Tangra Mountains
Encyclopedia
South Shetland Islands
The South Shetland Islands are a group of Antarctic islands, lying about north of the Antarctic Peninsula, with a total area of . By the Antarctic Treaty of 1959, the Islands' sovereignty is neither recognized nor disputed by the signatories and they are free for use by any signatory for...
, Antarctica. The range had been nameless until 2001, when it was named after the Bulgar
Bulgars
The Bulgars were a semi-nomadic who flourished in the Pontic Steppe and the Volga basin in the 7th century.The Bulgars emerge after the collapse of the Hunnic Empire in the 5th century....
god Tangra
Tengriism
Tengriism is a Central Asian religion that incorporates elements of shamanism, animism, totemism and ancestor worship. Despite still being active in some minorities, it was, in old times, the major belief of Turkic peoples , Bulgars, Hungarians and Mongols...
.
Tangra Mountains are 30 km long between Barnard Point
Barnard Point
Barnard Point is a headland which marks the southeast side of the entrance to False Bay on the south side of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. This point was known to sealers as early as 1822. The name was applied about a century later, probably after Mount Barnard ...
and Renier Point
Renier Point
Renier Point is a narrow point forming the east extremity of both Burgas Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature was known to sealers as Point Renier as early as 1821. The name ‘Pin Point’, given by Discovery Investigations personnel on the...
, 8 km wide, and are bounded by Moon Bay
Moon Bay
Moon Bay is a 7 mi wide bay, which recedes 4 mi between Edinburgh Hill and Renier Point, on the east side of Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Half Moon Island is situated in the bay. Moon Bay was known to sealers in the area as early as 1821. Recharted by...
and Huron Glacier
Huron Glacier
Huron Glacier is a 7.7 km long and 3.5 km wide glacial flow on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The glacier is bounded by Bowles Ridge to the north, Wörner Gap to the west and Tangra Mountains to the south, receiving ice influx from several tributary glaciers...
to the north, Huntress Glacier
Huntress Glacier
Huntress Glacier is a 7 km long and 3.7 km wide glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica bounded by Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains to the southeast, Nesebar Gap, Pliska Ridge, Burdick Ridge and Willan Nunatak to the north, and Charrúa Gap and Napier Peak...
to the northwest, False Bay
False Bay, Livingston Island
False Bay is a 4 mi long bay, which lies between Barnard Point and Miers Bluff on the south side of Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It was probably first entered and charted by Capt...
to the west, and Bransfield Strait
Bransfield Strait
Bransfield Strait is a body of water about wide extending for in a general northeast-southwest direction between the South Shetland Islands and Antarctic Peninsula. It was named in about 1825 by James Weddell, Master, Royal Navy, for Edward Bransfield, Master, RN, who charted the South Shetland...
to the southeast, and is linked to Bowles Ridge
Bowles Ridge
Bowles Ridge is the central ridge of eastern Livingston Island. The ridge extends 6.5 km in the east-west direction and is 1.5 km wide. The summit of the ridge is Mount Bowles which rises to 822m and is located 9.77 km northwest of Great Needle Peak, 6.08 km north by west of...
by Wörner Gap
Wörner Gap
Wörner Gap is a flat saddle extending 3 km in the south-north direction between Friesland Ridge and Bowles Ridge in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Its elevation decreases from 585 m in the south to 541 m in the middle, and 525 m in the north...
, and to Pliska Ridge
Pliska Ridge
Pliska Ridge is a three-peaked ridge rising to 667 m in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
by Nesebar Gap
Nesebar Gap
Nesebar Gap is a 1.3 km wide gap in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica bounded to the west by Pliska Ridge and to the east by the northern slope of Mount Friesland, Tangra Mountains...
. The mountain is divided in three principal ridges: Friesland Ridge
Friesland Ridge
Friesland Ridge is a ridge on Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, part of the Tangra Mountains. The summit, Mount Friesland, which rises to , is the northwesternmost of the ridge’s six main peaks...
in the west, Levski Ridge
Levski Ridge
Levski Ridge is the central ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island. Its summit, Great Needle Peak rises to approximately 1,700m ....
in the centre, and Delchev Ridge
Delchev Ridge
Delchev Ridge is the eastern ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island and extends 10 km east-northeastward from Devin Saddle to Renier Point. The ridge is named in association with Delchev Peak.-Location:...
in the east.
The peaks and slopes of Tangra are heavily glaciated, and drained by the glaciers Huron, Huntress, Ruen Icefall
Ruen Icefall
Ruen Icefall descends towards False Bay from the circus overlooked by Simeon Peak, St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, on Rozhen Peninsula in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica.Ruen is the summit of Osogovo Mountain in...
