collaboration with other organizations, for regular nature walks in the nature trails of Sanjay Gandhi National Park and organize special trips every eight years when the rare Karvi flowers are in full bloom.
Near Mumbai, the Karvi is also found in Karnala, the Yeoor
Yeoor
Yeoor is a location in Thane district in Maharashtra, India that lies in the Sanjay Gandhi National Park. It is known for its panthers and wildlife. Yeoor village has a few hundred inhabitants. Surrounding the villages are bungalows owned by the wealthy, mostly belonging to ministers. An Indian Air...
hills, Tungareshwar and some parts of Goregaon
Goregaon
Goregaon is the locality situated at the north of Mumbai . It is a railway station on the Mumbai suburban railway on the Western Railway railway line....
including Film City
Film City
Film City is an integrated film studio complex situated near Sanjay Gandhi National Park at Goregaon, Mumbai in India. It has several recording rooms, gardens, lakes, theatres and grounds that serve as the venue of many Bollywood film shootings. It was built by the state government to provide...
.
External links
- Picture Search for: "Strobilanthes callosus" on "flickr".
- Picture Search for: "Karvi" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers
- Picture Search for: "Karvy" (local name for "Strobilanthes callosus") on "flickr". CAUTION! It includes lot of other photos and some or many of other flowers
- Photo of hikers standing in Karvy or Strobilanthes callosus forest with shrubs higher than themselves when the bushes are budding pink (Lavender) just before flowering in the eight year, http://humanflowerproject.com/images/uploads/karvyhike475.jpg
- The karvy truth; By Vikas Hotwani; September 14, 2008; Mumbai MirrorMumbai MirrorMumbai Mirror is a largest compact newspaper in the city of Mumbai with a daily circulation of over 600,000 copies. Its first issue was published on May 30, 2005 by the Times Group, the publishers of The Times of India newspaper....
; mumbaimirror.com