, Peshtera
Peshtera Glacier
The Peshtera Glacier is a glacier situated on the Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica....
, Charity
Charity Glacier
Charity Glacier is a glacier lying north of Barnard Point on Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It was named by the UK Antarctic Place-names Committee in 1958 after the brig Charity Charity Glacier is a glacier lying north of Barnard Point on Rozhen...
, Tarnovo Ice Piedmont
Tarnovo Ice Piedmont
Tarnovo Ice Piedmont on Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is extending 3.5 km in east-west direction and 2.5 km in north-south direction...
, Prespa
Prespa Glacier
Prespa Glacier on Rozhen Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica is bounded to the east by Needle Peak and Ludogorie Peak, to the northwest by St. Cyril Peak and St. Methodius Peak, and to the southwest by Shumen Peak and Yambol Peak, and flows southeastward into...
, Macy
Macy Glacier
Macy Glacier is a 6 km long and 2.3 km crescent-shaped glacier on the southern slopes of Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
, Boyana
Boyana Glacier
Boyana Glacier is located to the east of Vazov Rock, to the south of St. Naum Peak, Starosel Gate, Silistra Knoll and Kotel Gap, and to the west of Christoff Cliff in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands in Antarctica. Extending 3 km in east-west direction...
, Srebarna
Srebarna Glacier
Srebarna Glacier on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica draining southeast of the Great Needle Peak and Serdica Peak in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains to enter Bransfield Strait between Aytos Point and M'Kean Point. Extending 2.3 km in southwest-northeast direction and 1.8...
, Magura
Magura Glacier
Magura Glacier is located to the north of M'Kean Point on the southeast side of Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica and is bounded by Great Needle Peak to the west, Vitosha Saddle, Vihren Peak and Helmet Peak to the northwest, Plovdiv Peak and Shishman...
, Dobrudzha
Dobrudzha Glacier
Dobrudzha Glacier is located on the southeast side of Tangra Mountains, Burgas Peninsula, eastern Livingston Island, and is bounded by Ruse Peak and Asen Peak to the north and by Kuber Peak to the west. The glacier flows southeastward into Bransfield Strait...
, Ropotamo
Ropotamo Glacier
Ropotamo Glacier is a glacier extending 900 m in northeast-southwest direction and 600 m in northwest-southeast direction on the Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. It is named after the river Ropotamo in Bulgaria...
, Strandzha
Strandzha Glacier
Strandzha Glacier is located on Burgas Peninsula, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Extending 1.6 km in northeast-southwest direction and 800 m in northwest-southeast firection...
, Pautalia
Pautalia Glacier
Pautalia Glacier is a glacier on Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica bounded by Petko Voyvoda Peak to the west, Sozopol Gap to the northwest, Kaloyan Nunatak to the north and Shabla Knoll to the east. Extending 700 m in northwest-southeast direction and 1.1 km in southwest-northeast...
, Sopot Ice Piedmont
Sopot Ice Piedmont
Sopot Ice Piedmont is situated on Burgas Peninsula, Livingston Island, Antarctica, extending 7.5 km in east-west direction and 2.4 km in south-north direction...
, and Iskar
Iskar Glacier
Iskar Glacier is a glacier in Livingston Island, draining the north slopes of the Tangra Mountains between Helmet Peak to the west and Delchev Peak to the east...
.
Camp Academia
Camp Academia
Camp Academia is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration...
in the northwestern foothills of Zograf Peak
Zograf Peak
Zograf Peak rises to 1,011 metres at the northeastern extremity of the Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, with precipitous and partly ice-free northern slopes...
is the perfect gateway to central Tangra Mountains via Catalunyan Saddle
Catalunyan Saddle
Catalunyan Saddle is a saddle of 1260 m height in the Friesland Ridge of the Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands. The saddle is bounded by Lyaskovets Peak to the east and by Presian Ridge to the west. The saddle was named in honour of the Catalans Francesc Sàbat...
(1260 m) to the south and Lozen Saddle
Lozen Saddle
Lozen Saddle is a 437 m high saddle situated between Lozen Nunatak and Zograf Peak in Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica which provides overland access from the Wörner Gap area to the Shipka Valley...
(437 m) to the east. Catalunyan Saddle was occupied by a bivouac of the Tangra 2004/05 Exploration
Tangra 2004/05
The Tangra 2004/05 Expedition was commissioned by the Antarctic Place-names Commission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, managed by the Manfred Wörner Foundation, and supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy...
team on 14–16 December 2004.
Friesland Ridge
Friesland RidgeFriesland Ridge
Friesland Ridge is a ridge on Livingston Island in the South Shetlands, part of the Tangra Mountains. The summit, Mount Friesland, which rises to , is the northwesternmost of the ridge’s six main peaks...
is 15.5 km long from Botev Point
Botev Point
Botev Point is the south extremity of both Rozhen Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica formed by an offshoot of Botev Peak in the Veleka Ridge of Tangra Mountains....
in the southwest to Shipka Saddle
Shipka Saddle
Shipka Saddle is a deep ice-covered saddle in Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica between Friesland Ridge to the west and Levski Ridge to the east. The feature is 250 m long, with an elevation ca. 1,200 m...
to the northeast. The summit Mount Friesland
Mount Friesland
Mount Friesland is the summit of Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is rising to 1700 m sharp, and is heavily glaciated and crevassed. Situated 12.5 km northeast of Barnard Point, 9.7 km east-southeast of St...
(62°40′14.9"S 60°11′10.7"W) rises to exactly 1700 m. It was accurately measured by GPS in December 2003 by the Omega Foundation expedition led by Damien Gildea
Damien Gildea
Damien Gildea is an Australian mountaineer and Antarctic explorer who climbed extensively in Antarctica, Nepal, Tibet, Pakistan, Bolivia, Alaska, New Zealand and elsewhere...
, which made the second ascent of Mount Friesland. Other main peaks are St. Boris
St. Boris Peak
St. Boris Peak rises to 1,665 m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is linked to Simeon Peak to the southwest by Paril Saddle and surmounts Huntress Glacier to northwest and west, and Macy Glacier to the southeast.The...
(1665 m), Simeon
Simeon Peak
Simeon Peak rises to 1,576 m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is linked to St...
(1576 m), St. Cyril
St. Cyril Peak
St. Cyril Peak rises to 1,505m in Friesland Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is linked to St. Methodius Peak to the southwest by Vladaya Saddle and surmounts Ruen Icefall to the west, Macy Glacier to the east and Prespa Glacier to...
(1505 m), Lyaskovets
Lyaskovets Peak
Lyaskovets Peak is the easternmost peak of Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island and has an elevation 1,473 m...
(1473 m), Presian Ridge
Presian Ridge
Presian Ridge is a ridge of elevation 1456 m extending 950 m in east-weat direction in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Situated between the island's summit Mount Friesland to the west and Catalunyan Saddle to the east...
(1456 m), St. Methodius
St. Methodius Peak
St. Methodius Peak rises to approximately 1,180m in Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica and surmounts Ruen Icefall to the north-northwest, Prespa Glacier to the southeast and Charity Glacier to the southwest. Linked to St. Cyril Peak by Vladaya Saddle.The peak is...
(1180 m), Academia
Academia Peak
Academia Peak is a peak rising to approximately 1,130m in the Friesland Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island, Antarctica. The peak has precipitous and ice-free north-western slopes and surmounts Huntress Glacier to the northwest and southwest.-Location:The peak is located 1 km...
(1130 m), and Zograf
Zograf Peak
Zograf Peak rises to 1,011 metres at the northeastern extremity of the Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, with precipitous and partly ice-free northern slopes...
(1011 m). First ascents: Mount Friesland by Francesc Sàbat and Jorge Enrique from Juan Carlos I Base
Juan Carlos I Base
Juan Carlos I Antarctic Base, named after the king of Spain, Juan Carlos I, is a seasonal scientific station operated by Spain, opened in January 1988...
on 30 December 1991; Lyaskovets Peak
Lyaskovets Peak
Lyaskovets Peak is the easternmost peak of Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island and has an elevation 1,473 m...
by L. Ivanov and D. Vasilev
Doychin Vasilev
Doychin Vasilev is a Bulgarian alpinist and cinematographer who has climbed five Himalayan 8,000 m peaks: Dhaulagiri , Mount Everest , Makalu , and Shishapangma and Cho Oyu . President of Alpine Club Vihren, Sofia...
from Camp Academia
Camp Academia
Camp Academia is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration...
on 14 December 2004; and Zograf Peak
Zograf Peak
Zograf Peak rises to 1,011 metres at the northeastern extremity of the Friesland Ridge in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak is heavily glaciated and crevassed, with precipitous and partly ice-free northern slopes...
by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia
Camp Academia
Camp Academia is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration...
on 31 December 2004.
Levski Ridge
Levski RidgeLevski Ridge
Levski Ridge is the central ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island. Its summit, Great Needle Peak rises to approximately 1,700m ....
is 8 km long between Shipka Saddle
Shipka Saddle
Shipka Saddle is a deep ice-covered saddle in Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island, Antarctica between Friesland Ridge to the west and Levski Ridge to the east. The feature is 250 m long, with an elevation ca. 1,200 m...
to the west and Devin Saddle
Devin Saddle
Devin Saddle is a saddle of 500 m in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island located between Levski Ridge to the west and Delchev Ridge to the east. It is part of the divide between the glacial catchments of Iskar Glacier to the north and Magura Glacier to the south...
to the east, and 8 km wide between Cherepish Ridge
Cherepish Ridge
Cherepish Ridge is a narrow rocky 1.1 km ridge rising to 650 m. The ridge runs in the south to north direction from the north of Intuition Peak, in the Tangra Mountains of Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
to the north and Christoff Cliff
Christoff Cliff
Christoff Cliff is a rocky cliff forming Aytos Point on the coast of Bransfield Strait, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The cliff rises to over 300 m at the southern extremity of an offshoot of Serdica Peak and has ice-free eastern and southern slopes...
to the south. The summit Great Needle Peak
Great Needle Peak
Great Needle Peak is the summit of the central Levski Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island, Antarctica. Rising to ca. 1690 m, it is the second highest peak of Tangra Mountains after Mount Friesland...
(62°40′15"S 60°03′10"W) rises to near 1700 m. Other main peaks are Levski (1430 m), St. Ivan Rilski Col
St. Ivan Rilski Col
St. Ivan Rilski Col is an ice-covered col linking the Great Needle Peak and Levski Peak in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica.The feature is 1.4 km long, its axis trending east-west, with precipitous southern slopes...
(1350 m), Helmet (1254 m), Serdica
Serdica Peak
Serdica Peak rises to approximately 1,200 m in Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. Linked to Silistra Knoll to the west-southwest by Kotel Gap...
(1200 m), Vihren
Vihren Peak
Vihren Peak is a sharp peak rising to about 1150 m in Levski Ridge of the Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica overlooking Devnya Valley and Huron Glacier to the north-northwest, and Magura Glacier to the southeast.The feature is named after the...
(1150 m), Ongal
Ongal Peak
Ongal Peak is a sharp glaciated peak on the Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak was first ascended on 21 December 2004 by the Bulgarian Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia...
(1149 m), and Plovdiv
Plovdiv Peak
Plovdiv Peak is a peak rising to 1,040 m in the east extremity of Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
(1040 m). First ascents: Ongal Peak
Ongal Peak
Ongal Peak is a sharp glaciated peak on the Levski Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak was first ascended on 21 December 2004 by the Bulgarian Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia...
and Komini Peak
Komini Peak
Komini Peak is a peak with an elevation of on the north slopes of Levski Peak, in the Tangra Mountains, in Livingston Island, Antarctica.The peak has precipitous rocky western slopes and was first climbed by Lyubomir Ivanov from Camp Academia by way of its 212-m high western rock wall on 21...
(774 m) by L. Ivanov from Camp Academia
Camp Academia
Camp Academia is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration...
on 21 December 2004.
Delchev Ridge
Delchev RidgeDelchev Ridge
Delchev Ridge is the eastern ridge of the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island and extends 10 km east-northeastward from Devin Saddle to Renier Point. The ridge is named in association with Delchev Peak.-Location:...
is 10 km long between Devin Saddle
Devin Saddle
Devin Saddle is a saddle of 500 m in the Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island located between Levski Ridge to the west and Delchev Ridge to the east. It is part of the divide between the glacial catchments of Iskar Glacier to the north and Magura Glacier to the south...
to the west and Renier Point
Renier Point
Renier Point is a narrow point forming the east extremity of both Burgas Peninsula and Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The feature was known to sealers as Point Renier as early as 1821. The name ‘Pin Point’, given by Discovery Investigations personnel on the...
to the east. The summit Delchev Peak
Delchev Peak
Delchev Peak is the summit of Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, Livingston Island and rises to approximately 940 m. The peak surmounts Iskar Glacier to the west, Sopot Ice Piedmont to the north, and Ropotamo Glacier to the south...
(62°38′28"S 59°56′16"W) rises to 940 m, other main peaks are Ruse
Ruse Peak
Ruse Peak is a peak rising to over 800 m in the west part of Delchev Ridge in Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
(800 m), Asen
Asen Peak
Asen Peak is a peak in eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak rises to 810 m in the Delchev Ridge of the Tangra Mountains. The peak overlooks Iskar Glacier and Bruix Cove to the northwest, Ropotamo Glacier to the east-southeast and Dobrudzha Glacier to the...
(800 m), Peter
Peter Peak
Peter Peak is an 850 m knob in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
(800 m), Kuber
Kuber Peak
Kuber Peak is a 770 m peak in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica...
(770 m), Elena
Elena Peak
Elena Peak is a 700 m peak in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands...
(700 m), Spartacus
Spartacus Peak
Spartacus Peak is an ice-covered 650 m peak in Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak overlooks Sopot Ice Piedmont to the northwest and Strandzha Glacier to the east-southeast.The peak was named after the Thracian warrior...
(650 m), Yavorov
Yavorov Peak
Yavorov Peak is an ice-covered peak of elevation 640 m in the Delchev Ridge of the Tangra Mountains on eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica. The peak surmounts Sopot Ice Piedmont to the north and west, and Strandzha Glacier to the southeast...
(640 m), and Paisiy
Paisiy Peak
Paisiy Peak rises to approximately 550 m in the Delchev Ridge, Tangra Mountains, eastern Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands, Antarctica surmounting Sopot Ice Piedmont to the north and east....
(550 m).
Mapping
BritishUnited Kingdom
The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern IrelandIn the United Kingdom and Dependencies, other languages have been officially recognised as legitimate autochthonous languages under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages...
mapping of the mountains in 1968, Spanish
Spain
Spain , officially the Kingdom of Spain languages]] under the European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages. In each of these, Spain's official name is as follows:;;;;;;), is a country and member state of the European Union located in southwestern Europe on the Iberian Peninsula...
mapping in 1991, Omega Foundation mapping in 2004, Bulgaria
Bulgaria
Bulgaria , officially the Republic of Bulgaria , is a parliamentary democracy within a unitary constitutional republic in Southeast Europe. The country borders Romania to the north, Serbia and Macedonia to the west, Greece and Turkey to the south, as well as the Black Sea to the east...
n mapping in 2005 and 2009 from topographic surveys
Topography
Topography is the study of Earth's surface shape and features or those ofplanets, moons, and asteroids...
in 1995/96 and 2004/05
Tangra 2004/05
The Tangra 2004/05 Expedition was commissioned by the Antarctic Place-names Commission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, managed by the Manfred Wörner Foundation, and supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy...
.
- S. Soccol, D. Gildea and J. Bath. Livingston Island, Antarctica. Scale 1:100000 satellite map. The Omega Foundation, USA, 2004.
- L.L. Ivanov et al. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich Island, South Shetland Islands (from English Strait to Morton Strait, with illustrations and ice-cover distribution). Scale 1:100000 topographic map. Sofia: Antarctic Place-names Commission of Bulgaria, 2005.
- L.L. Ivanov. Antarctica: Livingston Island and Greenwich, Robert, Snow and Smith Islands. Scale 1:120000 topographic map. Troyan: Manfred Wörner Foundation, 2009. ISBN 978-954-92032-6-4
See also
- Geographical features on Livingston Island
- Antarctic Place-names CommissionAntarctic Place-names CommissionThe Antarctic Place-names Commission was established by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute in 1994, and since 2001 has been a body affiliated to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria. The Commission approves Bulgarian place names in Antarctica, which are formally given by the President of the...
- St. Kliment Ohridski BaseSt. Kliment Ohridski BaseSt. Kliment Ohridski Base is a Bulgarian Antarctic base on Livingston Island in the South Shetland Islands.The base, originally known as Sofia University Refuge, was named in 1993 "for St...
- Camp AcademiaCamp AcademiaCamp Academia is a geographical locality in eastern Livingston Island, South Shetland Islands, Antarctica, named for the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in appreciation of Academy’s contribution to the Antarctic exploration...
- Tangra 2004/05 ExpeditionTangra 2004/05The Tangra 2004/05 Expedition was commissioned by the Antarctic Place-names Commission at the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Bulgaria, managed by the Manfred Wörner Foundation, and supported by the Bulgarian Antarctic Institute, the Institute of Mathematics and Informatics at the Bulgarian Academy...
- Bansko PeakBansko PeakBansko Peak is a 280m rocky peak in the eastern extremity of the Delchev Ridge in the Tangra Mountains of Livingston Island. The peak was named after the town of Bansko in Southwestern Bulgaria.-Location:...